宜昌站月径流时间序列的混沌特性分析

关于水文时间序列的混沌特性识别,目前已有多种方法和指标,但单独一种方法一般不能作为混沌特性识别的充分条件。根据相空间重构和混沌理论,对宜昌站1900～2007年的月径流序列进行了较全面的混沌特性分析。首先采用C-C法计算重构参数对月径流序列进行相空间重构,然后分别计算其关联维数、Lyapunov指数和Kolmogorov熵,用这3个不同的混沌判别指标并行分析宜昌站月径流序列是否具有混沌特征。经计算,宜昌站月径流序列各个混沌判别指标均表明其具备混沌特征。     

混沌理论与BPNN耦合的径流中长期预测模型

受诸多因素的影响,径流时间序列具有非线性和混沌特征.单一的BPNN模型可以进行径流的中长期预测,但存在对径流影响因素量化不够的缺点;单一的混沌模型可以量化径流的影响因素,但只能实现短期预测.为此建立了混沌理论与BPNN耦合的径流中长期预测模型.针对黑河上游莺落峡水文站1944-2017年的径流序列,利用混沌理论计算了径...     

红河流域月径流时间序列的混沌特性分析

目前已有多种方法和指标来识别水文序列的混沌特性,但单独一种方法一般不能作为混沌特性识别的充分条件。根据相空间重构和混沌理论,对红河流域上游大东勇站1958-2010年、中游元江站1953-2010年和下游蛮耗站1957—2010年的月径流序列进行了较全面的混沌特性分析。首先采用去偏复自相关函数法和CAO法计算重构参数来对各站月径流序列进行相空间重构,然后分别计算其最大Lyapunov指数、Kolmogorov熵和关联维数,用这3个不同的混沌判别指标共同分析各站月径流序列是否具有混沌特征。经计算,红河流域各站月径流序列各个混沌判别指标均表明其具备混沌特征,为利用混沌理论建立预测模型提供了科学的依据。     

月径流序列混沌特性识别及预测

以混沌理论和相空间重构原理为基础,分析计算大峪水文站1955-2006年月径流序列的最佳延迟时间和嵌入维数;运用最大Lyapunov指数λ10证实大峪月径流序列具有混沌特性,从而建立了基于混沌特性的BP神经网络预测模型。仿真及预测结果表明:该模型预测精度较高,可用于大峪月径流预测。     

钱塘江河口考虑泥沙淤积的水资源可利用量研究

探讨了用于分析河口冲淤与径流响应关系的三种方法:河相关系法、一维动床数值模拟和基于实测资料的多元回归分析方法。以钱塘江河口防洪允许的淤积增加量为限制条件,采用依据实测资料及动床数值模拟结果建立的多元回归模型,计算得到钱塘江河口的可利用水资源量不得超过闻家堰断面多年平均水资源量的20%。研究成果为钱塘江河口水资源开发利用提供了科学依据,计算方法和计算思路可供其它河口参考。     

钱塘江河口沙坎演变的数值模拟研究

运用Delft3D软件模拟钱塘江河口沙坎的形成演变过程,探讨钱塘江河口沙坎的演变机理.将钱塘江河口概化为喇叭形,假定底质泥沙粒径单一,不考虑波浪作用,在径流和潮汐的作用下,建立钱塘江河口沙坎演变的数值模拟,重现沙坎演变的过程.钱塘江河口沙坎的形成演变主要受水动力、泥沙输运、河床演变三者非线性相互作用的控制.流域来水与外海潮汐的相互作用为沙坎提供了水动力条件,外海巨量泥沙输入为沙坎形成提供了丰富的泥沙来源.     

不同时间尺度的径流时间序列混沌特性分析

径流序列的动力行为是在复杂非线性和多尺度现象综合作用下的外在表现.基于混沌理论和相空间重构理论,以金沙江和美国Umpqua河统计的日径流序列为研究对象,对不同时间尺度(日、旬和月)的径流序列,首先利用0-1混沌测试算法计算其渐进增长率,探讨径流序列混沌特性随时间尺度的变化规律,然后重构以上径流序列的相空间,分别计算关联维数、最大Lyapunov指数和Kolmogorov熵.用这3个混沌判别指标分析不同时间尺度下径流序列的混沌特性及其随时间尺度的变化规律.研究结果表明,时间尺度和径流序列非线性特征之间的关系并不明显,渐进增长率随时间尺度的增加并无明显的变化规律,嵌入维数则随时间尺度的增大呈减小趋势,最大lyapunov指数和Kolmogorov熵随着时间尺度的增加逐渐增大.     

钱塘江上游径流时序变化的多时间尺度分析

基于1961-2000年钱塘江闻家堰水文站还原后的天然年径流量资料,采用EMD方法对年径流时序进行了多时间尺度分析.结果表明:还原后的天然年径流量时序可以分解为2个具有不同周期的波动分量和1个趋势分量;钱塘江上游年径流时序分别具有准2～3a、准4～5a、准8a和准15 a的波动周期,说明钱塘江流域产汇流系统具有复杂的多时间尺度性;自20世纪60年代以来,钱塘江上游年径流量持续增大.     

汀江流域降水径流时间序列的混沌分析

越来越多的研究表明水文系统是一个高度非线性、复杂性的巨型系统。混沌理论为研究变化环境下水文要素特性提供了新方法。以汀江流域上杭水文站月尺度降雨径流时间序列为对象,采用饱和关联维数和最大Lya-punov指数指标识别混沌特性。分析结果表明,汀江流域月尺度降雨、径流的饱和关联维数均为分数维数,最大Lyapunov指数均大于零,可推断其存在明显的混沌特性,为进一步研究降雨径流预报提供依据。     

汉江月径流量混沌特征分析

在介绍混沌运动的特点和相空间重构原理的基础上，探讨了混沌分析的主要定量指标嵌入维数和时间延迟的选取方法。以汉江干流站月径流量序列为例，根据计算的时间延迟，用G—P关联算法和改进的G—P关联算法分别计算关联维数，对两种方法判断月径流的混沌特性进行了分析，结果表明汉江干流安康站、白河站、丹江口站和皇庄站的月径流序列均为随机序列，改进的G—P关联算法能客观地确定出径流量是否为混沌序列。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.