可控制精度的预应力混凝土杆系结构时变效应通用分析法

基于杆系有限单元法和时变效应分析的全量形式自动递进法,提出了可控制精度的预应力混凝土杆系结构时变效应通用分析法。有限元法仅用来计算结构的弹性响应,列式中不考虑与时间有关的影响因素;自动递进法仅完成结构不考虑约束情形下的收缩、徐变效应;通过控制有限元法和自动递进法各自计算精度来方便地控制通用分析法的计算精度。建立了考虑混凝土、普通钢筋和预应力钢筋影响的组合单元,单元刚度随混凝土弹性模量时变和预应力钢筋的不断张拉而调整;结合计算锚固瞬间考虑反摩阻影响的预应力钢筋中应力分布的统一算法,建立了可方便计算每束力筋对结构弹性响应贡献的有限元列式,为较准确分析结构时变效应提供了基础。讨论并比较了通用分析法和目前常用分析法的理论计算值及试验结果,表明通用分析法计算精度可控,直到获得满意的精度。     

预应力混凝土桥梁徐变分析的全量形式自动递进法

首先将预应力混凝土桥梁中考虑收缩、徐变影响的任意时刻混凝土应力、应变关系在持荷时段内写成代数形式,引入内力平衡方程及变形协调条件后,提出了计入截面上钢筋位置、配筋率、预应力钢筋松弛、混凝土弹性模量随时间变化等影响的徐变效应分析的全量形式自动递进法,并建立了计算式,适用于任何形式的收缩、徐变特性表达式;基于建立的全量形式公式,可方便地求解任意时刻混凝土、钢筋的应力与应变和梁体竖向变形。理论分析与试验结果比较表明,公式可方便地控制计算精度,直至给出满意的结果。将计算式编程后极易与目前桥梁设计中常用的杆系有限元软件接口,进行可靠的徐变分析。     

钢筋混凝土矩形薄板徐变效应分析

基于弹性薄板理论和按龄期调整的有效模量法思想,分析钢筋混凝土矩形薄板徐变效应,建立了考虑混凝土徐变和钢筋约束影响的时变弹性曲面微分方程,并给出了四边简支和四边夹支的钢筋混凝土矩形薄板的徐变效应计算公式,可方便求解任意时刻薄板挠度和混凝土、钢筋的应力.     

基于耐久性理论和限载政策的某城市桥梁可靠性评估

城市桥梁在户外各种不利环境因素的影响下，结构材料的耐久性能会发生退化，以致出现混凝土强度降低、钢筋锈蚀等耐久性病害，导致桥梁结构的安全性和可靠性逐渐下降。以某典型城市高架桥为例，基于混凝土结构耐久性理论和城市的限载政策，结合现场检测、实地交通调查结果，分析了桥梁结构的时变抗力和荷载效应的变化规律，最后，推算了桥梁控制截面抗弯承载能力可靠性功能函数的失效概率，并对其可靠度进行了评估。该研究方法为各地城市桥梁的可靠性评估、维修养护、交通荷载限载政策等提供借鉴和参考。     

开孔板连接件抗剪承载力试验研究

为建立组合结构桥梁使用的开孔板连接件抗剪承载力计算方法,对连接件的推出式和插入式两种抗剪试验方式进行比较;并以开孔孔径、混凝土抗压强度、孔中有无钢筋、孔中钢筋直径及屈服强度、开孔板厚度及高度、混凝土块厚度等为变化参数,进行了66个开孔板连接件模型试件的抗剪承载性能试验;基于国内外168个模型试验提出了开孔板连接件抗剪承载力的计算式。研究结果表明:该计算式包含孔中混凝土作用和孔中钢筋及其对混凝土约束的作用,物理意义明确;可适用于孔中钢筋有无、孔径35mm~90mm、混凝土强度等级C20~C70、孔中钢筋直径10mm~25mm及屈服强度295MPa~480MPa的开孔板连接件,适用范围较广。     

桥梁结构时变可靠度计算的新方法

为提高桥梁结构时变可靠度的计算效率,该文提出了新的计算方法。该方法基于结构时变可靠度分析的基本理论,利用Taylor级数展开,将可靠度计算从传统的积分运算形式转换为代数运算的形式,从而简化计算过程,提高计算效率。为了考虑桥梁初始承载力和衰减过程的不确定性,该文基于全概率方法,给出了计算劣化结构时变可靠度的显式公式。通过将该文方法应用于某钢筋混凝土桥梁进行时变可靠度分析,并与Monte Carlo模拟方法进行对比,表明了该文方法的准确性和高效性。     

箍筋约束混凝土圆柱轴压强度尺寸效应律

钢筋混凝土构件的破坏模式与机制区别并远复杂于混凝土材料,采用混凝土材料层面的尺寸效应理论与公式来描述钢筋混凝土构件破坏的尺寸效应行为是值得商榷的。另外,混凝土材料尺寸效应理论公式难以反映钢筋混凝土结构构件中其他重要参数对尺寸效应的影响。以箍筋约束混凝土圆柱为研究对象来看:结合相关物理试验及数值模拟结果,凝练归纳出了影响其轴压破坏尺寸效应的主导参数——箍筋率;根据箍筋约束作用对柱轴压强度的影响机制与规律,在经典的Bažant材料层次尺寸效应律的基础上,建立了箍筋约束混凝土柱轴压强度的尺寸效应半理论-半经验公式。相关试验及模拟结果验证了该构件层次尺寸效应公式的准确性和合理性。     

锈蚀钢筋混凝土柱的修正压-剪-弯分析模型研究

随着服役时间的增加,混凝土结构中钢筋易发生锈蚀,引起混凝土结构承载性能下降,严重影响工程结构的继续使用。该文在分析纵筋锈蚀后的屈曲效应、箍筋锈蚀后的约束效应、混凝土和钢筋材料性能劣化的基础上,建议了考虑锈蚀影响的钢筋、混凝土及锈蚀钢筋与混凝土界面粘结性能的本构模型,以锈蚀钢筋混凝土柱为研究对象,对反复荷载作用下钢筋混凝土柱的分析模型进行修正,建立了锈蚀钢筋混凝土柱压-剪-弯交互作用下极限承载力计算模型,并通过21根锈蚀混凝土柱的试验结果对建议分析模型进行了验证。研究结果表明:锈蚀钢筋混凝土柱极限承载力试验值与计算值之比的平均值为1.021,方差为0.014,建议模型极限承载力预测值与试验结果吻合较好,可用于低周反复荷载作用下锈蚀钢筋混凝土柱的承载力分析。     

基于氯盐最不利侵蚀下锈蚀RC框架结构时变地震易损性研究

基于一维Fick第二定律,采用DuraCrete规范中钢筋锈蚀初始时刻的概率预测模型,并基于概率统计的钢筋直径预测模型,计算不同龄期下RC结构中钢筋的锈蚀深度。基于修正斜压场理论并以锈蚀深度为单变量,对不同龄期下受压区锈胀开裂混凝土峰值应力进行计算;根据锈蚀深度对钢筋本构和Mander约束混凝土本构模型中相关参数进行了修正。于地震易损性模型中引入时间参数,建立含时间参数的RC结构地震易损性模型。最后,基于上述材料力学性能退化模型,采用基于力的纤维塑性铰模型,建立三层RC平面框架结构数值模型,并结合本文所提出的时变地震易损性模型,给出了三层平面RC框架0、5、10和15年龄期的易损性曲线和曲面。所提研究方法可用于既有RC框架结构生命周期内的抗震性能及损失预测分析。     

基于组合单元的混凝土结构徐变分析方法

对混凝土徐变的研究现状和数值计算方法做出评价,提出了混凝土结构徐变计算的空间有限元分析方法。以组合单元为基础,建立混凝土徐变的三维计算模型:将结构的变形、内力状态、结构形式及约束情况均沿时间轴进行划分,再根据结构在每个时间点上各参数的变化值,推导出了混凝土徐变计算的递推公式;又基于虚功原理建立混凝土徐变刚度矩阵,绕过应力与应变,直接通过位移增量计算自由徐变应变增量的等效荷载,提高了徐变数值计算精度;组合单元是对原有实体等参元的继承和拓展,能够分别考虑钢筋和混凝土各自对单元刚度矩阵的贡献,而两者又通过自由度变换的方法有机的结合在一起,构成一种可专门用于模拟钢筋混凝土结构的单元形式。实例分析结果表明:用组合单元做混凝土徐变分析,能够计入钢筋对徐变的阻碍作用,解决在钢筋和混凝土之间的应力重分布问题,更准确的计算出结构变形和内力变化。     

部分预应力混凝土梁的应力和变形

本文运用有限元步进法，结合按龄期调整的有效模量法，对部分预应力混凝土梁在不同荷载阶段截面的应力和变形进行了分析探讨。分析时不仅考虑了混凝土的收缩、徐变以及预应力钢筋的松弛等因素的时效影响，而且当混凝土中所受的拉应力超过其抗拉强度时还考虑了混凝土开裂的影响。根据分析方法编制了部分预应力混凝土梁的计算分析程序，并运用该程序对某座部分预应力混凝土梁的截面应力和变形进行了详细分析。     

Factors affecting the external prestressing stress in externally strengthened prestressed concrete beams

The wide use of external prestressing system to strengthen reinforced and prestressed concrete members requires the full understanding of the behaviour of the strengthened members. At ultimate the stress in the external prestressing tendons need to be known in order to calculate the ultimate strength of the strengthened member. Several factors that can influence the increase in the ultimate stress in steel external prestressing tendons have been studied and well understood while the effect of these factors on tendons made from fibre reinforced plastics needs more research.

This research was carried out to study the effect of several factors on the increase in the ultimate stress in external Parafil ropes as well as external steel tendons. These factors were related to the external prestressing system, internal prestressed and ordinary bonded steel, beam geometry and material properties. Also, the accuracy of equations proposed by the Eurocode (EC2), ACI318 and BS8110 to calculate the ultimate stress in external steel and FRP prestressing tendons was examined.

The experimental and the analytical results showed that the studied factors have the same effect on both steel (up to yield) and Parafil ropes though this effect is greater in case of steel tendons. Also, factors such as tendon profile (straight or deviated), high strength of the concrete, effective tendon depth, number of deviators should be taken into consideration when calculating the ultimate stress in the external tendons.     

Analysis of RC structures subjected to air-blast loading accounting for strain rate effect of steel reinforcement

A new method to calculate the dynamic strength of reinforced concrete (RC) structures, with emphasis on the embedded response of mild steel reinforcement, subjected to air-blast loading is derived. The proposed method is based on a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system with appropriate modification for strain-rate effect. Approximate formulae are used and explained in detail. A numerical example is presented to show how the derived formulae are used for the analysis of concrete structures subjected to air-blast loading.     

Renforcement des ponts par collage de l'armature

Résumé L'application du collage au renforcement des ponts en béton armé et béton précontraint en cas d'insuffisance de l'armature semble être, dans certains cas, très économique et utile. On a appliqué le collage à ce système de renforcement pour la reconstruction de quelques ponts en Pologne. On présente trois cas dans cet article.

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Summary Application of gluing of reinforcing steel to the surfaces of concrete structures seems to be one of the most economic and practical system of strengthening reinforced and prestressed concrete bridges. This method can be applied in many cases of insufficient reinforcing steel in reconstructed bridges. Epoxy resins ensure glued joints with sufficient strength and long term resistance. This system of strengthening has been applied to reconstruct several bridges in Poland. Three examples are described in this paper. In one of these bridges the gluing of reinforcing steel was performed in the upper surfaces of Gerber-plate bridge concrete in negative bending moment areas. The flat steel strips, well cleaned and protected against corrosion, were glued to the specially prepared surface concrete. The other repair work consisted in gluing the flat iron strips on the lower surface of the concrete bridge plate. In this case, high strength bolts were used to fasten the ends of the steel bands to the bridge slab. All the work of strengthening was performed during the winter at low temperatures, from 0 to −20°C. Equally extensive strengthening work with the aid of gluing was performed during adaptation to new loads of the old concrete viaducs in the area of Central Railway Station in Warsaw. Here the steel strips and the additional reinforcing steel were glued to the side surface of the concrete slabs. Anchoring bolts were used in all cases. This method of gluing flat steel strips to strengthen insufficiently reinforced concrete bridges is very simple and economic compared with others.

     

现有混凝土桥梁的时变可靠度分析

在研究现有混凝土桥梁抗力和荷载的时变性的基础上,建立了现有桥梁的时变可靠度计算模型,并采用自适应重要抽样法计算时变可靠指标。同时,对变量进行了参数敏感性分析。研究结果对于科学、经济地制定桥梁维修计划和方案具有重要意义。     

Experimental and analytical studies of innovative prestressed concrete box-girder bridges

This paper presents experimental and analytical results of four scaled prestressed concrete box-girder bridges with corrugated steel webs. The location of prestressing strands at both ends of the specimens and the thickness of end diaphragms are the two major parameters. Based on the experimental results of all four specimens, their seismic behavior is critically examined, including hysteretic loops, ductility factor, dissipated energy, and failure mode, etc. It was found that both the thickness of end diaphragms and the location of prestressing strands at both ends of the specimens are insignificant when the specimens failed at the mid-span due to concrete crushing, and the proposed analytical model can be used to predict the load-displacement relationship of such bridges.     

高烈度区连续梁桥减震的粘滞阻尼器参数分析

连续梁桥应用广泛,其损害占据桥梁工程地震灾害中的重要部分,有必要对连续梁桥进行专门的抗震设计,而安装粘滞阻尼器是改善桥梁结构抗震性能的有效手段之一。本文以位于地震高烈度区的太白大桥为例,通过有限元计算研究了设置粘滞阻尼器对预应力混凝土连续梁桥地震响应的影响,并重点针对阻尼器的阻尼系数和速度指数进行了参数分析。结果表明：设置阻尼器后,固定墩墩底弯矩、边墩主梁相对位移都显著减小;各墩受力更趋均匀;阻尼器阻尼力随阻尼系数C增大而增大,随速度指数α增大而减小。所得结论可供高烈度区连续梁桥的减震设计参考。