射频对冷冻鱼浆的解冻效果研究

为提高冷冻鱼浆生产过程中的解冻效率和品质,试验使用射频及其他解冻方式对冷冻鱼浆进行解冻,并对不同方式解冻后的冷冻鱼浆的温度分布进行对比研究,相应制成的鱼糜制品进行质构、白度和持水力的分析。结果表明:当射频系统的极板间距为14 cm时,解冻耗时最短(5 min 40 s);当极板间距为16 cm时,解冻后鱼浆的温度均一性较好,并且3 min间歇解冻能缓解局部过热现象,改善鱼糜品质;采用射频解冻后鱼糜的凝胶性与传统解冻方式差异较小,采用0.125 W/g微波解冻鱼浆,由于水分的散失凝胶强度略有降低,导致鱼浆凝胶性较差;不同解冻方式并不会影响鱼糜的白度及持水力。     

冷冻食品射频解冻技术研究

正射频加热解冻是一种新型的冷冻食品解冻方式。其利用食品的介电特性,使食品在射频腔内受热升温,达到解冻的目的。与其他解冻方式相比,射频加热解冻的解冻速度快,显著降低了解冻汁液流失率,物料各处同时产生热量,射频解冻后物料内的温度分布更均匀,对食品的品质影响较小,且易于控制。目前国内外已有功率为30 k W左右,频率为27.12 MHz的高频解冻设备投放到市场,可以迅速大量地对冻肉或其它冻制品进行解冻。并且,国内外科学家对射频加热的机理以及食品内部的温度分布及其变     

预醒发冷冻面团馒头工艺参数优化研究

在选择合适面粉的基础上,研究了冷冻时间、温度和解冻时间对预醒发冷冻面团馒头品质感官评分和硬度的影响,响应面分析和回归分析显示:冷冻时间和解冻时间对馒头感官评分的影响显著,冷冻温度对其影响极其显著;冷冻时间、冷冻温度和解冻时间对馒头硬度的影响均显著;冷冻时间与冷冻温度、冷冻时间与解冻时间之间的交互作用不显著,冷冻温度与解冻时间之间交互作用显著。响应面优化预醒发冷冻面团馒头工艺参数优化为:冷冻时间30 min,冷冻温度-35℃,解冻时间60 min。     

冻肉射频解冻过程中温度变化的模拟与测定

对冻肉射频解冻过程中的温度变化进行了理论模拟和实验测定。主要目的在于验证利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件来模拟冻肉射频解冻温度变化的可行性,以计算机模拟过程代替繁琐的实际测定过程,便捷地获得适宜的射频解冻条件。测定了猪肉在27 MHz频率下在-18℃~20℃范围内的介电性质,采用有限元分析方法建立了静电场-热传导双向耦合模型,研究了射频仪极板间距和肉块厚度对冻肉在射频解冻过程中温度变化的影响,并与实验测定结果进行了比较。结果表明,模型计算温度值与实验测定温度值有很好的一致性。解冻速度呈现先快(-18℃~-5℃)后慢(-5℃~-1℃)再快(-1℃以上)的变化趋势。极板间距越大,肉块厚度越厚,则解冻所需时间越长。极板间距越大,肉块厚度越小,则射频解冻后肉块内温度分布越均匀。通过冻肉射频解冻过程中温度变化的模拟,建立了射频条件、物料性质与解冻效果之间的关系,使软件模拟预测解冻过程成为可能,为射频解冻技术的推广应用提供了便捷的途径。     

冷冻条件和解冻方式对酵子冷冻面团馒头品质的影响

研究酵子冷冻面团生产过程中冷冻条件和解冻方式对冷冻面团和成品馒头品质的影响。通过测定冷冻面团不同冷冻条件下的发酵力和成品馒头的品质变化,找出制作酵子冷冻面团馒头适合的冷冻条件;同时测定不同解冻方式对冷冻面团和成品馒头品质的变化,找出适合酵子冷冻面团生产的解冻方式。结果表明：速冻温度为-35℃时,成品馒头总感官评分较高;冷冻面团和成品馒头的各项指标随着冷藏时间的延长呈逐渐下降的趋势。微波解冻不易控制,做出的馒头感官品质较低,不适合冷冻面团的解冻;5℃冷藏解冻较为缓慢,冷冻面团内外温差较小,成品馒头的表皮与瓤部结合较紧密,但面团充分解冻较为费时;恒温恒湿（RH85%,35℃）解冻60 min时,馒头的感官品质较好。对比其他两种解冻方式可知,恒温恒湿解冻最适合冷冻面团的生产。     

基于响应面法分析优化面条冷冻面团解冻工艺

以面条冷冻面团为研究对象，探究解冻时间、解冻温度、解冻湿度对冷冻面团面条蒸煮损失率、吸水率与感官品质的影响，并以蒸煮损失率与感官得分为指标，在单因素实验的基础上采用响应面法优化面条冷冻面团的解冻工艺。结果表明：影响冷冻面团面条蒸煮损失率的因素大小依次为解冻时间>解冻温度>解冻湿度，影响冷冻面团面条感官得分的因素大小依次为解冻时间>解冻湿度>解冻温度。采用线性加权法对2个指标进行加权分配得到面条冷冻面团的最佳解冻工艺为解冻时间56.5 min、解冻湿度74%、解冻温度36℃。     

冷冻解冻对生鲜肉品质的影响及其新技术研究进展

冷冻是生鲜肉类贮藏和运输过程中常用的保鲜手段,但冷冻、解冻及反复冻融会加速肉中的脂质氧化及蛋白质氧化等,进而对肉品的色泽、嫩度、保水性等品质造成影响。本文分析了冷冻解冻及反复冻融对生鲜肉品质的影响,探讨了其影响机制,并对国内外冷冻解冻的新兴技术进行了总结,以期对我国肉类产业的冷冻解冻技术提供指导,并为冷冻产品品质控制及新型冷冻、解冻技术的开发提供理论参考和研究方向。     

冷冻和解冻技术在水产品中的应用研究进展

阐述了传统和新型冷冻、解冻方法的作用原理与优缺点,总结了冷冻和解冻技术在水产品应用中的研究现状,并对冷冻和解冻技术的发展方向进行了展望。     

狭鳕鱼糜射频解冻均匀性优化

射频加热时物料的介电特性随着温度变化会导致冷热点部位吸收能量不同,致使温度分布产生差异。提高加热均匀性是射频解冻中最为关注的问题。研究射频功率、电极板间距、间歇加热时间等因素对冷冻鱼糜解冻均匀性的影响,并采用正交试验设计对解冻工艺进行优化。由正交试验结果可知,对狭鳕鱼糜解冻后温度的标准偏差的影响的主次顺序为:射频功率(A)极板间距(B)间歇时间(C);对狭鳕鱼糜解冻所需时间影响的主次顺序为:极板间距(B)射频功率(A)间歇时间(C)。根据综合平衡法取狭鳕鱼糜最佳解冻参数A1B3C3,即射频功率1.5k W、极板间距15 cm、间歇时间2.0 min。验证试验结果表明,鱼糜上表面平均温差15.2℃,温度标准偏差2.5℃,解冻均匀性较好,平均解冻所需时间8.2 min,验证试验结果与优化预期结果较为相符。     

响应面优化大豆乳状液冷冻微波解冻破乳工艺研究

针对大豆水酶法提油过程中产生乳状液难以破乳的问题,在单因素实验的基础上,选取冷冻温度、冷冻时间、微波解冻温度、微波解冻功率和微波解冻时间5个因素为自变量,以乳状液中油脂回收率为响应值,通过SAS9.2进行响应面实验设计。结果表明,最佳条件为:冷冻温度-16.9℃,冷冻时间17.5 h,微波解冻温度62.4℃,微波解冻功率666.5 W,微波解冻时间10.5 min。在此最佳条件下,响应面有最优值为(96.89±1.43)%。采用显微成像观察法分析了水酶法提取工艺形成的乳状液中脂肪球分布情况,通过比对发现冷冻微波解冻破乳后脂肪球粒径明显增大,油脂更易释放。     

A Comparison of Conventional and Radio Frequency Thawing of Beef Meats: Effects on Product Temperature Distribution

This study examined the use of pilot-scale radio frequency (RF) heating for thawing beef meat blends (lean, 50:50 lean/fat and fat). The aim was to thaw blocks (4 kg) to within a target temperature range of −1 to +5°C. Post-thawing temperature distribution in the blocks was compared to that of blocks thawed by conventional air thawing. The optimum RF conditions for thawing lean meat was 35 min of RF heating delivered in a noncontinuous fashion (20 min on, 10 min off, and followed by 15 min on) at 400 W, which gave a mean temperature of 0.2°C (SD 1.8). By comparison, conventional thawing was achieved in 50 h 20 min which represented an 85-fold difference in thawing time. Comparable uniformity of temperature distribution was obtained by each method. For the lean/fat mixture and 100% fat, the target range could not be achieved due to problems of runaway heating. The latter phenomenon relates to the manner in which the absorbed energy is transferred throughout the material as influenced by the thermophysical properties of the product.     

Influence of Xanthan–Curdlan Hydrogel Complex on Freeze‐Thaw Stability and Rheological Properties of Whey Protein Isolate Gel over Multiple Freeze‐Thaw Cycle

The effect of adding xanthan–curdlan hydrogel complex (XCHC) at 2 concentrations (0.25 and 0.5% w/w) on the freeze‐thaw stability of heat‐induced whey protein isolate (WPI) gel was investigated. Samples were stored at 4 °C for 24 h before subjected to 5 freeze‐thaw cycles alternating between ?16 °C (18 h) and 25 °C (6 h). Adding XCHC to the WPI solution resulted in the reduction of a significant amount of syneresis up to 5 repeated freeze‐thaw cycles. Addition of XCHC decreased the amount of syneresis from 45% in the control sample (pure WPI gel) to 31.82% and 5.44% in the samples containing 0.25% and 0.5% gum, respectively, after the 5th freeze‐thaw cycle. XCHC increased the storage modulus (G′) of the gels and minimized the changes of the G′ values over the 5 freeze‐thaw cycles, indicating improvement of the stability of the system. Furthermore, the minimum protein concentration for gel formation decreased in the presence of the XCHC. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that addition of XCHC resulted in the formation of a well‐structured gel with numerous small pores in the network, which consequently improved the water retention ability during the temperature abuses up to 5 freeze‐thaw cycles. These results have important implications for using XCHC in the formulation of the frozen WPI‐based products with improved freeze‐thaw stability and rheological properties.     

The pasting behaviour and freeze–thaw stability of native starch and native starch–xanthan gum pastes

The pasting properties, gelatinization profiles and freeze–thaw stability of natural waxy maize starches, pasted in the presence of xanthan gum (XG) and resistant starch, were evaluated using a Rapid Visco Analyser, together with turbidimetric analysis. Freeze–thaw stability was determined for four cycles over a 4 weeks period. The final viscosity of the pastes was unaffected by the addition of resistant starch (RS) whereas XG additions increased final viscosity. Addition of mixtures of combinations of XG and RS increased the peak viscosity of the starch pastes. Freeze–thaw stability (as estimated by the final viscosity of the pastes during a series of four freeze–thaw cycles) was improved with the addition of XG.     

Relationship between final temperature, thaw rate, and quality of bovine semen

Relationships between thaw rate, thaw bath time, and initial bath and final seminal temperature with coefficients of determination .99 and .97 were: bath time = -.01 + 220.25(1/thaw rate); initial bath temperature = final seminal temperature - 7.29 + 390.05 (1/bath time). Ejaculates from 10 bulls were split and processed in egg yolk-citrate-glycerol, egg yolk-Tris-glycerol, and whole milk-glycerol. All semen was packaged and frozen in .5-ml French straws at -196 degrees C. Sixteen thaw treatments consisted of factorial combinations of four final seminal temperatures and four thaw rates. Treatments were assessed by post-thaw acrosomal integrity after 3-h 37 degrees C incubation. Seminal quality improved with increasing final seminal temperature up to 31 degrees C and did not differ between 31 and 44 degrees C for any of the extenders. A slow thaw rate (3 degrees C/s) resulted in inferior quality for all extenders, and rates 11, 19, and 27 degrees C/s resulted in similar quality for citrate and milk extended semen. Acrosomal integrity was most for 19 degrees C/s in Tris extended semen. A significant factorial interaction existed for Tris and milk extended semen. Predicted acrosomal response of 57.7% across all extenders was at optimum final seminal temperature and thaw rate 37 degrees C and 18 degrees C/s. Bath temperature and bath time determine optimum thaw rate and final temperature of semen packaged in French straws and thus maximize seminal quality.     

Physicochemical change and protein oxidation in porcine longissimus dorsi as influenced by different freeze–thaw cycles

Effects of different freeze–thaw cycles (0, 1, 3 and 5) on physicochemical change and protein oxidation in porcine longissimus dorsi were investigated. When the number of freeze–thaw cycles increased, the thawing losses, cooking loss and b*-value increased (P < 0.05), a*-value decreased (P < 0.05). The cutting forces of pork increased after one cycle of freeze–thaw (from 28.3 N to 40.4 N) (P < 0.05), but the further increase of freeze–thaw cycles would lead to decrease of cutting force. The decreases in Ca²⁺- and K⁺-ATPase activity and sulfhydryl group (P < 0.05) content with concomitant increases in carbonyl content and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) value (P < 0.05) showed that multiple freeze–thaw could cause the porcine protein and fat oxidation, especially for the pork subjected to five freeze–thaw cycles. Gel electrophoresis patterns of porcine muscle showed that multiple freeze–thaw cycles could cause cross-linking of protein in myofibril. Overall, the freeze–thaw process has a detrimental effect on the quality of pork.     

Effect of rice ageing and freeze‐thaw cycle on textural properties of cooked rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105

This study investigated the effect of rice grain ageing (0.7–12 months) and freeze‐thaw 1–5 cycles on the textural properties of cooked rice. The cooked rice from aged rice grains was freezing and thawing up to five cycles. Ageing of the rice grain increased the hardness and decreased the stickiness of the cooked rice. Repeated freeze‐thaw cycles caused an increase in hardness and a decrease in stickiness of aged cooked rice. Scanning electron micrographs showed a rough surface on the cooked rice after repeated freeze‐thaw cycles, especially for cooked rice from rice aged for 12 months. Differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction showed increased starch retrogradation with increased freeze‐thaw cycles. The gelatinisation temperature and gelatinisation enthalpy increased when rice was aged for longer periods. Thus, ageing of rice and the number of freeze‐thaw cycles influence the textural properties of cooked rice.     

Effect of repeated freezing-thawing on structural,physicochemical and digestible properties of normal and waxy starch gels

The normal and waxy corn starch gels were subjected to repeated freeze–thaw treatment at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,5 and 6 cycles with an interval of 24 h, and the effects on structural, physicochemical and digestible properties were investigated. The normal starch gels formed a honeycomb structure while waxy starch gels exhibited a lamellar structure, and the number of holes and lamellas increased with increasing cycles. The X-ray analysis showed that the A-type pattern of starches was converted into the B-type after treatment, and their relative crystallinity increased with the number of increased freeze–thaw cycles. The hardness increased in both normal and waxy starch. The solubility and pasting breakdown viscosity decreased in normal starch while they increased in waxy starch. The pasting peak time, peak viscosity, and setback viscosity increased in normal starch but decreased in waxy starch. The rapidly digested starch (RDS) and slowly digested starch (SDS) content in normal starch increased and non-digestible starch (RS) content decreased whereas the RDS, SDS and RS content in waxy starch was almost unchanged as the freeze–thaw cycles increased. In the meantime, the molecular weight of both normal and waxy starch decreased with freeze–thaw treatment. Therefore, the repeated freeze–thaw treatment can change the physicochemical and digestible properties which could be a basis for starch-based food processing.     

Influences of chitosan on freeze–thaw stability of Arenga pinnata starch

This study aims to investigate chitosan (CS) with five different molecular weight (Mw) on freeze–thaw stability of Arenga pinnata starch (APS) gel subjected to five freeze–thaw cycles (FTC). The syneresis of APS gels was reduced by adding CS and the APS gel with high Mw CS had lower syneresis duo to a higher water holding capacity (P < 0.05). The addition of CS significantly decreased the hardness and molecular ordered structure of APS gel. In addition, CS could improve the microstructural stability. The results suggested that CS could effectively improve the freeze–thaw stability of APS gel, and CS with higher Mw might have more practical utility to improve stability of APS gel.     

Freeze/thaw Stability of Cooked Pork Sausages as Affected by Salt, Phosphate, pH, and Carrageenan

The effects of κ, ι, or λ carrageenan (CGN), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), chloride salts, and meat pH on the freeze/thaw stability of cooked pork sausages were investigated. STPP decreased thaw drip (TD) and increased hardness for all treatments regardless of type of salt or CGN. KCI did not affect the texture of control samples in the presence of STPP, but decreased the functionality of κ- and ι-CGN. Increased meat pH increased the hardness and decreased thaw drip for all CGN treatments, except for λ-CGN, which remained unchanged. k- and ι- CGN increased moisture retention of sausages prepared from low-pH meat.     

Effects of brown algal phlorotannins and ascorbic acid on the physiochemical properties of minced fish (Pagrosomus major) during freeze–thaw cycles

The quality loss in fish during freeze–thaw cycles is considered one of the major issues caused mainly by temperature fluctuations during cold storage. The present work is aimed to illustrate the effects of brown algal phlorotannins (BAP) and ascorbic acid (AA) on physiochemical properties of minced snapper muscle through different freeze–thaw cycles. Both AA and BAP could retard lipid and protein oxidation, respectively, and synergistically. The Ca²⁺‐ATPase activity can be protected with the addition of antioxidants. The addition of 0.1% (w/w) AP showed 22.6% higher activity as compared with other groups especially during three freeze–thaw cycles. Cooking loss was efficiently inhibited and 0.1% AA + 0.3% BAP group showed 25.5% lower than control. Antioxidant is also helpful to maintain gel‐forming ability of minced snapper and 0.1% AA + 0.1% BAP group showed the best. These results revealed that both AA and BAP could prevent minced fish by inhibiting the protein denaturation during freeze–thaw cycles.