非水解溶胶-凝胶法合成镁铝尖晶石纳米粉体及其烧结性能

以无水氯化铝、无水氯化镁为前驱体和无水乙醇为氧供体,采用非水解溶胶-凝胶法合成镁铝尖晶石纳米粉体,利用XRD、SEM和激光粒度等表征了粉体晶相、颗粒粒径与形貌及烧结性能。结果表明,在900℃可合成单一镁铝尖晶石纳米粉体,一次粒子平均粒径为50nm左右,存在可通过球磨消除的软团聚,在1600℃烧结3h可以得到气孔少、颗粒结合紧密、相对致密的镁铝尖晶石烧结体。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米镁铝尖晶石纳米粉

以硝酸镁和硝酸铝为原料,柠檬酸为络合剂,混合后制得柠檬酸盐先驱体,并将脲加到柠檬酸盐先驱体中,得到另一种新的含脲柠檬酸盐先驱体.两种先驱体分别经800 ℃和1000 ℃煅烧,可得到镁铝尖晶石纳米粉.XRD分析表明,800 ℃煅烧已有镁铝尖晶石形成,镁铝尖晶石结晶化程度随煅烧温度的升高而提高,而在同一热处理温度下,含脲柠檬酸盐前驱体比柠檬酸盐前驱体制得的纳米镁铝尖晶石颗粒细.TEM结果表明:800 ℃煅烧含脲柠檬酸盐可得到的镁铝尖晶石纳米粉体,颗粒大小均匀,粒径尺寸在20～30 nm.     

非水解sol-gel法合成MgAl2O4纳米粉体

以无水三氯化铝和无水氯化镁为主要原料,采用非水解sol-gel法合成了镁铝尖晶石纳米粉体,研究了氧供体种类(分别为无水乙醇、无水异丙醇和无水异丙醚)、加料顺序及凝胶化温度(分别为90、110、130℃)对镁铝尖晶石合成的影响.结果表明:1)以乙醇为氧供体合成镁铝尖晶石的产率高于以异丙醇和异丙醚为氧供体合成镁铝尖晶石的产率;2)先将无水氯化镁加入到氧供体与二氯甲烷的混合溶液中,再加入无水氯化铝的加料顺序有利于镁铝尖晶石的合成;3)凝胶化温度为110℃有利于镁铝尖晶石的合成,干凝胶经900℃煅烧可合成出平均粒径为50 nm左右的高纯镁铝尖晶石纳米粉体.     

添加ZrO_2对合成镁铝尖晶石烧结性能的影响

为了在较低温度下获得致密镁铝尖晶石烧结体,以分析纯的氧化镁、氧化铝、氧化锆为原料,按n(MgO)n(Al_2O_3)=1 1配料,在合成体系中分别引入质量分数为0、0.5%、1%和2%的ZrO_2添加剂,以糊精为结合剂,经混练、成型后,置于钼丝炉中于1 600℃保温2 h烧结合成镁铝尖晶石,检测了烧后试样的线变化率、体积密度和显气孔率,并采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪对烧后试样进行了分析。结果表明:在1 600℃的煅烧温度下,加入ZrO_2可提高合成镁铝尖晶石的烧结性能。当ZrO_2加入量为1%(w)时,合成镁铝尖晶石的烧结性能最佳;而ZrO_2加入量高于1%(w)时,较多的ZrO_2弥散在尖晶石周围,发生相变,起钉扎作用,阻碍了镁铝尖晶石颗粒之间的接触,又会影响合成尖晶石的烧结性能。     

添加NH_4F对固相烧结制备镁铝尖晶石粉体的影响

基于选用添加剂改善镁铝尖晶石烧结性能的设想,以w(Al_2O_3)=99. 0%的工业氧化铝和w(MgO)=98. 0%的氧化镁为主要原料,以分析纯的氟化铵为添加剂,分别在1 300、1 400、1 500和1 600℃保温3 h后固相烧结合成镁铝尖晶石,以探究NH_4F加入量(外加质量分数分别为0、2%、4%和6%)对固相合成镁铝尖晶石致密化的影响,同时用XRD和SEM研究了NH_4F对烧后试样相组成及显微形貌的影响,用激光粒度分析仪对烧后粉体进行粒径分析。结果表明:添加剂NH_4F有助于固相烧结合成镁铝尖晶石的致密化,在1 600℃的合成温度下,外加2%(w) NH_4F的试样烧结致密性最好,尖晶石晶粒发育完整,所制备尖晶石粉体的粒径也较小。     

共沉淀-真空冷冻干燥法制备纳米MgAl2O4粉体

以硝酸镁和硝酸铝为主要原料,NH3·H2O为沉淀剂,用均相混合物共沉淀法制得镁铝混合均匀的溶胶,再用真空冷冻干燥(VFD)方法在-50℃,13.3 Pa的真空度下制得MgAl2O4的前驱体粉体.用TG-DSC、XRD、TEM及Autosorb-1-M等仪器研究了热处理温度及反应体系的pH值对镁铝均匀混合纳米粉体材料的物相转变、显微形貌、表面性能等的影响.研究表明控制溶液的pH值在9.0附近,采用共沉淀-真空冷冻干燥方法,可制得粒径小、比表面积大的MgO-Al2O3二元混合纳米粉体,且其起始尖晶石化温度在600℃,经过1000℃2 h处理后,已全部转变成粒径为50 nm左右的纳米尖晶石,比传统制备镁铝尖晶石的温度低500～600℃.     

预合成镁铝尖晶石对镁质浇注料性能的影响

主要研究了加入预合成镁铝尖晶石对SiO2微粉结合镁质浇注料性能的影响。结果表明，加入预合成镁铝尖晶石能有效地提高镁质浇注料的烧结性能和强度。随着预合成镁铝尖晶石加入量的增加，镁质浇注料的烧结性能和强度呈有规律的变化，且最佳加入量为12％。最后，对加入预合成镁铝尖晶石的机理进行了探讨。     

前驱体种类对非水解溶胶-凝胶法合成镁铝尖晶石的影响

运用非水解溶胶-凝胶法(NHSG法)合成了镁铝尖晶石粉体,借助X射线衍射分析和傅里叶变换红外光谱分析研究了铝源及镁源种类对镁铝尖晶石粉体合成造成的影响,利用场发射扫描电镜表征了制备样品的形貌。结果表明:氟化铝和氟化镁的离子键成分过高,以其作为前驱体原料时,无法与对应的镁前驱体或铝前驱体发生异质缩聚反应,因此不能实现镁铝尖晶石的低温合成。醋酸镁为镁源对铝醇盐的形成过程有一定影响,造成样品的低温合成效果不佳。优选出铝源和镁源分别为铝粉和镁粉,铝粉和镁粉分别与乙醇发生反应生成金属醇盐,然后脱醚缩聚形成Mg-O-Al键,因而能在700℃低温合成MgAl_2O_4纯相。且制得样的粉体分散性好,平均粒径为11nm,粒径分布较窄。     

TiO_2对合成片状镁铝尖晶石相组成和显微结构的影响

片状镁铝尖晶石有望用于增强陶瓷基复合材料和调控浇注料的性能。为了探索片状镁铝尖晶石的低成本合成,以氧化镁和片状氧化铝为原料,分别添加3%和6%(w)TiO_2,采用固相反应法分别在1 200、1 300、1 400和1 500℃保温5 h合成镁铝尖晶石粉体,并比较了镁铝尖晶石粉体的物相和显微结构,分析TiO_2对合成片状镁铝尖晶石的影响。结果表明:TiO_2的添加能促进氧化铝与氧化镁的高温反应,并大幅度提高镁铝尖晶石的生成量,其中1 500℃下添加6%(w)TiO_2试样的合成产物中镁铝尖晶石含量为74%(w);随着合成温度的升高,更多的Al2O3固溶于镁铝尖晶石中,但在TiO_2对烧结的促进作用下,各物相结合在一起,单一片状的镁铝尖晶石逐渐减少。     

燃烧法制备镁铝尖晶石粉体及其烧结活性研究

按Mg(NO3)2.6H2O与A l(NO3)3.9H2O的摩尔比为1∶2配料,分别添加20.120 g尿素、15.015 g尿素+4.500 g甘氨酸、7.987 g尿素+9.980 g甘氨酸为燃烧剂,采用燃烧合成法制备了镁铝尖晶石粉体,分析了镁铝尖晶石粉体的物相组成和显微结构,并用谢乐公式计算粉体的晶粒尺寸;然后,将镁铝尖晶石粉体成型为样块,在1 600℃保温3 h煅烧,计算块体的烧后永久线变化率,并检测烧后块体的吸水率、显气孔率和体积密度,分析其显微结构。结果表明:1)随着燃烧剂中甘氨酸含量的增加,制备的镁铝尖晶石粉体的晶粒尺寸逐渐减小,粒径分布逐渐均匀,但团聚现象逐渐明显。2)随着燃烧剂中甘氨酸含量的增加,由镁铝尖晶石粉体制成的块体在1 600℃保温3 h煅烧后的永久线收缩率逐渐增大,烧后块体的吸水率和显气孔率逐渐减小,体积密度逐渐增大;烧后块体中的颗粒粒径逐渐均匀,异常长大的晶粒逐渐减少。这表明,在燃烧剂中添加甘氨酸有利于提高燃烧合成法制备的镁铝尖晶石粉体的烧结活性。     

低品位菱镁矿与工业铝灰制备镁铝尖晶石

以低品位菱镁矿与工业铝灰为原料制备镁铝尖晶石材料。分析讨论了不同煅烧温度对工业铝灰材料组成与微观结构的影响,并进一步研究了煅烧温度对制备镁铝尖晶石材料的组成、镁铝尖晶石相晶胞常数及材料微观结构的影响。用X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电镜（SEM）对煅烧后试样的物相和显微结构进行研究。利用X′ pert plus软件对试样中主晶相的晶格常数进行计算,比较不同温度煅烧试样的相对结晶度。结果表明：随着工业铝灰煅烧温度的升高,材料中主晶相六方晶型的刚玉相晶胞常数呈现各向异性的变化趋势。低品位菱镁矿与工业铝灰经1 400 ℃高温煅烧可以制备出以镁铝尖晶石为主晶相的镁铝尖晶石材料,该温度煅烧的镁铝尖晶石材料晶粒相对均匀、结构相对致密,主晶相镁铝尖晶石相晶格常数最大。     

TiO2加入量对固相烧结合成镁铝尖晶石致密化行为的影响

以低品位菱镁矿和工业α氧化铝微粉为主要原料固相烧结合成镁铝尖晶石,探讨TiO2添加剂对合成镁铝尖晶石致密化行为的影响.用X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电镜(SEM)及相关分析软件对烧后试样的相组成和显微结构进行研究,以揭示镁铝尖晶石烧结致密化的过程机理.研究结果表明:添加剂TiO2与形成镁铝尖晶石的置换固溶作用是促进固相合成镁铝尖晶石烧结致密化的重要机理,阳离子空位的产生以及镁铝尖晶石的晶格缺陷,高温下有利于镁铝尖晶石的晶体发育和长大,在空间位阻效应的作用下,达到排除气孔使试样致密化的目的;随着TiO2加入量的增多,镁铝尖晶石的致密化程度也逐渐升高,能够有效的改善制品的烧结性能和显微结构.     

La2O3对镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷致密化及其性能的影响

镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷兼具了良好的光学和力学性能,在军、民两用领域有着广泛的实际和潜在应用前景。由于其致密化速率低,在烧结过程中往往需要引入烧结助剂。稀土倍半氧化物熔点高,高温不易挥发,近些年被证实可以促进镁铝尖晶石陶瓷的致密化,但其促烧机理尚不明确。本文以高纯商业化镁铝尖晶石粉体为原料,La₂O₃为烧结助剂,采用无压预烧结合热等静压烧结,制备镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷,通过XRD、SEM、紫外-可见分光光度计、万能试验机等测试手段对其致密化过程及其力学和光学性能进行表征和分析,研究了La₂O₃对镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷致密化过程的影响规律和作用机制。结果表明,La₂O₃通过与尖晶石反应或固溶产生晶格畸变,增加缺陷浓度,从而起到促进致密化的作用,一定程度上降低了预烧温度和热等静压温度。对于190 MPa、1 500 ℃热等静压烧结3 h的样品,La₂O₃掺杂可以显著提高紫外区域的透过率;同时,La偏析到晶粒表面,抑制了尖晶石晶粒的生长,从而提高了样品的力学强度。掺杂0.05%(质量分数)La₂O₃样品较未掺的样品,400 nm处透过率从63%提高到81%,弯曲强度从263.7 MPa提高至319.0 MPa,断裂韧性从1.69 MPa·m^1/2提高至1.82 MPa·m^1/2。     

MgO源对纳米η-Al2O3制备镁铝尖晶石的影响

分别以轻烧氧化镁粉、碳酸镁、分析纯氢氧化镁为MgO源,纳米η-Al₂O₃为原料(其摩尔比为1∶1),采用固相反应法制备镁铝尖晶石。研究不同MgO源对纳米η-Al₂O₃制备镁铝尖晶石的显气孔率、体积密度、物相组成、晶胞参数以及微观结构的影响。结果表明,随着烧结温度升高,三种MgO源与纳米η-Al₂O₃制得镁铝尖晶石试样的致密性逐渐升高。在1 600 ℃下,以氢氧化镁为MgO源与纳米η-Al₂O₃制得尖晶石试样的体积密度最大为3.296 g/cm³,显气孔率最低为1.9%,晶粒发育最好,晶粒尺寸约为3~5 μm。1 300 ℃时,三种MgO源与纳米η-Al₂O₃全部生成镁铝尖晶石,与以α-Al₂O₃为Al₂O₃源制备镁铝尖晶石的传统固相法相比,镁铝尖晶石的合成温度降低了100 ℃,可以降低镁铝尖晶石的成本,对镁铝尖晶石的应用具有实际意义。     

TiO2加入量对铝镁质干式捣打料性能的影响

以电熔白刚玉、电熔镁砂、活性Al2 O3微粉为主要原料,以TiO2为烧结剂,分别在1300℃、1400℃、1500℃和1600℃热处理3 h制备铝镁质干式捣打料.研究了TiO2加入量、热处理温度对捣打料物相、烧结性能、力学性能及显微结构的影响.结果表明,适量TiO2的引入能显著促进铝镁质干式捣打料的反应烧结,常温和高温...     

Formation and Densification Behavior of MgAl2O4 Spinel: The Influence of Processing Parameters

Different types of dense stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric magnesium aluminate (MgAl₂O₄) spinel (MAS) ceramics were prepared following a conventional double-stage firing process using different commercially available alumina and magnesia raw materials. Stoichiometric, magnesia-rich, and alumina-rich spinels were sintered at 1500°–1800°C for 1–2.5 h. The influence of the different processing parameters (average particle size, degree of spinel phase, green density, mass of the powder compact, sintering temperature, holding time at the peak temperature, and starting composition) on the densification behavior of MAS was assessed by measuring the bulk density, apparent porosity, and water absorption capacity, and microstructural observations. Most of the MAS compositions tested exhibited excellent sintering properties.     

Role of Ti and Sn ions in spinel formation and reactive sintering of magnesia-rich ceramics

The solid solubility of magnesia in magnesium aluminate spinel and magnesium aluminate spinel in magnesia does not change with temperature thus not creating bonds or precipitation over periclase grains in a single stage sintering process. In comparison, the precipitated spinels in magnesia-chromia refractories form complex spinel due to inversion in the position of bivalent and trivalent cations within the structure, making them more stable at high temperature than either normal or inverse spinel. Additives form low-temperature compounds that diffuse into the spinel structure and create defects that change the properties of spinel solid solution. In the present study, magnesia and alumina powders along with tetravalent oxide additives were analyzed for their role in reactive densification of spinel in a single stage firing process in order to achieve a better binding system for magnesia-based refractories. These tetravalent oxides on reaction with magnesia form spinel solid solution with MgAl₂O₄ as they have similar crystal structure. The spinel solid solution formed using oxide additives is expected to have higher solubility in magnesia than magnesium aluminate spinel, resulting in improvement of the bonding during sintering through increased in solid solubility at elevated temperatures followed by precipitation of secondary spinel phases, similar to the complex spinel in magnesia-chrome refractories. The formation of spinel during firing remains as a second phase that retards the grain growth of periclase. The changes in unit cell dimensions with temperature and amount of additive were analyzed using Reitveld method and correlated with the densification behaviour at different temperatures.     

In situ formation of transparent spinel with the spark plasma sintering of magnesia-alumina nanocomposite granules without the help of sintering aid

In this project, magnesia-alumina composite granules were prepared via the spray drying method. Next, the synthesized powder was sintered at 1400 °C–1500 °C by the spark plasma sintering method under the pressure of 100 MPa without using any sintering aids. The effects of two sintering temperatures (1400 °C and 1500 °C) on the phase evolution, density, fracture toughness, and light transmission of the samples in the visible and IR range were investigated. SEM results indicated that the magnesia-alumina composite granules had spherical morphology with a mean particle size of 7-8 μm. The XRD pattern showed that after spark plasma sintering at 1400 °C and 1500 °C, magnesium aluminate phase spinel was obtained from the penetration and reaction of alumina and magnesia nanoparticles. The disc sintered at 1400 °C had more transparency than the sample sintered at 1500 °C within the UV–Vis and middle IR region because of the lower porosity of the sample. The magnesium aluminate spinel sintered at 1400 °C had a density of 99.98% theoretical density, hardness of 18 GPa, and fracture toughness of 1.6 MPam^1/2.     

Effects of different additives on properties of magnesium aluminate Spinel–Periclase castable

Bauxite- and alumina-based spinels were employed as refractory aggregates, and sintered magnesia fine powder, calcium aluminate cement, microsilica, and activated α-Al₂O₃ were utilized as matrices. The effects of alumina powder, analytically pure zinc oxide, and analytically pure zirconia on the properties of magnesium aluminate spinel–periclase castables were studied. The results demonstrated that the addition of the three additives promoted the sintering of magnesium aluminate spinel–periclase castables. Simultaneously, the three additives significantly improved the high-temperature properties of the samples. The thermal shock resistance of the alumina powder sample increased by 200%, that of the pristine zinc oxide sample by 75%, and that of the zirconia sample by 125%. The additives effectively improved the thermal shock resistance of the magnesium aluminate spinel–periclase castable. In addition, the slag resistance depths of the samples with alumina powder and zirconia were 41% lower than that of the sample without additives, which significantly improved the slag resistance of the magnesium aluminate spinel–periclase castable.