Toward optimal waste management policies for a river basin

A mathematical analysis of marginal cost functions, where the total basin-wide treatment cost for a series of users of water in a river basin is to be minimized subject to constraints, is presented. The situation considered is where a series of water-using firms are located along a river; the river being the sole source of water supply and the only place to discharge wastewater. In such a situation, upstream users, if they discharge waste, impose damage costs on those downstream. On the other hand, if the upstream user is restricted in discharging wastes into the river, the costs for withholding or treating of these wastes are imposed on him. This trade-off is the basis for the minimization of the total basin-wide treatment cost.The results of this study show that under most conditions an optimal solution can be found which balances the upstream marginal waste withholding cost with the downstream damage costs. The analysis is concluded with a presentation of conditions which make these marginal cost relationships sufficient as well as necessary for optimally. Although stream-flow, inflow and outflow are treated as deterministic, this model should be valid except during extreme, transient conditions.     

Scenario analysis for the role of sanitation infrastructures in integrated urban wastewater management

Traditionally, the sanitation infrastructures of most of the Urban Wastewater Systems (UWSs) have been managed individually, without considering the many relationships among the sewer systems, Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) and receiving waters. The main objective of WWTP management was to comply with the emission limits, without considering the ecological state of the receiving waters. However, the European Union approved the Water Framework Directive (WFD) in 2000 that changes the conventional practice by introducing the integrated approach concept in the hydraulic infrastructure management. The same Directive also promotes the availability and use of decision support tools for water management, specifically where water resources are becoming increasingly scarce. This paper describes the work conducted in the Besòs catchment (Catalonia, NE of Spain) in order to deal with this European legislation. A study site was selected to develop an integrated model as a support tool for the UWS management. Specifically, two sewer systems, their WWTPs and a reach of the Congost River (a tributary of the Besòs River) have been modelled. The selected software to model flow and water quality were Infoworks CS, GPS-X and Infoworks RS for the sewer systems, WWTPs and stream reach, respectively. Besides these, a specific program was developed to be used as a data transfer interface between software. Once this model integration platform was built, and taking into account the expert knowledge of the managers, several management scenarios were defined including some critical events such as industrial spills, rainfall episodes, inhibition of nitrification, WWTP shutdowns, obstruction of a sewer system conduit and episodes of minimum river flow rates as well as potential control actions such as the implementation of storage tanks or the use of bypasses between sewer systems or WWTPs. All these scenarios were modelled and simulated and the results obtained were then analysed, focusing the attention on the river water quality, with the main objective being to gain relevant knowledge to deal with the tested scenarios.     

Modelling gross primary production in the Heihe river basin and uncertainty analysis

Accurate and timely monitoring of gross primary production (GPP) at regional and global scales is necessary for understanding the terrestrial biosphere carbon balance. In this article, 8-day composite GPP is estimated using the region production efficiency model (REG-PEM) in the Heihe river basin from 2006 to 2008. The result indicates that GPP meets the seasonal cycle well and varies with different land covers. Analysis of uncertainty and sensitivity of the REG-PEM model are implemented by the Monte Carlo method. GPP is simulated with a test data set; the data set includes three groups, and each group has 8000 points. The three groups obey uniform distribution, normal distribution and beta distribution, respectively. Uncertainty is assessed by the quantification of mean values and standard deviation of outputs. The distribution of simulated GPP is slightly different from that of model-calculated GPP over the study sites. Among the input parameters, the land surface water index (LSWI) and air temperature (T) make less of a contribution to model output than photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and the enhanced vegetation index (EVI). The main sources of model uncertainty are input data uncertainty and uncertainty from the specific model.     

Neotectonic analysis of Mendha river basin,Rajasthan, India

Abstract

The study presented here examined the tectonically active Mendha River basin, Rajasthan, India. Landsat TM data in bands 2, 3 and 4 were used in this study. The neotectonic features were extracted through the digital analysis of the principal component (PC) and directional filtered images. However, the regional view of the study area was examined through the false colour composite (FCC). A map of the neotectonic features was generated by incorporating the limited field observations and this yielded the extensions of the neotectonic features.     

粗糙集在销售决策系统中的应用

在销售决策支持系统中,存在着大量的信息和很多不确定的因素,这使得做出科学合理的决策变得很困难。粗糙集理论是处理不确定性知识与不完整数据的有效工具,因此可以根据粗糙集理论通过分析推理找出销售数据中存在的有用的知识。依据粗糙集理论实现了一种对销售决策表知识简化的方法,采用粗集理论处理大量销售信息,从中提取有用规则,通过分析和推理产生最小决策规则。通过实例分析,验证了粗糙集理论与销售决策支持系统相结合方法的可行性。该方法有效地解决了智能销售决策支持系统中决策规则的获取与理解等问题。     

决策支持系统中粗糙集理论的应用研究

粗糙集理论是近代新兴的数据处理方法,概率统计方法是传统数据处理方法,两者各有其优缺点。文章在对粗糙集理论进行深入研究的基础上,提出将两种方法结合,并在决策支持系统中应用,在系统的实现过程中提出了新的处理方法。     

DSS中的数据库管理子系统分析与应用

文章比较了DSS与MIS在数据管理上的差异,列出了DSS中常用的几种数据管理方法,重点分析了DSS数据库管理子系统的组成和结构,并结合开发实例,说明了建立DSS数据库管理子系统时应考虑的主要问题。     

On options for interdisciplinary analysis and design optimization

The interdisciplinary optimization of engineering systems is discussed from the standpoint of the computational alternatives available to the designer. The analysis of such systems typically requires the solution of coupled systems of nonlinear algebraic equations. The solution procedure is necessarily iterative in nature. It is shown that the system can be solved by fixed point iteration, by Newton's method, or by a combination of the two. However, the need for sensitivity analysis may affect the choice of analysis solution method. Similarly, the optimization of the system can be formulated in several ways that are discussed in the paper. It is shown that the effect of the topology of the interaction between disciplines is a key factor in the choice of analysis, sensitivity and optimization methods. Several examples are presented to illustrate the discussion.     

支持向量机在流程型企业决策支持系统中的应用

首先简单介绍了支持向量机的概念,接着以某流程型企业的具体决策支持系统为应用背景,论述了支持向量机在伙伴企业选择、生产预警故障诊断中的应用。在伙伴企业选择方面使用了支持向量机的回归算法,在生产预警和故障诊断方面使用了支持向量机的分类算法,其中,还配合使用主成分分析方法,对学习样本起降维降噪作用。实验证明,采用支持向量机方法,不仅具有较高的训练效率,而且有更高的精确度。     

基于数据仓库的决策支持系统的研究与应用

介绍了数据仓库、OLAP和数据挖掘的有关概念和内容 ,并在建立数据仓库的基础上提出了决策支持系统的理论框架 ,并提出了其在高校招生中应用的设计和实现方案。     

An evolutionary real options framework for the design and management of projects and systems with complex real options and exercising conditions

To address the issue of decision support for designing and managing flexible projects and systems in the face of uncertainties, this paper integrates real options valuation, decision analysis techniques, Monte Carlo simulations and evolutionary algorithms in an evolutionary real options framework. The proposed evolutionary real options framework searches for an optimized portfolio of real options and makes adaptive plans to cope with uncertainties as the future unfolds. Exemplified through a test case, the evolutionary framework not only compares favorably with traditional fixed design approaches but also delivers considerable improvements over prevailing real options practices.     

工作情景模拟教学法在数据库实训课程中的应用

数据库实训课程是我们综合运用软件工程思想、软件开发环境和数据库技术设计开发具有实用性的数据库应用系统的综合独立实践环节。作者经多年实践,总结形成了在数据库实训课程中的一种新的教学方法—工作情景模拟教学法。本文着重描述了工作情景模拟教学法应用的背景、情景创设方法、学生的角色扮演和教师在此过程中的作用,经多个班级的实践,说明了该教学法对于完成课程任务、为学生体验真实项目开发的工作过程和场景提供了帮助,为教师全面评价学生提供了依据。     

The Internet and DSS: massive,real-time data availability is changing the DSS landscape

Absract The Internet can serve as a source of massive, micro-level data. We discuss the opportunities and challenges in capturing and utilizing real-time data off the Internet, intranets, or extranets. Emphasis is placed on developing dynamic decision support systems (DSSs) in our new data-enabled environment. Illustrations of real-time data capture and potential DSS use are provided from work on online auctions, e-retailing, piracy, and intellectual property. This article is part of the “Handbook on Decision Support Systems” edited by Frada Burstein and Clyde W. Holsapple (2008) Springer.     

基于C/S的分布式DSS模型库管理后台服务算法

模型库管理是决策支持系统的核心,其基本功能包括模型的定义、组合和调用。通过采用统一建模语言,设计并提出了一个支持客户／服务器模型的模型管理系统的后台服务监控程序,并详细说明了实现模型的链接和运行以及监控程序的算法,给出了该监控过程的VB实现源代码。     

A web based DSS for the management of floods and wildfires (FLIRE) in urban and periurban areas

The FLIRE DSS is a web-based Decision Support System for the combined forest and flood risk management and planning. State of the art tools and models have been used in order to enable Civil Protection agencies and local stakeholders to take advantage of web based DSS with no need of local complex infrastructure and maintenance. Civil protection agencies can predict the behavior of a fire event using real time data and in that way to plan its efficient elimination. Also, they can implement “what-if” scenarios for areas prone to fire and thus develop plans for forest fire management. Flood services include flood maps and flood-related warnings; these become available to relevant authorities for visualization and further analysis on a daily basis. Real time weather data from ground stations provide the necessary inputs for the calculation of the fire model in real time and a high resolution weather forecast grid support flood modeling and “what-if” scenarios for the fire modeling. The innovations of the FLIRE DSS are the use of common Earth Observation (EO) data as the backbone of the system to produce data for the support of fire and flood models, the common use of weather related information, the distributed architecture of the system and the web-based access of it with no need for installation of dedicated software. All these can be accessed by all means of computer sources like PC, laptop, Smartphone and tablet either by normal network connection or by using 3G and 4G cellular network. The latter is important for the accessibility of the FLIRE DSS during firefighting or rescue operations during flood events. FLIRE DSS can be easily transferred to other areas with similar characteristics due to its robust architecture and its flexibility.     

Application of a GIS-based simulation tool to illustrate implications of uncertainties for water management in the Amudarya river delta

River basin management decisions have to be made under uncertainty. Relevant uncertainties especially in external driving forces can often not be sufficiently reduced. Rather than expecting to eliminate them, new management strategies should thus aim at taking them into account. Simulation tools can support a process of reasoning about the implications of uncertainties for the outcome of management policies in a specific river basin management context. Model supported scenario analysis of alternative strategies with authorities, managers and other stakeholders can assist in the development of new strategies. The tools provide factual knowledge on the outcome of policy options proposed as scenarios by the participants to the debate. The GIS-based simulation tool TUGAI has been developed to support assessment of the ecological effects of alternative water management strategies in the degraded Amudarya river delta. It combines a multi-objective water allocation model with simple models of landscape dynamics and a fuzzy based evaluation of habitat suitability for riverine Tugai forests. In this paper an example application of the tool for scenario analysis to illustrate the implications of uncertainty in future water supply to the delta area is demonstrated. Scenario analysis provides an assessment of the range and magnitude of the impact of those uncertainties on the ecological situation in the delta. The potential and limitations of applying simple simulation tools in participative settings for analysis and discussion of the potential impacts of uncertainties and development of cooping strategies are discussed.