Martensite stabilization and thermal cycling stability of two-phase NiMnGa-based high-temperature shape memory alloys

The martensite stabilization and thermal cycling stability of four types of two-phase NiMnGa-based high-temperature shape memory alloy, including Ni_56+xMn₂₅Ga_19?x (x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4), Ni₅₆Mn_25?yFe_yGa₁₉ (y = 4, 8, 9, 12, 16), Ni₅₆Mn_25?zCo_zGa₁₉ (z = 4, 6, 8) and Ni₅₆Mn_25?wCu_wGa₁₉ (w = 2, 4, 8) alloys, were investigated. It is found that the martensite stabilization is closely related to the strength of the alloy and the volume fraction of γ phase; and increases as the alloy strength decreases. It is also found that in Ni₅₆Mn_25?yFe_yGa₁₉ alloys, with increasing Fe content to 12 and 16 at.%, the volume fraction of γ phase increases and the martensite stabilization decreases. The thermal cycling stability differs among different alloy systems and is related to the microstructural changes during thermal cycling and to the strength of the γ phase. Poor thermal cycling stability is observed in Ni_56+xMn₂₅Ga_19?x (x > 0), Ni₅₆Mn_25?zCo_zGa₁₉ and Ni₅₆Mn_25?wCu_wGa₁₉ alloys due to the formation of the ordered γ′ phase and the high strength of the γ phase. Results further show that Fe addition to Ni₅₆Mn₂₅Ga₁₉ alloy can broaden the (bcc + γ) two-phase region and shift it to the Ni–Ga and Ni–Mn sides, hence stabilizing the two-phase region to lower temperatures. These effects can retard the formation of the ordered γ′ phase in the Ni₅₆Mn_25?yFe_yGa₁₉ system during thermal cycling, thus leading to good thermal cycling stability.     

The high-temperature deformation and tensile ductility of Al alloys

Tensile ductilities consistently in excess of 100 percent are produced at elevated temperatures in aluminum solid-solution alloys containing magnesium. The alloys that produce such enhanced ductility include commercially available 5XXX-series alloys and course-to fine-grained Al-Mg alloys. Eric M. Taleff earned his Ph.D. in mechanical engineering at Stanford University in 1995. He is currently an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. Dr. Taleff is a member of TMS. Peter J. Nevland earned his B.S. in mechanical engineering at the University of Texas at Austin in 1997. He is currently an M.S. candidate in materials science and engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. Mr. Nevland is a student member of TMS.     

Ni_(54)Mn_(25)Ga_(15)Al_6高温形状记忆合金的微观组织和相变行为(英文)

研究Ni54Mn25Ga15Al6高温形状记忆合金的微观组织、马氏体相变特性、力学性能和形状记忆效应。通过与Ni54Mn25Ga21合金对比,分析添加第四组元Al对Ni-Mn-Ga合金性能的影响。结果表明:Ni54Mn25Ga15Al6合金为单一的四方结构非调制马氏体相并呈片状的马氏体孪晶板条形貌。该合金的马氏体相变开始温度超过190°C,具有发展成为高温形状记忆合金的潜力。在Ni-Mn-Ga合金中添加Al会降低马氏体相变温度,这主要归因于Al添加引入的晶格尺寸因素的改变。添加Al元素能有效提高合金的强度和塑性,但降低合金的形状记忆性能。     

Investigation of microcrystalline NiAl-based alloys with high-temperature thermoelastic martensitic transformation: II. Construction of isothermal diagrams of decomposition of a supersaturated β solid solution of Ni65Al35 and Ni56Al34Co10 alloys

Diagrams of the onset of decomposition of two functional microcrystalline alloys (Ni₆₅Al₃₅ and Ni₅₆Al₃₄Co₁₀) with a thermoelastic reversible martensitic transformation prepared by ultrarapid quenching from the melt have been constructed based on the results of isothermal measurements of electrical resistance during various annealings. A multi-stage nature of the diffusive decomposition of a β solid solution supersaturated with Ni has been revealed, and the temperature range of its maximum thermal stability has been found. The retardation effect of cobalt on the decomposition of high-nickel martensitic Ni-Al alloys has been determined.     

Martensitic and magnetic transformation of Co41Ni32Al24Sb3 and Co41Ni32Al27 alloys

The martensitic transformation and magnetic property of Co41Ni32Al27 and Co41Ni32Al24Sb3 alloys were investigated by optical microscopy（OM）, scanning electric microscopy（SEM）, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy（EDS）, X-ray diffractometry （XRD）, differential scanning calorimeter analysis（DSC） and vibration sample magnetometer（VSM） methods. The results show that martensitic crystal structure of Co41Ni32Al24Sb3 alloy is still Llo type. Both martensitic transformation temperature Tm and Curie point Tc are in linear relation to quenching temperature. Tm increases by 9 K and Tc increases by 7.5 K for every 10 K increasing in quenched temperature. Quenched from same temperature, Tm of Co41Ni32Al24Sb3 alloy is higher than that of Co41Ni32Al27 alloy by 76 K, meanwhile Tc is higher by 18 K. The melting point of Co-Ni-Al alloy is decreased by the Sb addition, eutectic structure appears in Co41Ni32Al24Sb3 alloy annealed at l 573 K, which indicates that the alloy is partially melted, whereas Co41Ni32Al27 alloy can be annealed at 1 623 K without melted. The martensitic transformation temperature range of Co41Ni32Al24Sb3 alloy is 22-29 K, only half that of Co41Ni32Al27 alloy. This is a very important result to benefit the achievement of large magnetic field induced strain on Co-Ni-Al based alloy. The results of Tm and Tc were explained by total average s＋d electron concentration and magnetic valence number Zm respectively.     

Ti-50.1Ni形状记忆合金相变与形变行为

用热重分析仪、X射线衍射仪和拉伸试验研究了退火温度、变形温度对Ti-50.1Ni形状记忆(SME)合金丝的相变、形变的影响.Ti-50.1Ni合金加热氧化过程中温度超过600℃后氧化加剧,故退火温度不宜超过600℃.该合金奥氏体相变开始温度(As)高于室温,室温相为马氏体,呈SME特性.350～600℃退火态Ti-50.1Ni合金在室温下均呈SME.     

Structural analysis of a new precipitate phase in high-temperature TiNiPt shape memory alloys

Aging of the high-temperature shape memory alloy Ti₅₀Ni₃₀Pt₂₀ (at.%) results in precipitation of a previously unidentified phase, which plays a key role in achieving desirable shape memory properties. The precipitate phase has been analyzed with electron diffraction, high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy and three-dimensional atom probe tomography. The experimental observations show that the precipitates have unique crystallography due to their non-periodic character along one of the primary crystallographic directions. It will be shown that the structure can be explained in terms of crystal intergrowth of three variants of a monoclinic crystal. The monoclinic crystal structure is closely related to the high-temperature cubic B2 phase; the departure of the structure from the B2 phase can be attributed to ordering of Pt atoms on the Ni sublattice and relaxation of the atoms (shuffle displacements) from the B2 sites. The shuffle displacements and the overall structural refinement were deduced from ab initio calculations.     

Influence of Ni on martensitic phase transformations in NiTi shape memory alloys

High-precision data on phase transformation temperatures in NiTi, including numerical expressions for the effect of Ni on M_S, M_F, A_S, A_F and T₀, are obtained, and the reasons for the large experimental scatter observed in previous studies are discussed. Clear experimental evidence is provided confirming the predictions of Tang et al. 1999 [19] regarding deviations from a linear relation between the thermodynamic equilibrium temperature and Ni concentration. In addition to affecting the phase transition temperatures, increasing Ni contents are found to decrease the width of thermal hysteresis and the heat of transformation. These findings are rationalized on the basis of the crystallographic data of Prokoshkin et al. 2004 [68] and the theory of Ball and James [25]. The results show that it is important to document carefully the details of the arc-melting procedure used to make shape memory alloys and that, if the effects of processing are properly accounted for, precise values for the Ni concentration of the NiTi matrix can be obtained.     

Microstructure and phase equilibria in Ni–Al–Cr–Co alloys

Several alloys of Ni–Al–Cr–Co system with Ni content close to 60 at.% were prepared and annealed at 1273 and 1373 K with the aim to reach the state of thermodynamic equilibrium. The microstructure of quenched samples was studied by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Phases equilibrated at high temperature were identified using selected area diffraction in transmission electron microscope. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis was used for evaluation of nominal alloy compositions as well as the chemical composition of individual phases. The results obtained experimentally are compared with the results of thermodynamic calculation using software ThermoCalc and a commercial database of thermodynamic data for Ni-based alloys. In most cases the results of calculation show good agreement with experiment. A few differences of the results obtained by the two approaches are pointed out and briefly discussed.     

Texture memory effect in heavily cold-rolled Ni3Al single crystals

In Ni₃Al the cold-rolled Goss texture changed to a complicated one after primary recrystallization and returned to the original Goss during the subsequent grain growth, which can be referred to as the texture memory effect. In this study, we examined the evolution of grain orientations during the grain growth using the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) method. It was found that just after the primary recrystallization most of the grains had a 40°〈1 1 1〉 rotation relationship to the Goss texture, the remaining grains being Goss and other textures. The formation of the 40°〈1 1 1〉 rotated grains can be explained by a multiple twinning mechanism. In the grain growth, the Goss grains, which were surrounded by the 40°〈1 1 1〉 rotated grains, grew preferentially due to the high mobility of the 40°〈1 1 1〉 grain boundaries, leading to the texture memory effect.     

Ti-49.8Ni形状记忆合金的氧化、相变和形变特性

用热重分析仪、X射线衍射仪、示差扫描热分析仪及拉伸试验机研究了Ti-49.8Ni形状记忆合金(SMA)的氧化、相变和形变特性.结果表明,退火温度超过600℃时Ti-49.8Ni合金的氧化加剧;400～600℃退火态Ti-49.8Ni合金冷却/加热时的相变类型为A→R→M/M→A(A-母相,R-R相,M-马氏体相),随退火温度升高,合金的马氏体相变温度升高,R相变温度基本不变,马氏体相变热滞先减小后升高,马氏体再取向应力先降低后升高,合金的塑性提高.Ti-49.8Ni合金室温相组成为M和TiO2,呈形状记忆效应;形变温度超过110℃后合金呈超弹性.400～550℃退火态合金的SME特性良好,退火温度高于600℃后合金特性变差;随循环次数增加,Ti-49.8Ni合金弹簧的应变恢复率减小,循环次数超过100次后恢复率衰减变缓.     

Prediction of martensite and austenite start temperatures of the Fe-based shape memory alloys by artificial neural networks

In this study, martensite start (Ms) and austenite start (As) temperatures of Fe-based shape memory alloys (SMAs) were predicted by using a back-propagation artificial neural network (ANN) that uses gradient descent learning algorithm. An ANN model is built, trained and tested using the test data of 85 Fe-based SMAs available in literature. The input parameters of the ANN model are weight percentages of seven elements (Fe, Mn, Si, Ni, Cr, Cu and Al) and three different treatment conditions (hot rolling, homogenizing temperature and quenching). The ANN model was found to predict the Ms and As temperature well in the range of input parameters considered. A computer program was devised in MATLAB and different ANN models were constructed with this program for prediction of As and Ms temperatures of iron-based SMAs. A comprehensive analysis of the prediction errors of Ms and As temperatures made by the ANN is presented. This study demonstrate that ANN is very efficient for predicting the Ms and As temperatures of iron-based SMAs.     

热处理工艺对磁控形状记忆合金Co38Ni34Al27Mn1显微组织及磁性能的影响

采用电弧熔炼法制备Co38Ni34Al27Mn1磁控形状记忆合金,并对合金进行热处理.采用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪及振动样品磁强计等研究热处理工艺对Co38Ni34Al27Mn1合金显微组织、相结构及磁性能的影响.研究结果表明:1573 K加热冰水淬火后得到β相和γ相,而1623、1673 K加热冰水淬火后合金中可观察到板条状马氏体,且β相、γ相和马氏体相共存.随着热处理温度的提高,合金晶粒长大,γ相体积分数减小,马氏体含量增加,饱和磁化强度从42.51 emu·g-1增加到45.43 emu·g-1,矫顽力从48 Oe减小到30 Oe;在1673 K淬火,随加热保温时间的增加合金晶粒变大,饱和磁化强度从44.31 emu·g-1增加到47.29 emu·g-1.     

Ni_(40.5)Co_(32.5)Al_(27)马氏体合金的冷变形和再结晶行为

采用金相观察和硬度测定方法研究了马氏体Ni40.5Co32.5Al27合金的冷轧组织和再结晶行为。结果表明,马氏体Ni40.5Co32.5Al27合金有优异的冷加工能力,其临界冷轧压下量在46.2%~46.9%之间;马氏体相β′和延性γ相变形协调性好,合金经大变形后两相相界没有微裂纹。冷轧Ni40.5Co32.5Al27合金在1073K~1173K发生强烈回复,在1273K温度发生完全再结晶,随着淬火温度的升高合金中γ相体积分数不断减少,β′相晶粒不断长大。