Conjugated rod-coil block copolymers: Synthesis, morphology, photophysical properties, and stimuli-responsive applications

Conjugated rod-coil block copolymers have been accorded great importance since they provide a powerful route towards supramolecular objects with novel architectures, functions and physical properties. This review summarizes recent progress on the synthesis, morphology, optoelectronic properties and applications of such block copolymers. The combination of the precise condensation and living polymerization through the grafting-from or grafting-onto methodology produce various architectures of conjugated rod-coil block copolymers, including rod-coil, coil-rod-coil, rod-coil-coil, and rod-coil-rod. In the following, the relationships between polymer morphologies and photophysical properties in different phases are reviewed, as classified by solution micelles, thin films or bulk samples, polymer brushes and electrospun nanofibers. The effects of the rod/coil ratio and polymer architecture on the morphology and optoelectronic properties are discussed. The control of nanosize domain and the aligned direction of conjugated rods are the key issues for enhancing the optoelectronic device performance. Moreover, novel multifunctional sensory materials based on combining the tunable photophysical properties of the π-conjugated rod and the stimuli-responsive coil are also highlighted. It is believed that conjugated rod-coil block copolymers could spark the future evolution of nanostructured polymers for multifunctional device applications.     

Poly(9,9-dihexylfluorene) derivatives containing electron-transporting aromatic triazole segments: Synthesis, optical and electrochemical properties

We prepared three new poly(9,9-dihexylfluorene) derivatives (P1–P3) containing kinked aromatic triazole (triphenyl-1,2,4-triazole derivative) via Suzuki coupling polymerization. These copolymers were soluble in common organic solvents and showed high decomposition temperatures (T_d = 416–454 °C). The optical and electrochemical properties of P1–P3 were compared with poly(9,9-dihexylfluorene) (PFO) and P4 and P5 in which the linkages of the aromatic triazole were different. After introducing the triazole units, absorption spectra showed blue shift (388 nm → 372 nm) due to reduced conjugation, but PL spectra remained almost unchanged (417–418 nm). The linkages of triazole with fluorene segments in P1–P5 were different: (1) fluorene segments linked with triazole through a kinked angle (P1 and P2), (2) triazole as a branch unit (P3) and as terminal groups (P4), (3) fluorene segments linked with triazole in a linear way (P5). As estimated from semi-empirical MNDO calculation, two twisted conformations (ca. 90° each) exist between triazole core and fluorene groups. These kinked conformation and twisted structure increased the PL efficiency (Φ_PL = 0.60–0.73, Φ_PL = 0.58 for PFO) and partially inhibited annealing-induced excimer formation. From cyclic voltammetric results, P1–P3 exhibited better electron affinity (LUMO: −2.75 to −2.82 eV) than PFO (LUMO: −2.52 eV).     

Synthesis,thermal degradation and dielectric properties of poly[2-hydroxy,3-(1-naphthyloxy)propyl methacrylate]

2-Hydroxy-3-(1-naphthyloxy)propyl methacrylate (NOPMA) monomer was synthesized from reaction of 2-[(2-naphthyloxy)methyl]oxirane with methacrylic acid in the presence of pyridine. The polymerization of NOPMA was carried out by free radical polymerization method in the presence of AIBN at 60 °C. The structure of monomer and polymer was characterized by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy techniques. The glass transition temperature and average-molecular weights of poly(NOPMA) were measured using differential scanning calorimetry and gel permeation chromatography, respectively. The thermal degradation behavior of poly(NOPMA) has been investigated by FT-IR studies of the partially degraded polymer and thermogravimetry. The cold ring fractions (CRFs) were collected at two different temperatures, initially fraction-1 (CRF₁) is from room temperature to 320 °C, and the other fraction-2 (CRF₂) is from 320 to 500 °C. The volatile products of the degradation were trapped at ?195 °C (in liquid nitrogen). All the fractions were characterized by FT-IR, ¹H and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopic techniques, and the cold ring fractions (CRFs) were also characterized by GC–MS. For the degradation of polymer, the major compound between products of CRFs is α-naphthol. The GC–MS, FT-IR and NMR data showed that depolymerization corresponding to monomer was not prominent below 320 °C in the thermal degradation of poly(NOPMA). The mode of thermal degradation containing formation of the major products was identified. The dielectric permittivity (ε′), the loss factor (ε″) and conductivity (σ_ac) were measured using a dielectric analyzer in the frequency range of 50 Hz to 20 kHz.     

Synthesis and surface properties of N-dodecyl-N,N-bis[3-(aldonamido)propyl]amine-N-oxides

A new group of saccharide surfactants, N-dodecyl-N,N-bis[3-(aldonamido)propyl]amine-N-oxides (derivatives of d-gluconic, d-glucoheptonic, and lactobionic acids), were synthesized with high yields by one-step oxidation reaction of an appropriate N-dodecyl-N,N-bis[3-(aldonamido)-propyl]amine with an excess of 30 wt% of an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide. Their structures and purity were confirmed by means of elemental analysis, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In comparison to an appropriate N-dodecyl-N,N-bis[3-(aldonamido)propyl]amine, the investigated N-oxides are more soluble in water with similar critical micelle concentration values and show higher surface effectiveness. They are low-foamable but in mixtures with sodium dodecyl sulfate form high-volume and stable foams in a wide range of mixture compositions.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Hybrids of Tris[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl] Isocyanurate (TTPI) Capped Palladium Nanoparticles and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

The conjugation of nanoparticles to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) involves various steps including premodification of the nanotubes, which is known to be a very tedious process and sometimes leads to a mixture of products. In this regard, a direct route to generate such conjugates is a worthwhile endeavor. In this paper, we report a novel, mild, one-pot, approach to a controlled and direct coordination of Pd nanoparticles (Pd NPs) onto the surface of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), without any pre-modification of the SWNTs surface. We also present detailed characterization of the SWNT-Pd NP hybrid systems using High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy (Mid-IR) and UV-Visible Spectroscopy (UV–vis) along with the stability studies of the nanoconjugates.     

(3-苯甲酰胺基-3-甲氧羰基)丙基甲次膦酸-2-氯乙基酯的合成

研究了含有甲次膦酸酯的烯烃氢甲酰化反应及酰胺化、羰基化反应。在烯烃的氢甲酰化反应中 ,当溶剂为甲醇 ,催化剂为Co2 (CO) 8,可获得收率为 96 %的 3,3 二甲氧基丙基甲次膦酸 2 氯乙基酯 ,进一步反应可获得 (3 苯甲酰胺基 3 甲氧基羰基 )丙基甲次膦酸 2 氯乙基酯收率达 85 %。     

Reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of 3-[tris(trimethylsilyloxy) silyl] propyl methacrylate

Reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) bulk polymerizations of 3-[tris(trimethylsilyloxy)silyl] propyl methacrylate (TRIS) have been carried out at 60 °C, employing cumyl dithiobenzoate (CDB) and 2-cyanoprop-2-yl dithiobenzoate (CPDB) as mediating agents at concentrations ranging from 5.0×10⁻³ to 2.0×10⁻² mol l⁻¹. The monomer conversion vs. time evolution was followed via dilatometry and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The CDB mediated polymerization displays RAFT agent concentration dependent inhibition and rate retardation phenomena, whereas the CPDB mediated polymerization process is less susceptible to rate retardation and inhibition effects. The different behavior of CDB and CPDB in TRIS polymerization is most likely due to the increased stability of the intermediate macroRAFT radicals in the CDB mediated process. The generated RAFT polymers were analyzed via size exclusion chromatography indicating linear macromolecular growth with respect to monomer conversion and low polydispersities (PDI<1.15) up to high monomer to polymer conversion (>90%).     

Preparation and self-assembly of double hydrophilic poly(ethylethylene phosphate)-block-poly[2-(succinyloxy)ethyl methacrylate] diblock copolymers for drug delivery

This work focuses on the synthesis and self-assembly of biodegradable and anionic double hydrophilic diblock copolymers (DHBCs) poly(ethylethylene phosphate)-block-poly[2-(succinyloxy)ethyl methacrylate] (PEEP-b-PSEMA) with different molecular weights and compositions, which were prepared via a combination of ring opening polymerization (ROP), atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and polymer reaction. The chemical structures of these well-defined diblock copolymers were confirmed by ¹H NMR and FT-IR analyses. GPC results indicated that the copolymers showed symmetric peak and relatively narrow polydispersities. Subsequently, pH-responsive micellization behaviors of PEEP-b-PSEMA diblock copolymers were investigated by fluorescence probe method, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. The results demonstrated that these diblock copolymers were able to self-assemble into micelles with various sizes depending on the variation of pH values. Naproxen (NAP), a poorly water-soluble drug, was selected as the model drug and encapsulated into the core of micelles via dialysis method. The in vitro release behavior of NAP from these micelles was pH-dependent and could be accelerated in the presence of phosphodiesterase I which could promote the degradation of polyphosphoesters. Cytotoxicity tests by MTT assay showed that these block copolymers possessed favorable biocompatibility against HeLa cells, revealing that this kind of biodegradable, biocompatible and pH-responsive block copolymer would be served as a promising material for drug delivery.     

新型硅烷偶联剂双-[-3 (三乙氧基硅 )丙基 ]-二硫化物的合成

由二硫化钠和γ 氯丙基三乙氧基硅烷合成双 [3 (三乙氧基硅)丙基] 二硫化物硅烷偶联剂,原料易得,反应条件温和,在温度为80℃,回流1.5h,收率达95%,成本低。该硅烷偶联剂应用于多种天然及合成橡胶的补强,偶联效果好。     

N-(2-羟乙基)-N-[3-(4-硝基苯基)]丙胺的合成

以β-苯基丙酸为起始原料,依次经硝化、N-酰化和还原反应合成了盐酸尼非卡兰药物中间体——N-（2-羟乙基）-N-[3-（4-硝基苯基）]丙基胺,三步总收率达66．5％。     

5-[2-(乙硫基)丙基]-1,3-环己二酮的合成工艺研究

研究优化了合成烯草酮、烯禾定以及cloproxydim等环己烯酮类除草剂的重要中间体5-[2-(乙硫基)丙基]-1,3-环己二酮的合成方法.首先,巴豆醛与乙硫醇在三乙胺中高收率制得3-乙硫基丁醛,然后以乙酰乙酸甲酯为原料,通过碱水解、与3-乙硫基丁醛缩和、脱水三步反应合成6-乙硫基庚烷-3-烯-2-酮,接着6-乙硫基庚烷-3-烯-2-酮与丙二酸二甲酯经Michael加成和Claisen缩合,再通过皂化和脱羧反应生成目标化合物5-[2-(乙硫基)丙基]-1,3-环己二酮,主要中间产物以及目标产品均与标准品对照,经液质联用确认.     

Synthesis,structure, and physical properties of poly(trimethylene terephthalate)-block-poly(caprolactone) copolymers

The series of poly(trimethylene terephthalate)-block-PCLT (PTT-block-PCLT) copolymers with different contents of PTT as rigid, and poly(caprolactone) (PCL) as flexible segments have been synthesized from dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), 1,3-bio-propanediol, and PCL diol) in a two-step process involving transesterification and polycondensation in the melt. The weight amount of flexible PCLT segments varied from 0 (homopolymer PTT), 25, 35 to 45%. The molecular structure of the synthesized copolymers was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses. According to Hoy's method, one confirmed that PTT and PCL are likely miscible, as the difference of the solubility parameters of PTT and PCL block pairs, equals to 3.15 MPa^1/2. Moreover, the phase structure and mutual miscibility for the series of PTT-block-PCLT copolymers was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements. In copolymers with 35 and 45 wt % of flexible segments, the crystalline phase is formed during annealing above glass-transition temperature of copolymer. These copolymers during cooling at the standard rate do not crystallize. It was also found that incorporation of PCLT flexible segments, due to the macrophase separated structure, cause the decrease of the melting point and glass-transition temperature, along with the tensile modulus and tensile strength of PTT-block-PCLT copolymers, and at the same time cause an increase in the value of the elongation at break. As a result of copolymerization of PTT with PCLT, one obtained multiblock copolymers with a heterophase structure. By changing the PTT/PCLT ratio, one obtained copolymers that differ in hardness and tensile strength. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47341.     

Poly [2-(cinnamoyloxy)ethyl methacrylate-co-octamethacryl-POSS] nanocomposites: Synthesis and properties

Poly [2-(cinnamoyloxy)ethyl methacrylate-co-octamethacryl-POSS] nanocomposites were synthesized from octamethacryl-POSS and 2-(cinnamoyloxy)ethyl methacrylate (CEM) by free radical polymerization. The chemical structures and morphologies of these nanocomposites were determined by FTIR, ²⁹Si NMR, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The XRD data showed that the materials were amorphous in nature, indicating that POSS formed an aggregate instead of a crystalline form in the polymer matrix. The POSS-CEM nanocomposites exhibited high thermal stability. Excitation and emission of the CEM-incorporated POSS nanocomposites, studied in the solid state, exhibited blue emission with CIE (x, 0.178; y, 0.137) coordinates, in addition to an emission intensity that increased with increasing CEM (monomer) concentration.     

4-[（3-（三甲氧基硅烷基）丙氧基）甲基]-1H-1,2,3-三氮唑的合成

以特戊酸氯甲酯为原料,经过叠氮取代、环加成和威廉森合成反应,制得一种新型可传导质子的单体4-{[3-(三甲氧基硅烷基)丙氧基]甲基}-1H-1,2,3-三氮唑(Ⅲ)。采用正交实验设计和单因素实验考察了反应温度、反应时间、反应物料摩尔比和催化剂用量等因素对收率的影响,合成特戊酸叠氮甲酯(Ⅰ)的最佳工艺条件:n(叠氮钠)∶n(特戊酸氯甲酯)=1.5∶1,反应时间20 h,反应温度78℃;合成[4-(羟甲基)-1H-1,2,3-三唑-1-基]-特戊酸甲酯(Ⅱ)的最佳工艺条件:n(丙炔醇)∶n(Ⅰ)=1.3∶1,反应温度50℃,反应时间24 h,n(CuSO4.5H2O)∶n(抗坏血酸)∶n(Ⅰ)=0.02∶0.1∶1,在该条件下目标产物收率为63.9%。用FTIR、1HNMR和13CNMR对产物的结构进行了表征。     

Synthesis and characteristics of poly(methyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid-3,3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate) hollow latex particles and their application to drug carriers

In this study, the hollow latex particle was synthesized by three processes. The first process was to synthesize the poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) (poly(MMA-MAA)) copolymer latex particles by the method of soapless emulsion polymerization. Following the first process, the second process was to polymerize MMA, MAA, 3,3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate (MPS), and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate in the presence of poly(MMA-MAA) latex particles to form the linear poly(MMA-MAA)/crosslinking poly(MMA-MAA-MPS) core–shell latex particles. In the third process, the core–shell latex particles were heated in the presence of ammonia to form the poly(MMA-MAA-MPS) hollow latex particles. A sufficient heating time and high-heating temperature were necessary for the ammonia to dissolve the linear poly(MMA-MAA) core to form a perfect hollow structure. The crosslinking poly(MMA-MAA-MPS) shell was a barrier for the ammonia to diffuse into the latex particles so that the latex particle with the high-crosslinking shell showed an imperfect hollow structure. Besides, the hollow poly(MMA-MAA-MPS) latex particles reacted with ZnO nanoparticles, which were synthesized by a traditional sol-gel method, to form the polymer/inorganic poly(MMA-MAA-MPS)/ZnO composite hollow latex particles. With the increase of crosslinking degree would increase the amount of ZnO bonding. Moreover, the poly(MMA-MAA-MPS) hollow latex particles were used as carriers to load with the model drug, caffeine. The release of caffeine from poly(MMA-MAA-MPS) hollow latex particles was investigated.     

Synthesis and surface properties of polydimethylsiloxane‐based block copolymers: poly[dimethylsiloxane‐block‐ (ethyl methacrylate)] and poly[dimethylsiloxane‐block‐(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)]

A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) macroazoinitiator was synthesized from bis(hydroxyalkyl)‐terminated PDMS and 4,4′‐azobis‐4‐cyanopentanoic acid by a condensation reaction. The bifunctional macroinitiator was used for the block copolymerization of ethyl methacrylate (EMA) and 2‐(trimethylsilyloxy)ethyl methacrylate (TMSHEMA) monomers. The poly(DMS‐block‐EMA) and poly(DMS‐block‐TMSHEMA) copolymers thus obtained were characterized using Fourier transform infrared and ¹H NMR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. After the deprotection of trimethylsilyl groups, poly(DMS‐block‐HEMA) and poly(DMS‐block‐EMA) copolymer film surfaces were analysed using scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effects of the PDMS concentration in the copolymers on both air and glass sides of films were examined. The PDMS segments oriented and moved to the glass side in poly(DMS‐block‐EMA) copolymer film while orientation to the air side became evident with increasing DMS content in poly(DMS‐block‐HEMA) copolymer film. The block copolymerization technique described here is a versatile and economic method and is also applicable to a wide range of monomers. The copolymers obtained have phase‐separated morphologies and the effects of DMS segments on copolymer film surfaces are different at the glass and air sides. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Synthesis and Characterization of Poly[bis(3-aminophenyl) diselenide] and Poly[bis(3-aminophenyl) diselenide-co-aniline]

Summary Bis(m-aminophenyl)diselenide was synthesized by diazotation of m-nitroaniline followed by incorporation of potassium selenium cyanate, and the reduction of the nitro groups by addition of tin and concentrated HCl. This dihydrochloride monomer was polymerised using ammonium persulphate in 0.25 M HCl as oxidizing agent. Copolymers of aniline with bis(m-aminophenyl)diselenide were prepared by oxidation of diselenide and aniline mixtures, at several mole ratios of aniline in the feed (f₁), with the same oxidizing agent. In the all the range of polymers analysed there are more diselenide comonomer units than aniline units. The polymer and copolymers were characterized by FTIR, elemental analysis, thermal stability and electrical conductivity, showing a high thermal stability, with a weight loss of 10% at 400 °C and there is an important effect of groups diselenide on the electrical properties, because conductivities are highly modified when the substitution is in m-position in the aniline ring. Therefore, it is necessary to add a high mole ratio of aniline in the feed to obtain copolymers with conductivities within the semi-conduction range.     

N-[2-(4-氨基苯基)丙基]乙酰胺的合成工艺

以2-苯基丙胺盐酸盐为原料经酸碱中和、酰化、硝化、还原4步合成得到N-[2-(4-氨基苯基)丙基]乙酰胺,探讨了投料方式、还原方法、催化剂等因素对收率的影响,并通过MS、~1H NMR和~(13)C NMR对其结构进行表征。总收率达50%,纯度为97.3%。     

甲基丙烯酰胺丙基二甲基胺的合成与应用述评

介绍了甲基丙烯酰胺丙基二甲基胺（DMAPMA）的合成工艺路线,重点阐述了该产品在水处理行业、日化行业、造纸加工业、医药行业等中的实际应用.     

Preparation of organic/inorganic hybrid nanomaterials using aggregates of star block copolymer consisting of poly(stearyl methacrylate) and poly(3‐(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate) as precursor

A series of star block copolymer consisting of poly(stearyl methacrylate) and poly(3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate) was synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization technique. The resultant polymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography and ¹H NMR. The copolymer can self‐assemble into the aggregates in selective solvents, the resulting aggregates can be used as precursor to prepare hybrid nanomaterials conveniently via the hydrolysis reaction of ? Si(OCH₃)₃ groups and the condensation reaction of ? Si(OH)₃ groups. Moreover, the effect of the star copolymer‐solvent interaction on the aggregation behavior was also discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008