后回热式布雷顿-两平行逆布雷顿联合循环能量分析与优化

提出了后回热式布雷顿-两平行逆布雷顿联合循环模型。对该联合循环进行了能量分析,导出了联合循环热效率和比功的表达式,以热效率和比功为目标对该联合循环的性能进行了优化,分析了回热器有效度和其他参数对最优热效率和最优比功的影响。分析表明,以热效率为优化目标时,该联合循环的最优热效率随着回热度的增加而增加,其相应比功随着回热度的增加而减小;以比功为优化目标时,回热度对该联合循环的最优比功的影响很小,其相应热效率随着回热度的增加而增加。     

Performance optimisation for two classes of combined regenerative Brayton and inverse Brayton cycles

This paper proposes a new cyclic model of combined regenerative Brayton and inverse Brayton cycles. The new combined regenerative Brayton and inverse Brayton cycles recover heat energy after the working fluid leaves the turbine of the inverse Brayton cycle while the original combined regenerative Brayton and inverse Brayton cycles recover heat energy before the working fluid enters the turbine of the inverse Brayton cycle. Performance analysis and optimisation of the two classes combined cycles are carried out. Furthermore, the effect of the regenerator on the performance of the two combined cycles is analysed. It is found that the new combined cycle can obtain higher thermal efficiency and larger specific work than those of the original combined cycle at low compressor pressure ratio of the top cycle, and the regenerator can improve the performance of both the combined cycles. By theoretical analysis of this paper, it reveals that the new combined cycle will be well applied in the prospect, and the original combined cycle will be suited to low power output equipments. This paper aims at enriching the gas turbine theory and providing a possible way to save energy.     

Power optimization of an endoreversible Brayton gas heat engine

The power output of a simple endoreversible Brayton gas heat engine is analyzed and optimized. The endoreversible engine is defined as a power cycle in which the two processes of heat transfer from and to the surrounding heat reservoirs are the only irreversible processes in the Brayton cycle. A mathematical expression is derived for the power output of the irreversible heat engine. The power optimization provides the basis for designing a real gas heat engine and for a performance comparison with existing Brayton power plants.     

Power optimization of an endoreversible closed intercooled regenerated Brayton cycle

In this paper, power is optimized for an endoreversible closed intercooled regenerated Brayton cycle coupled to constant-temperature heat reservoirs in the viewpoint of finite-time thermodynamics (FTT) or entropy generation minimization (EGM). The effects of some design parameters, including the cycle heat reservoir temperature ratio and total heat exchanger inventory, on the maximum power and the corresponding efficiency are analyzed by numerical examples. The analysis shows that the cycle dimensionless power can be optimized by searching the optimum heat conductance distributions among the hot- and cold-side heat exchangers, the regenerator and the intercooler for fixed total heat exchanger inventory, and by searching the optimum intercooling pressure ratio. When the optimization is performed with respect to the total pressure ratio of the cycle, the maximum dimensionless power can be maximized again.     

Power,efficiency, entropy-generation rate and ecological optimization for a class of generalized irreversible universal heat-engine cycles

The optimal performance for a class of generalized irreversible universal steady-flow heat-engine cycle models, consisting of two heating branches, two cooling branches and two adiabatic branches, and with losses due to heat-resistance, heat leaks and internal irreversibility was analyzed using finite-time thermodynamics. The analytical formulae for power, efficiency, entropy-generation rate and an ecological criterion of the irreversible heat-engine cycle are derived. Moreover, analysis and optimization of the model were carried out in order to investigate the effect of the cycle process on the performance of the cycles. The results obtained include the performance characteristics of Diesel, Otto, Brayton, Atkinson, Dual and Miller cycles with the losses of heat-resistance, heat leak and internal irreversibility.     

Brayton refrigeration cycles working under quantum degeneracy conditions

At sufficiently low temperatures, quantum degeneracy of gas particles becomes important and an ideal gas deviates from the classical ideal-gas behaviour. In such a case, an ideal gas is called a quantum ideal gas. For quantum ideal gases, a corrected equation of state, which considers the quantum behaviour of gas particles, is used instead of the classical one. It is valid for both quantum and classical ideal-gases and it is reduced to a classical ideal-gas equation-of-state, under the classical gas conditions. There are two types of quantum ideal-gases. One of them is the Bose type and the other is the Fermi type. Here, Brayton refrigeration cycles working with Bose and Fermi type ideal quantum gases are considered and they are called Bose and Fermi Brayton cycles respectively. Coefficients of performance and refrigeration loads of these cycles are derived by using the corrected equation of state. It is seen that refrigeration loads are different from those of the classical Brayton cycle, which works with the classical ideal gas. On the other hand, coefficients of performance of these cycles are not effected by the quantum degeneracy of the refrigerant and they are the same as that of the classical cycle. Variations of the refrigeration load with low temperature (T_L) and low pressure (P_L) are examined. Under the quantum degeneracy conditions, it is shown that the refrigeration load of the Bose Brayton cycle is always greater than that of the classical Brayton cycle. On the contrary, the refrigeration load of the Fermi Brayton cycle is always lower than that of the classical one. Moreover, the minimum value of T_L for the Bose Brayton cycle is restricted by the Bose–Einstein condensation temperature for a given value of P_L.     

变温热源条件下内可逆闭式中冷回热布雷顿循环的功率优化

计入工质与高低浊侧换热器、回热器和中冷器的热阻损失以功率为优化目标，借助数值计算，研究了变温热源条件下内可逆闭式中冷回热布雷顿循环输出功率最大时，高低温侧换热器、回热器和中冷器的热导率分配以及中间压比与总压比的关系；分析了工质与热源间的热容率匹配对双重最大功率的影响。     

闭式不可逆等温加热修正双布雷顿循环功率与效率特性分析

应用有限时间热力学理论,建立了闭式变温热源不可逆等温加热修正双布雷顿循环模型,推导出循环的无因次功率和效率的解析式。通过数值计算,分析了压气机压比、高低温侧换热器有效度、回热器有效度和燃烧室外侧流体入口温比等特征参数对循环性能的影响。研究结果表明,分别存在一对最优的顶循环压比和底循环压比使循环输出功率和效率取得最大值。提高高低温侧换热器有效度和燃烧室外侧流体入口温比均有利于提高系统输出功率和效率,同时还发现,回热器有效度对该循环功率有影响这一不同于经典热力学结论的新现象。     

广义不可逆联合热泵循环有限时间火用经济性分析与优化

研究了存在热阻、热漏和内不可逆性的广义不可逆联合热泵循环有限时间火 用经济性能,导出了在线性传热定律下循环最佳利润率和最佳供热系数的解析式以及二者的优化关系,并用数值算例对比分析了热漏、内不可逆性和价格比对利润率和火 用经济性能界限的影响.广义不可逆联合热泵循环的有限时间火 用经济学性能界限通过价格比与有限时间热力学性能界限和经典热力学限建立联系.结果对于实际联合热泵确定设计参数,判定工况是否处于最优经济状态有一定的指导作用.     

Thermodynamic multi-objective optimization of a solar-dish Brayton system based on maximum power output,thermal efficiency and ecological performance

Solar-dish Brayton system driven by the hybrid of fossil fuel and solar energy is characterized by continuously stable operation, simplified hybridization, low system costs and high thermal efficiency. In order to enable the system to operate with its highest capabilities, a thermodynamic multi-objective optimization was performed in this study based on maximum power output, thermal efficiency and ecological performance. A thermodynamic model was developed to obtain the dimensionless power output, thermal efficiency and ecological performance, in which the imperfect performance of parabolic dish solar collector, the external irreversibility of Brayton heat engine and the conductive thermal bridging loss were considered. The combination of NSGA-II algorithm and decision makings was used to realize multi-objective optimization, where the temperatures of absorber, cooling water and working fluid, the effectiveness of hot-side heat exchanger, cold-side heat exchanger and regenerator were considered as optimization variables. Using the decision makings of Shannon Entropy, LINMAP and TOPSIS, the final optimal solutions were chosen from the Pareto frontier obtained by NSGA-II. By comparing the deviation index of each final optimal solution from the ideal solution, it is shown that the multi-objective optimization can lead to a more desirable design compared to the single-objective optimizations, and the final optimal solution selected by TOPSIS decision making presents superior performance. Moreover, the fitted curve between the optimal power output, thermal efficiency and ecological performance derived from Pareto frontier is obtained for better insight into the optimal design of the system. The sensitivity analysis shows that the optimal system performance is strongly dependent on the temperatures of absorber, cooling water and working fluid, and the effectiveness of regenerator. The results of this work offer benefits for related theoretic research and basis for solar energy industry.     

Dual Loop line-focusing solar power plants with supercritical Brayton power cycles

This study is focused on proposing the combination of a Dual Loop solar field, with Dowtherm A and the Solar Salt as heat transfer fluids in parabolic or linear Fresnel solar collectors, coupled to supercritical Carbon Dioxide (s-CO₂) Brayton power cycle. The Dual-Loop justification relies on gaining the synergies provided by the different heat transfer fluids properties. The oils advantages are related with the operating experience accumulated in numerous solar power plants deployed around the World, assuring the commercial equipment availability. Also the pipes metal corrosion with oil is much lower than with molten salt. The pipes material cost saving is significant with the oil alternative. The thermal oil main constraint is imposed by the maximum operating temperature (around 400 °C) for avoiding chemical decomposition and degradation, stablishing the plant threshold efficiency 37% due to Carnot principle. On the other hand the Solar Salt mixture (60%NaNO₃40%KNO₃) maximum operating temperature goes up to 550 °C, but the freezing point is stablished around 220 °C requiring pipes and equipment electrical heating for avoiding salts solidification at low temperature. Regarding the balance of plant, the s-CO₂ power cycle is the most promising alternative to the actual Rankine power cycle for increasing the plant energy efficiency, reducing the solar collector aperture area and minimizing the equipment dimensions and civil work. Three Brayton cycles configurations with reheating were assessed integrated with the line-focusing Dual-Loop solar field: the simple Brayton cycle (SB), the Recompression cycle (RC), the Partial Cooling with Recompression cycle (PCRC), and the Recompression with Main Compression Intercooling (RCMCI). The power cycle operating thermodynamic parameters (split flow, reheating pressure, mass flow and pressure ratio) were optimized with unconstrained multivariable algorithms: SUBPLEX, UOBYQA and NEWUOA. The main conclusion deducted is the significant efficiency improvement when adopting the s-CO₂ Brayton cycle in comparison with the Rankine legacy solution. The Dual-Loop solar field integrated with a Rankine cycle provides a gross efficiency around 41.8%, but when coupling to s-CO₂ Brayton RC or RCMCI the plant efficiency goes up to ≈50%. It was also demonstrated the beneficial effect of increasing the total heat exchangers (recuperators) conductance (UA) for optimizing the Brayton cycles efficiency and minimizing the solar field aperture area for a fixed power output, only limited by the minimum pinch point temperature in heat exchangers.     

Supercritical steam cycles and biomass integrated gasification combined cycles for sugarcane mills

Back in 1970s and 1980s, cogeneration plants in sugarcane mills were primarily designed to consume all bagasse, and produce steam and electricity to the process. The plants used medium pressure steam boilers (21 bar and 300 °C) and backpressure steam turbines. Some plants needed also an additional fuel, as the boilers were very inefficient. In those times, sugarcane bagasse did not have an economic value, and it was considered a problem by most mills. During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s, sugarcane industry faced an open market perspective, thus, there was a great necessity to reduce costs in the production processes. In addition, the economic value of by-products (bagasse, molasses, etc.) increased, and there was a possibility of selling electricity to the grid. This new scenario led to a search for more advanced cogeneration systems, based mainly on higher steam parameters (40–80 bar and 400–500 °C). In the future, some authors suggest that biomass integrated gasification combined cycles are the best alternative to cogeneration plants in sugarcane mills. These systems might attain 35–40% efficiency for the power conversion. However, supercritical steam cycles might also attain these efficiency values, what makes them an alternative to gasification-based systems. This paper presents a comparative thermoeconomic study of these systems for sugarcane mills. The configurations studied are based on real systems that could be adapted to biomass use. Different steam consumptions in the process are considered, in order to better integrate these configurations in the mill.     

Exergetic sustainability evaluation and optimization of an irreversible Brayton cycle performance

Owing to the energy demands and global warming issue, employing more effective power cycles has become a responsibility. This paper presents a thermodynamical study of an irreversible Brayton cycle with the aim of optimizing the performance of the Brayton cycle. Moreover, four different schemes in the process of multi-objective optimization were suggested, and the outcomes of each scheme are assessed separately. The power output, the concepts of entropy generation, the energy, the exergy output, and the exergy efficiencies for the irreversible Brayton cycle are considered in the analysis. In the first scheme, in order to maximize the exergy output, the ecological function and the ecological coefficient of performance, a multi-objective optimization algorithm (MOEA) is used. In the second scheme, three objective functions including the exergetic performance criteria, the ecological coefficient of performance, and the ecological function are maximized at the same time by employing MOEA. In the third scenario, in order to maximize the exergy output, the exergetic performance criteria and the ecological coefficient of performance, a MOEA is performed. In the last scheme, three objective functions containing the exergetic performance criteria, the ecological coefficient of performance, and the exergy-based ecological function are maximized at the same time by employing multi-objective optimization algorithms. All the strategies are implemented via multi-objective evolutionary algorithms based on the NSGAII method. Finally, to govern the final outcome in each scheme, three well-known decision makers were employed.     

空间站闭式Brayton循环及我国在相关方面的研究

对闭式Brayton循环太阳能热动力系统的组成 ,发电原理及循环工质如何选择进行了论述 ,着重讨论了该循环主要的能量转换模块———涡轮发电机 压缩机。与光伏电池相比 ,太阳能热动力系统具有效率高 ,质量轻 ,费用少 ,寿命长等特点。我国对闭式Brayton循环做过大量的研究 ,积累了丰富的经验 ,但仍存在一些技术较为薄弱的方面     

回热式闭式空间核能布雷顿循环系统性能分析及优化

随着深空探测的不断发展,作为最具发展潜力的能源之一,空间核动力在国内外得到大量关注和研究.空间核动力系统中热电转换技术至关重要,在大功率阶段下,布雷顿循环动态热电转换系统因其功率较大,效率较高等优点得到广泛应用和发展,对其进行特性分析和参数优化具有重要意义.对运用闭式布雷顿循环的次临界安全空间(S4)反应堆系统建立回热...     

Power,power density and efficiency optimization of an endoreversible Braysson cycle

The performance optimization of an endoreversible Braysson cycle with heat resistance losses in the hot- and cold-side heat exchangers is performed by using finite-time thermodynamics. The relations between the power output and the working fluid temperature ratio, between the power density and the working fluid temperature ratio, as well as between the efficiency and the working fluid temperature ratio of the cycle coupled to constant-temperature heat reservoirs are derived. Moreover, the optimum heat conductance distributions corresponding to the optimum dimensionless power output, the optimum dimensionless power density and the optimum thermal efficiency of the cycle, and the optimum working fluid temperature ratios corresponding to the optimum dimensionless power output and the optimum dimensionless power density are provided. The effects of various design parameters on those optimum values are studied by detailed numerical examples.     

内可逆闭式布雷顿循环的功率密度优化

以功率密度——循环输出功率与最大比容之比——作为优化目标。用有限时间热力学方法 ,对恒温热源条件下内可逆闭式燃气轮机循环的高、低温侧换热器的热导率分配进行了优化。由数值算例给出了循环的一些主要特征参数对热导率最优分配和最大功率密度的影响 ,以及功率密度最大时的最佳热导率分配与最佳压比之间的对应关系。     

Comparison on the optimum performances of the irreversible Brayton refrigeration cycles with regeneration and non-regeneration

An irreversible model of the Brayton refrigeration cycles with regeneration and non-regeneration is established in a unified way, in which the irreversibilities resulting from the internal dissipation of the working substance in the adiabatic processes and the finite-rate heat transfer in the regenerative and isobaric processes are taken into account. Expressions for several important performance parameters, such as the cooling load, coefficient of performance (COP) and regeneration, are derived. The optimal performances of a regenerative and a non-regenerative refrigeration cycle are compared quantitatively. The advantages of the two cycle models are expounded, respectively. The optimal region of regeneration is determined. Moreover, some optimally operating parameters of a regenerative Brayton refrigeration cycle, such as the temperatures of the working substance at different state points, pressure ratio, and ratios of the various heat transfer areas to the total heat transfer area, are determined. The optimal relations between these parameters and the COP are presented by a set of characteristic curves. The results obtained may be helpful to the comprehensive understanding for the performance characteristics of the Brayton refrigeration cycles with non-regeneration and regeneration.     

回热式等温加热修正Brayton循环的功率与效率特性!

根据有限时间热力学理论,分析了变温热源条件下不可逆回热式等温加热修正Brayton循环的功率、效率的全局特性和最优特性。研究发现,计入外部传热不可逆性后,分别存在最佳的循环压比使得循环无因次输出功率和效率取得最大值,而且,一般来说,前一最佳压比更大;回热对循环的输出功率影响极小,对循环效率的提高也只在较低压比时起作用;为提高循环的输出功率和效率,常规燃烧室(RCC)有效度、RCC中热源的入口温度和热容率应取较小的值,而收敛型燃烧室(CCC)有效度、CCC中热源的入口温度和热容率应取较大的值。详细讨论了循环热力参数对最大无因次输出功率及其对应的最佳压比和效率、最大效率及其对应的最佳压比和无因次输出功率的影响,指出了已有文献的错误。研究结果对燃气轮机装置的评估和最优设计具有一定的指导意义。     

Assessing the potential of hybrid fossil–solar thermal plants for energy policy making: Brayton cycles

This paper proposes a first study in-depth of solar–fossil hybridization from a general perspective. It develops a set of useful parameters for analyzing and comparing hybrid plants, it studies the case of hybridizing Brayton cycles with current solar technologies and shows a tentative extrapolation of the results to integrated combined cycle systems (ISCSS). In particular, three points have been analyzed: the technical requirements for solar technologies to be hybridized with Brayton cycles, the temperatures and pressures at which hybridization would produce maximum power per unit of fossil fuel, and their mapping to current solar technologies and Brayton cycles. Major conclusions are that a hybrid plant works in optimum conditions which are not equal to those of the solar or power blocks considered independently, and that hybridizing at the Brayton cycle of a combined cycle could be energetically advantageous.