纺丝液合成因素对木材液化物炭纤维原丝性能的影响

利用木材苯酚液化物合成纺丝液, 熔融纺丝制成新的炭纤维原丝, 研究了纺丝液合成因素对原丝性能的影响。试验结果表明: 增加合成纺丝液时液化原料中的苯酚/木材比(液固比), 则原丝的力学性能提高明显, 其中液固比由3增加至4时, 原丝拉伸强度增加了近9倍; 合成剂用量的增加却导致原丝力学性能的降低, 当合成剂用量为6%时, 原丝的拉伸强度和拉伸模量降幅较明显, 而断裂伸长率的最大降幅却出现在合成剂用量为4%时; 原丝的拉伸强度和拉伸模量随合成温度的升高而增加, 但增幅较小, 断裂伸长率随合成温度的升高却呈下降趋势, 且从110℃升高到115℃时断裂伸长率降幅较大; 原丝的力学性能随合成纺丝液升温时间的增加而先升高后降低, 升温时间为40min时制备的炭纤维原丝的力学性能最优。      

磨碎玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料的制备及力学性能研究

用硅烷偶联剂对磨碎玻璃纤维表面进行改性,并制备玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料,采用超声分散对复合材料分散处理,探讨不同磨碎玻璃纤维粉质量比对环氧树脂基复合材料压缩、拉伸性能的影响。研究表明,添加磨碎玻璃纤维后,环氧树脂的强度和硬度显著增强。当磨碎玻璃纤维掺量在15%~25%之间时,复合材料的综合力学性能最好,其压缩强度、压缩模量、拉伸强度最高达到67.1 MPa、1.68 GPa、57.6 MPa,与纯环氧树脂相比提高了24%、35%、34%;断裂伸长率随着掺量的增加逐渐降低,当含量达到30%时比纯环氧树脂的降低了48%,表明添加玻璃纤维粉后环氧树脂脆性增强。目数小粒径较大的玻璃纤维粉对环氧树脂力学性能增强效果更优,但影响程度不如含量对复合材料力学性能的影响大。     

Study on mechanical and ablative properties of EPDM/OMMT thermal insulating nanocomposites

In order to enhance the elongation at break, the ablation resistant properties as well as the tensile strength of the thermal insulating materials, organo-montmorillonite (OMMT) was introduced into the short aramid fibers reinforced Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer (EPDM) based nanocomposites. The effects of OMMT content on the mechanical and ablative properties of the nanocomposites were investigated systematically. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirm that EPDM-matrix has been intercalated into OMMT interlayers after a mixing process on a two-roll mill. The brittle fracture of nanocomposites also indicates that OMMT can lubricate aramid fiber to weaken the interfacial adhesive strength between the fibers and the matrix. As a result, the tensile strength and elongation at break are both improved sharply with OMMT content increasing from 1 phr to 7 phr. However, thanks to the inevitable agglomeration of OMMT with high loading inside the nanocomposites, the tensile strength and elongation at break reduce gently once OMMT is over 7 phr. Furthermore, the ablation resistant properties are improved greatly by increasing OMMT from 1 phr to 11 phr. Therefore, the optimal content of OMMT is 7-11 phr for the thermal insulating nanocomposites with big elongation and excellent ablation resistant properties.     

芳纶表面改性及其与丁腈橡胶复合材料的性能研究

为增强对位芳纶纤维(PPTA)与丁腈橡胶(NBR)之间的界面粘结强度,采用多巴胺(DA)-硅烷偶联剂对芳纶纤维联合改性并制备PPTA/NBR复合材料。结果表明,纤维改性后表面粗糙度增加;表面元素含量和种类都发生较大变化;在H试样抽出测试中,改性后的PPTA帘线/NBR试样抽出力相对于未改性试样增大64.02%,且黏附橡胶较多。改性后的PPTA/NBR试样,纤维含量相同时,断裂伸长率和拉伸强度相对未改性的PPTA/NBR试样增大;随着纤维含量的增加,使用同种方法处理的PPTA/NBR复合材料断裂伸长率减小,拉伸强度先增大后减小。     

短玻纤增强聚丙烯注射压力对微观结构和力学性能影响

报道了短玻纤增强聚丙烯复合材料中玻纤及注射压力对材料微观结构和力学性能的影响规律。实验结果表明: 随着玻纤含量提高, 复合材料的拉伸强度提高, 而断裂伸长率、冲击强度和熔体流动速率则下降。注射压力提高, 拉伸试样芯层中玻纤的平均取向角下降, 取向度提高, 因而拉伸强度增大, 冲击强度下降。皮层结构中玻纤沿熔体流动方向高度取向。聚丙烯球晶尺寸随玻纤含量增加而变小, 规整度也变差, 至40% 时, 聚丙烯已难以形成规整的球晶结构。     

聚醚砜含量对纤维素/聚醚砜中空纤维血液透析膜结构和性能的影响

以离子液体氯代1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑([AMIM]Cl)为溶剂来纺制纤维素/聚醚砜共混中空纤维膜,考察了聚醚砜含量对中空纤维膜结构与性能的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对膜内、外表面形态结构进行了观察,测试了中空纤维膜的水通量、截留率等渗透性能,最大拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、杨氏模量等力学性能以及透析性能。结果表明:随着聚醚砜含量的增加,中空纤维膜外表面孔洞结构变大,内表面结构变得更加疏松,膜孔隙率与水通量升高,最大拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、杨氏模量等力学性能则逐渐下降;对尿素的清除效率逐渐提升;对溶菌酶和牛血清白蛋白的清除效率逐渐增大,在聚醚砜含量为13%时分别达到最大值24.05%和19.91%。     

废弃聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜再生与回用性能

研究了经膜生物反应器(MBR)系统运行6年的废弃聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)中空纤维膜再生回用性能。讨论了运行过程中膜污染对PVDF中空纤维膜的影响;采用溶液相转化法制备了再生PVDF平板膜。研究结果表明,经运行6年后,PVDF中空纤维膜中致孔剂(如聚乙二醇(PEG)或聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP))含量减少至零,断裂强度降低,断裂伸长率减小,相对分子质量降低,结晶度升高,膜孔堵塞等现象明显;与常规PVDF膜相比,再生PVDF膜的断裂强度和断裂伸长率较小,成膜过程中致孔难度增大(孔隙率较低),而再生PVDF膜的润湿性、渗透性以及截留率等与常规PVDF膜相近。     

CPE改性PVC封套材料研究

研究了CPE改性PVC封套材料的性能,测试了封套材料的透湿率、拉伸强度和扯断伸长率.研究表明,随着CPE用量的增加,封套材料的透湿率和拉伸强度降低,扯断伸长率提高,但CPE的用量应控制在20.2%(质量百分数,下同)以下.     

亲水改性聚己内酯纤维膜的熔体静电纺丝研究

采用HM-531对PCL进行亲水改性,研究其用量对共混体系的熔融指数、接触角和拉伸性能的影响,再利用熔体电纺三维打印,探究了电压、驱动气压和喷头高度对纤维膜微观形态结构和接触角的影响,筛选最佳的工艺参数。结果表明,随着HM-531用量的增加,共混物的熔融指数增大,接触角不断降低,添加质量分数为3%的HM-531时,共混...     

植物纤维增强PS木塑复合材料的性能研究

以木纤维、竹纤维和聚苯乙烯为主要原料,加入偶联剂、润滑剂、增塑剂等加工助剂,经挤出注塑制备聚苯乙烯/木纤维复合材料。研究了植物纤维种类和添加质量分数、偶联剂KH-550添加质量分数对PS木塑复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明：木纤维和偶联剂的加入都使复合材料的力学性能呈先增大后减小的趋势。当木纤维添加质量分数为25%,偶联剂KH-550添加质量为木纤维添加质量的1.5%时,复合材料具有最大的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和断裂伸长率,分别为30.2MPa,86MPa和8.74%,缺口冲击强度随木纤维添加质量分数的增加而减小。木纤维和竹纤维填充的两种复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和冲击强度相差不大。     

改性炭纤维增强聚四氟乙烯复合材料的制备

研究了不同处理条件对复合材料拉伸、摩擦性能的影响,并对拉伸断口及磨损表面形貌进行了分析。结果表明,Ar等离子体处理、聚四氟乙烯乳液包覆的炭纤维能有效增大复合材料界面结合力并提高拉伸强度;当处理时间为9 min时,复合材料的拉伸强度为24.3 MPa,断裂伸长率为340%,磨损率为2.4×10-6mm3/N.m;与纯PTFE相比,拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别提高了48%和100%,磨损率下降55.6%。     

自修复聚氨酯防水涂料的研究

为了赋予聚氨酯防水涂料自修复性能,先用环氧树脂对高吸水纤维进行改性,再将改性纤维与双组分聚氨酯通过共混制备自修复聚氨酯防水涂料,最后用刮涂法制备防水涂层。用扫描电镜、红外光谱仪对防水涂层的微观结构进行分析,用万能材料试验机、电动不透水仪等对防水涂层的机械性能、自修复性能及防渗透性能等进行测试。结果表明,高吸水纤维、氧化锌有助于提高防水涂层的拉伸强度,防水涂层的最大抗拉强度为1.83MPa,断裂伸长率达到795%。防水涂料完全切断自修复24h后,裂口完全愈合。自修复48h后,拉伸强度恢复率最高可达63%,断裂伸长率达到60%左右。本研究为聚氨酯防水涂料自修复提供了新的方法。     

Influence of hydrogenation and styrene content on the unaged and aged properties of styrene-butadiene copolymer

The influence of hydrogenation and styrene content on the properties of styrene butadiene copolymer (SBR) has been studied.There is an increase in glass transition temperature (T_g) associated with the reduction of double bonds by hydrogenation. The hydrogenated polymers demonstrate higher tensile strength, elongation at break and modulus values. The superior mechanical properties of HSBRs are due to the generation of polyethylene crystallites. The thermo-oxidative stability of saturated polymer is much higher than that of its unsaturated analogue. The samples with higher styrene content show higher modulus, but lower tensile strength and elongation at break, due to lower crystallinity. The thermo-oxidative stability of HSBR increases with increase in styrene content. This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

可食性干酪包装膜的制备及性能研究

目的研究酪蛋白酸钠、壳聚糖、甘油添加量对可食膜性能的影响。方法以酪蛋白酸钠和壳聚糖为原料,甘油作为增塑剂,制备可食性干酪包装膜,以膜的水溶性及力学性能为指标,通过单因素及正交试验,确定各成膜成分的最佳配比。结果当用质量分数为5%的酪蛋白酸钠水溶液、质量分数为2%的壳聚糖冰乙酸溶液和质量分数为2%的甘油混合液进行成膜,所得可食膜的综合性能较优,其水溶性为35.8%,断裂伸长率为75.4%,拉伸强度为10.58 MPa,弹性模量为13.47 MPa。结论随着酪蛋白酸钠含量的增加,膜的水溶性变化不大,膜的断裂伸长率先增大后减小,拉伸强度和弹性模量均随之增大;随着壳聚糖含量的增加,膜的水溶性逐渐下降,膜的断裂伸长率、拉伸强度、弹性模量均随之增大;随着甘油含量的增加,膜的水溶性逐渐减小,膜的断裂伸长率逐渐增大,拉伸强度和弹性模量逐渐减小。     

Reinforcement of plasticized wheat gluten with natural fibers: From mechanical improvement to deplasticizing effect

Wheat gluten/glycerol-based materials were reinforced through natural fiber addition. Hemp and wood fiber addition increased both composite tensile strength and Young’s modulus, but decreased elongation at break. Resulting materials exhibited lower water sensitivity. Fiber addition does not modify the protein aggregation, but resulted in an increase of the composite matrix glass transition temperature (T_g). This increase was attributed to the plasticizer migration from the matrix to the fibers, which increased the matrix Young’s modulus. This migration called matrix deplasticization contributed to the improvement of the overall composite mechanical properties. The true reinforcing effect attributed to the fiber addition and the deplasticizing effect attributed to plasticizer migration were dissociated and quantified. At high fiber content, deplasticizing effect became significant and reduced material processability. This study suggested that the fiber lignin content is susceptible to influence both the water sensitivity and the matrix deplasticization.     

UV固化的水性含氟聚氨酯的制备与表征

合成了一种含短氟碳链的扩链剂(HFIP-IPDI-TMP),并将其应用于水性光固化体系,制备了UV固化水性含氟聚氨酯(UV-WFPU)乳液。利用红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱对HFIP-IPDI-TMP的结构进行了表征,研究了氟含量对UVWFPU乳液粒径、乳液的力学稳定性及乳胶膜的动态力学性能、水接触角、表面形貌和力学性能的影响。结果表明,HFIP-IPDI-TMP的引入有效提高了UV-WFPU膜的疏水性和拉伸强度,氟元素的引入提高了UV-WFPU膜表面的粗糙程度。随着HFIP-IPDI-TMP用量的提高,乳液粒径、玻璃化转变温度和tanδmax逐渐增大,断裂伸长率下降。当有机氟含氟量为3.5%时,UV-WFPU3的疏水性能最佳,胶膜的水接触角为96°,此时的乳液粒径为52.3nm,固化物的拉伸强度为12.31MPa,断裂伸长率为213%。     

花青素-明胶/聚乙烯醇-淀粉复合膜制备与表征

目的 制备花青素明胶/聚乙烯醇淀粉双层复合膜,以期提高花青素单层膜的综合性能.方法 采用流延法分别制备紫薯、紫甘蓝、黑米、黑枸杞、玫瑰、玫瑰茄等6种花青素明胶/聚乙烯醇淀粉双层复合膜,并对比研究膜层的微观组织结构、含水率、力学性能及光学性能.结果 从红外光谱图中可以看出,双层复合膜分子结构没有出现新的特征峰,双层膜结合方式为物理结合,没有新的结构生成,且除紫甘蓝明胶/聚乙烯醇淀粉双层复合膜外,其余复合膜均存在明显的分层界线,2层结合处膜层结构均匀致密,结合良好.不同双层膜的含水率差异显著,而双层复合膜比花青素单层膜的含水率明显降低,不同双层膜的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率差异不显著,与单层花青素明胶复合膜相比,双层复合膜的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率大幅增加,其中紫薯双层膜的拉伸强度增加了75％,断裂伸长率增加了22.9％;所有双层复合膜的透光率相差不大,均在80％以上;与花青素明胶单层膜相比,双层膜的雾度增加了20％左右.结论 制备的双层膜改善了单层膜的力学性能,提高了花青素明胶单层膜的综合性能.     

Model filled rubber IV: Dependence of stress-strain relationship on filler particle morphology

The addition of monodisperse size crosslinked polystyrene (PS) particles, synthesized by emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization, to polysulfide matrix enhanced mechanical properties of the cured rubbery composites. The modulus, fracture strength, and elongation at break increased with increasing filler volume fraction up to 30 wt % PS particles. The strength and elongation at break decreased with increasing particle diameter from 0.315 to 1.25 m. The strength at break increased, but the extension decreased, as the particle crosslink density increased from 0 to 5 mol % DVB. Interparticle interactions are dominant and lead to the formation of clusters which form a network structure in PS particle filled composites. Since the number density, as well as the total surface area, of particles increase with decreasing particle diameter, interparticle attractions are enhanced, the tendency for cluster formation increased with decreasing particle size from 1.25 to 0.315 m. As particle crosslink density was reduced, the porosity and surface roughness of particles increased. Then, the dispersion of particles in the matrix was enhanced and particle agglomeration reduced but more polymer matrix was adsorbed on the particles. These particles or clusters act as physical crosslinks, resulting in an increased total effective crosslink density in the filled composites.     

碳纳米管改性弹性体对聚甲醛的增韧作用及取向行为

制备了聚甲醛(POM)/碳纳米管(CNTs)/弹性体(TPU)三元共混复合材料。考察了碳纳米管改性弹性体对聚甲醛的增韧效果及取向行为。结果表明,碳纳米管可有效地增强增韧弹性体,在1%(质量分数,下同)的碳纳米管存在下,TPU拉伸强度由54.6 MPa提高到66.0 MPa,提高21%左右,断裂伸长率由684%提高到801%,提高约17%。与未改性弹性体相比,CNTs改性弹性体对聚甲醛的增韧效果更显著。加入20%的固相力化学法改性TPU弹性体,碳纳米管含量仅为0.1%,断裂伸长率达到180%,同未改性体系相比,提高到近3倍。     

Vetiver–polypropylene composites: Physical and mechanical properties

Injection molded vetiver–polypropylene (PP) composites at various ratios of vetiver content and vetiver length were prepared. When compared to PP, vetiver–PP composites exhibited higher tensile strength and Young’s modulus but lower elongation at break and impact strength. An increase in vetiver content led to an increase in viscosity, heat distortion temperature, crystallization temperature, and Young’s modulus of the composites. On the other hand, the decomposition temperature, tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact strength decreased with increasing vetiver content. The chemical treatment of the vetiver grass improved the mechanical properties of the composites.