High temperature behaviour of NiCrAlY coatings made by laser cladding

The oxidation behaviour of NiCrAlY coatings made by laser cladding on Hastelloy X is presented in this study. Laser cladding is an alternative method to thermal spraying for the production of bond coats. Comparable dense layers with approximately zero porosity should improve the oxidation behaviour. The oxidation behaviour of the coated specimens was assessed by air furnace oxidation tests at 1100 °C for up to 450 h. The coatings were analysed by means of light and electron microscopy techniques, microprobe analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis. The analysis was performed before and after the oxidation tests. The as-clad coating had a columnar dendritic structure and it did not show the presence of the relevant defects. After the oxidation tests an oxide scale was present which consisted of two distinct layers. The layers consisted of an outer layer of mixed spinel-type oxides and an inner continuous layer, in which alumina was present. The obtained results suggested that up to 450 h the system was able to form a continuous alumina layer that could protect the substrate from oxygen diffusion.     

SCH13钢表面激光熔覆CoNiCrAlY合金

采用2kWCO2激光器在SCH13钢表面激光熔覆CoNiCrAlY合金,选择最佳的工艺参数进行激光熔覆处理,可获得性能优良的熔覆层组织.利用扫描电子显微镜及能谱仪、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计、磨损试验机对激光熔覆层的微观组织形貌、结构及成分、显微硬度和磨损性能进行了系统分析研究.结果表明,CoNiCrAlY合金激光熔覆层与SCH13钢基体存在良好的冶金结合,熔覆层组织细密,无裂纹,稀释率较低,界面处成分均匀平滑过渡;熔覆层主要由γ-Co,FeCr0.29Ni0.16C0.06,FeNi,CoCx及Cr23C6组成;熔覆层平均显微硬度较基体提高3倍以上,其相对耐磨性较基体提高了3.42倍.     

钛合金表面激光熔覆高温自润滑耐磨复合涂层

为了提高钛合金的摩擦学性能,采用激光熔覆技术在Ti-6Al-4V合金表面制备了γ-NiCrAlTi/TiC与γ-NiCrAlTi/TiC/CaF₂复合涂层. 采用 X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)分析了涂层的物相和显微组织,在球-盘式高温摩擦磨损试验机上测试了不同温度下(室温,300 ℃,600 ℃)复合涂层的摩擦学性能. 结果表明,激光熔覆的复合涂层与基体呈冶金结合,γ-NiCrAlTi/TiC/CaF₂复合涂层主要由"原位"生成的小块状,针状TiC颗粒及TiC树枝晶,γ-NiCrAlTi固溶体基体及弥散分布的球状CaF₂颗粒组成. 由于硬质增强相 TiC与增韧相γ-NiCrAlTi的共同作用,γ-NiCrAlTi/TiC与γ-NiCrAlTi/TiC/CaF₂复合涂层的磨损率在试验温度下都远低于Ti-6Al-4V基体;在600 ℃时,γ-NiCrAlTi/TiC/CaF₂涂层的平均摩擦系数为0.21,相对于基体与γ-NiCrAlTi/TiC涂层分别降低了43%,50%,表现出良好的高温自润滑减摩性能.     

Research progress of laser cladding self-fluxing alloy coatings on titanium alloys

Laser cladding is a new surface modification technology,and is widely used for fabricating wear and corrosion resistant composites coatings. Self-fluxing alloys have many advantages,such as excellent properties of deoxidizing and slagging,high wear resistance,low melting point and easy cladding,and are often used in laser cladding to improve wear and corrosion resistance of titanium and its alloys. In this paper,the recent development of Ni-based and Co-based self-fluxing alloy coatings which includes the influence of rare earth and ceramic particles in coatings are summarized. Besides,the effects of processing parameters,such as laser power and scanning speed,on coatings are reviewed. Finally,the trend of development in the future is forecasted.     

GH4169表面电火花沉积NiCrAlY涂层的制备

采用电火花沉积技术在GH4169合金上制备不同铝含量的NiCrAlY涂层,通过真空退火处理高铝的NiCrAlY涂层厚度.测试电火花沉积涂层的增重曲线,用扫描电子显微镜观察涂层的组织,用X射线分析仪测试涂层的物相组成,研究退火以及不同涂层的元素含量对NiCrAlY涂层组织的影响规律.结果表明,高铝含量的NiCrAlY涂层存在涂覆极限厚度;退火处理后再次涂覆可进一步增加涂层厚度.在四次涂覆+退火后涂层达到极限厚度,厚度约为45 μm.低铝含量的NiCrAlY涂层没有涂覆到极限厚度.对高铝含量的NiCrAlY涂层XRD结果表明,退火前主要物相为NiAl,退火后出现Ni3Al,涂层可以继续涂覆.低铝的NiCrAlY涂层物相为Ni3Al,没有涂覆极限.和NiAl相比,Ni3Al和GH4169的线膨胀系数接近,使含有Ni3Al相的涂层能够继续涂覆.     

激光参数对Ni基熔覆层结构及耐磨性的影响

采用热喷涂预置和激光熔覆方法在Q235钢基体上熔覆Ni基合金涂层和Ni/WC复合涂层，研究激光功率对涂层微观结构的影响。结果表明，选择合适的激光输出功率，可获得组织分布均匀、低稀释率、与基体结合良好的合金涂层；在Ni/WC复合涂层中，合理的激光功率使WC颗粒部分熔化，并在颗粒周围重新凝固并析出针状碳化物，这既有利于提高涂层的硬度又能使未熔化的WC颗粒与涂层内合金溶剂牢固结合。激光功率较大时涂层内WC颗粒烧损并沉底，沉积在涂层底部的WC颗粒，使基体到涂层的性能发生突变，这样既容易引发裂纹及疲劳破坏，又不利于涂层表面的耐磨。     

扫描速度对半导体激光熔覆钴基合金涂层组织与性能的影响

采用2 kW半导体激光器在304不锈钢表面进行同轴送粉的激光熔覆Co基合金试验。通过扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）研究了不同扫描速度下熔覆层的显微组织和相结构;采用显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机和气蚀装置分别测试了不同扫描速度下熔覆层的显微硬度、耐磨性与抗气蚀性能。结果表明,不同激光扫描速度下合金涂层皆无裂纹与气孔,随着扫描速度增加,合金涂层的硬度、耐磨性能与抗气蚀性能则先增强后降低,在激光扫描速度为900 mm/min时,合金涂层具有较好的硬度、耐磨性和抗气蚀性能。     

Study of oxidation behavior of nanostructured NiCrAlY bond coatings deposited by cold spraying

Nanostructured NiCrAlY bond coating was deposited using a milled powder by cold spraying. A shot-peening treatment was then applied to the as-sprayed coating to modify the coating surface morphology. The oxidation behavior of the coating with the as-sprayed surface and shot-peened surface was investigated under isothermal oxidation at 900 °C and 1000 °C for different times. The oxidation behavior of the coating was characterized through surface morphology and cross-sectional microstructure by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that a uniform oxide layer was formed on the surface of the shot-peened nanostructured NiCrAlY coating during oxidation at temperatures of 900 °C and 1000 °C. The surface morphology of the coating has significant effect on the morphology of the oxide. The surface geometry of the cold-sprayed MCrAlY coating must be modified to promote formation of a protective oxide film during oxidation, through application of a post-treatment process such as shot-peening.     

Tribological properties of laser cladding TiB_2 particles reinforced Ni-base alloy composite coatings on aluminum alloy

To improve the wear resistance of aluminum alloy frictional parts, Ti B_2 particles reinforced Ni-base alloy composite coatings were prepared on aluminum alloy 7005 by laser cladding. The microstructure and tribological properties of the composite coatings were investigated. The results show that the composite coating contains the phases of Ni Al, Ni_3Al, Al_3Ni_2, TiB_2, TiB, TiC, CrB, and Cr_(23)C_6.Its microhardness is HV_(0.5)855.8, which is 15.4 % higher than that of the Ni-base alloy coating and is 6.7 times as high as that of the aluminum alloy. The friction coefficients of the composite coatings are reduced by 6.8 %–21.6 % and 13.2 %–32.4 % compared with those of the Ni-base alloy coatings and the aluminum alloys, while the wear losses are 27.4 %–43.2 % less than those of the Ni-base alloy coatings and are only 16.5 %–32.7 % of those of the aluminum alloys at different loads. At the light loads ranging from 3 to 6 N, the calculated maximum contact stress is smaller than the elastic limit contact stress. The wear mechanism of the composite coatings is micro-cutting wear, but changes into multi-plastic deformation wear at 9 N due to the higher calculated maximum contact stress than the elastic limit contact stress. As the loads increase to 12 N, the calculated flash temperature rises to 332.1 °C.The composite coating experiences multi-plastic deformation wear, micro-brittle fracture wear, and oxidative wear.     

Effects of process variables on interfacial quality of laser cladding on aeroengine blade material GH4133

Consecutive layer of a cobalt alloy, stelliteX-40, were deposited onto a GH4133 superalloy plate. The microstructure and mechanical properties of laser cladding were examined. An inappropriate combination of laser power, scanning velocity or pre-placed powder height can result in the formation of incomplete fusion interface between the cladding layer and substrate, or reheat cracking along the coarse grain boundary in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) after ageing treatment. The SEM and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) show the absence of precipitate particles within the reheating crack with similar average compositions for the crack and the substrate. The plastic deformation due to residual thermal stress induced by thermal cycle of laser cladding process is concentrated on the coarse grain boundaries within the HAZ as grains are strengthened by precipitating particles during the aging process. This concentrated plastic deformation is mainly responsible for reheat cracking. The laser cladding layer with integrated melt interface and without reheat cracking can be obtained by optimizing laser power, scanning velocity and powder thickness. The experimental results of microhardness show the homogenous property distribution within the material after the ageing treatment.     

合金元素对铁基激光熔覆涂层显微组织和相结构形态的影响

利用CO2激光在45钢表面熔覆制备铁基合金涂层,研究4种合金元素对改变涂层组织形态以及枝晶间碳化物形状的影响规律.结果表明,随着V,Nb,Ti元素和稀土氧化物CeO的依次加入,熔覆涂层原柱状晶形态逐渐改变为柱状树枝晶,最后转变为无明显柱状晶方向性的树枝晶;在激光熔覆涂层中,同时添加V,Nb元素,涂层枝晶间的连续长条状碳化物被打断成块状;同时添加V,Nb,Ti元素和稀土氧化物CeO,涂层枝晶间的碳化物被球化.通过改善涂层树枝晶组织形态以及球化枝晶间碳化物,涂层的抗拉强度和断后伸长率明显提高,涂层的强韧性显著增加.     

Microstructure and wear resistance of AlCrFeNiMo0.5Six high-entropy alloy coatings prepared by laser cladding

In recent years, the coating prepared by laser cladding has attracted much attention in the field of wear research. In this work, AlCrFeNiMo_0.5Si_x (x=0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) high-entropy alloy coatings were designed and prepared on Q235 steel by laser cladding. The effect of Si content on microstructure, microhardness and wear resistance of the coatings was studied in detail. The results indicate that the AlCrFeNiMo_0.5Si_x high-entropy alloy coatings show an excellent bonding between substrate and the cladding layer. The AlCrFeNiMo_0.5Si_x coatings are composed of nano-precipitated phase with BCC structure and matrix with ordered B2 structure. With the addition of Si, the white phase (Cr, Mo)₃Si with cubic structure appears in the interdendritic, and the morphology of the coating (x=2.0) transforms into lamellar eutectic-like structures. The addition of Si enhances the microhardness and significantly improves the wear resistance of the coatings. As x increases from 0 to 2.0, the average hardness of the cladding zone increases from 632 HV to 835 HV, and the wear rate decreases from 1.64×10⁻⁵ mm³·(N·m)⁻¹ to 5.13×10⁻⁶ mm³·(N·m)⁻¹. When x≥1.5, the decreasing trend of the wear rate gradually slows down. The wear rates of Si1.5 and Si2.0 coatings are 5.85×10⁻⁶ mm³·(N·m)⁻¹ and 5.13×10⁻⁶ mm³·(N·m)⁻¹, respectively, which is an order of magnitude lower than that of Q235 steel.

     

Repairing parts from nickel base material alloy by laser cladding and ball end milling

Due to rising costs of raw material, companies of the aerospace industry increasingly seek to repair components of aircraft engines instead of replacing them. Particularly the clad repair of turbine blades made of high strength nickel-base alloys with directionally solidified or single crystalline structure is a difficult issue, especially due to high requirements regarding the conditions of the final part surface. The present work deals with the question whether the prediction of surface and subsurface conditions, e.g. surface topography and residual stresses, is possible after repairing the inhomogeneous nickel-base alloy Rene 80. For this purpose, laser deposition cladding is applied for the polycrystalline Rene 80, using the filler material Rene 142. In the following re-contouring process, the claddings are milled with a ball end mill cutter. The influence of the inhomogeneous base material and the shape of the clad on the cutting forces as well as the final part surface are experimentally investigated. Superficial residual stresses are measured and evaluated. The cutting forces and the final surface reveal characteristic variations in the area of the material deposition and the dendrites. A geometric process simulation shows that the prediction of cutting forces and surface conditions for the polycrystalline material is only possible to some extent.     

激光熔覆在金属间化合物涂层材料制备中的应用

在分析金属间化合物涂层材料特点的基础上,综述各种激光熔覆合成金属间化合物涂层的研究现状,分析了各种金属间化合物涂层的组织和性能.研究表明,激光熔覆合成的金属间化合物涂层均具有优异的耐磨、耐腐蚀、抗氧化等性能.     

金属构件激光熔覆强化的研究

以45钢作为基体材料,对激光熔覆工艺参数中的激光熔覆功率、扫描速度对熔覆层质量的影响进行了探讨,并得出最佳的激光熔覆工艺参数。对试件进行了激光熔覆修复实验,修复后试件的表面硬度、耐磨性、耐腐蚀等性能得到明显提高。     

Amorphous coatings deposited on aluminum alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation

Amorphous [Al-Si-O] coatings were deposited on aluminum alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). The process parameters, composition, micrograph, and mechanical property of PEO amorphous coatings were investigated. It is found that the growth rate of PEO coatings reaches 4.44μm/min if the current density is 0.9 mA/mm^2. XRD results show that the PEO coatings are amorphous in the current density range of 0.3 - 0.9 mA/mm^2. EDS results show that the coatings are composed of O, Si and A1 elements. SEM results show that the coatings are porous. Nano indentation results show that the hardness of the coatings is about 3 - 4 times of that of the substrate, while the elastic modulus is about the same with the substrate. Furthermore, a formation mechanism of amorphous PEO coatings was proposed.     

热喷涂与熔覆技术制备镍基涂层的空蚀性能

利用热喷涂和等离子熔覆技术分别制备了镍基涂层,采用SEM、X射线衍射、显微硬度、失重分析法对空蚀前后的涂层进行了对比研究,并在旋转圆盘空蚀实验机上进行了空蚀实验.SEM结果表明,等离子熔覆涂层与基体结合为冶金结合,内部组织致密,缺陷少;热喷涂涂层由堆积的变形粒子组成,与基体多为机械结合,涂层具有层状叠加组织结构,其中孔隙较多.Ni基熔覆涂层表现出较好的耐空蚀性能,其失重量与对比不锈钢接近.X射线衍射分析空蚀后的熔覆涂层表面物相发生了变化,空蚀前后的熔覆涂层截面硬度表明,镍基涂层的在空蚀过程中出现了加工软化.热喷涂涂层由于内部结合力较低,特别容易被空蚀微射流或冲击波过程所破坏.     

硼含量对激光熔覆沉积TC4钛合金显微组织与力学性能影响

基于航空航天领域对高比强度、耐高温以及耐磨损钛合金材料的迫切需求,本文采用激光熔覆沉积(Laser Cladding Deposition, LCD)技术制备出含硼(B)的TC4钛合金复合材料,并研究了B元素含量对其显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着B元素含量增加,可以显著降低LCD成形TC4钛合金的晶粒尺寸,其晶粒尺寸从1294μm降低至28.6μm,在硼元素作用下也逐渐弱化了LCD技术导致的柱状晶现象;当B含量较低时,TC4钛合金LCD成形过程中生成的TiB主要在原始β晶界处富集,随着B元素含量增加,针状TiB逐渐在晶粒内部析出。在LCD成形TC4钛合金复合材料性能方面,随着B含量增加,合金的硬度与强度也逐渐增大,显微硬度从313.23 HV增大至359.24 HV,抗拉强度由848 MPa增加至1119.5 MPa,提升了32.02%。本文研究为增材制造复杂结构高性能钛基合金构件在航空航天领域的应用提供理论支撑。     

激光熔覆用铁基合金工艺性研究

对激光熔覆用的铁基模具钢合金进行了设计,研究了硅和硼含量的变化对激光熔覆工艺性能的影响。研究发现,无硅、无硼铁基合金在激光作用下难以熔覆成形,硅的存在利于熔覆层的表面成形改善,但易使熔覆层形成夹杂;硼的存在使熔覆层夹杂少,但表面脱渣难,且在一定的条件下导致熔覆层裂纹。分析表明,铁基合金粉中硅、锰和硼均参与了激光作用下熔池的脱氢造渣反应,硅和硼同时存在更利于熔覆的成形,并有效地防止熔覆层的夹杂和裂纹形成。     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of FeCoCrNi high entropy alloy/WC reinforcing particles composite coatings prepared by laser cladding and plasma cladding

FeCoCrNi HEA coatings with 20% mass fraction of WC reinforcing particles were prepared by two different cladding methods, laser cladding (LC) and plasma cladding (PC). The microstructure of HEA matrix and WC particles of LC and PC coatings were discussed respectively. For HEA matrix, dendritic morphology was observed in both coatings. For WC particles, a few granular (Cr,W)₂C carbides around WC particles in LC coatings, and a large number of crystal and fishbone Fe₃W₃C carbides around WC particles in PC coatings. Mechanical properties as hardness and wear resistance of the two kinds of coatings were also investigated. The interstitial solution strengthening effect of C element is stronger in PC coating, and the hardness of HEA matrix in LC coatings is twice that of in PC coating, which shows a strong retention force on WC particles. The friction coefficient of LC coating is lower and stable, with the volume wear rate of 0.7 × 10⁻⁵ mm⁻³/N·m, showing high wear resistance. PC coatings have poor wear resistance due to decarbonization and oxidation of WC particles and reduction of retention force of HEA matrix, with the volume wear rate of 8.29 × 10⁻⁵ mm⁻³/N·m. The wear mechanism of both coatings were also discussed.