空气雾化喷嘴的设计与实验研究

为提高喷嘴雾化效率,基于维多辛斯曲线理论对喷嘴出口结构进行优化,研制出一种新型渐缩式空气雾化喷嘴,并搭建了喷雾实验平台进行实验。利用图像处理技术对实验数据进行分析,提取不同结构喷嘴的喷雾粒径和雾化锥角分布,通过对比仿真和试验结果分析喷嘴气液夹角对雾化效果的影响。研究表明:喷嘴喷雾实验和仿真结果较吻合,相对误差在6.5%以内;喷嘴气液夹角α=20°时,雾化锥角最大,液滴索特尔平均直径最小,雾化效果最好。     

旋流式复合雾化喷嘴雾化特性的试验研究

针对重质渣油燃烧现状,设计了一种旋转式复合雾化喷嘴结构,并对其雾化性能进行了实验研究,得到了平均雾滴粒径SMD随气液质量比ALR的变化规律,通过对比发现新型复合雾化喷嘴比单纯的气泡雾化喷嘴的雾滴粒径小,雾化锥角大,并对其原因进行了理论分析.     

基于“液包气”雾化的脱硫喷嘴特性实验

在一种内置拉法尔气体喷管两相流“液包气”喷嘴的设计基础上,搭建了多相雾化实验台,进行了喷嘴雾化性能实验,研究了气液质量比（训）对喷嘴雾化颗粒粒径分布均匀性、索特尔平均雾化直径、雾化角等性能指标的影响,推导出“液包气”喷嘴液气压力比和气液质量比的经验公式及适用范围,得到了内置拉法尔喷管两相流“液包气”喷嘴气液质量比的临界点为0．057．结果表明：液气压力比随着硼的增大而减小;当w=0．057时,液气压力比为0．92;气体流量系数与气液质量比呈反比关系;“液包气”喷嘴单相雾化效果远差于两相时的雾化效果,且随着喷嘴液相压力的提高,雾化效果变好,但压力对雾化效果的影响越来越弱．     

小流量气泡雾化喷嘴试验研究

设计了一个1.2 kg/h的小流量气泡雾化喷嘴,利用粒子动态分析仪(PDA),对喷嘴下游流场进行测量,分析了液雾粒径和速度的分布规律及其相关因子,考察了气液质量流量比、进气压力、混合室长度对雾化特性的影响。结果表明,液雾粒径沿径向呈非轴对称分布,轴线下方平均粒径大于上方平均粒径,液滴粒径随轴向距离增加呈先减小后增大的趋势;液雾轴向平均速度呈钟形分布,喷嘴出口区域液滴轴向平均速度和均方根速度都比较大,两者值均随轴向距离增加而逐渐减小。喷嘴出口区域,液滴粒径与速度间负相关性很强,随轴向距离的增加,其相关性可以忽略。气液比增大液雾粒径减小;在相同的气液质量流量比(ALR)下,进气压力增大,雾化效果变差;混合室长度为其直径的2.5倍时,雾化效果较好。     

一种新型液包气雾化喷嘴流场特性的研究

基于CFD技术对一种新型液包气雾化喷嘴内部的气液两相流流场进行了数值模拟,分析了该喷嘴内部气液两相流的流动特性,得到气相和液相入口压力对气液两相流流动特性的影响,并结合试验数据对模拟结果进行了验证.结果表明:当气相和液相入口压力在0.1～0.5 MPa变化时,喷嘴的出口湍流强度随气相和液相入口压力的提高而增大;提高气相入口压力有利于减小雾化粒径;提高液相入口压力有利于提高雾化粒径的均匀性.     

燃油喷嘴气液两相流雾化特性研究

以空气,水为工质,利用马尔文粒度分析仪对气液两相流雾化器喷嘴的雾化特性进行了详细的实验研究。测量了气,液两相流不同入口压力比条件下通过喷嘴后形成的液体雾化粒子的粒径分布,详细讨论分析了气,液两相压力及进气,进液方式对喷雾效果的影响,得出了喷嘴雾化过程中气液两相流量与气液两相压力之间的规律和 化原则,并对喷嘴的雾化机理进行了探讨。     

内混式气液雾化喷嘴雾滴粒径的实验研究

雾滴粒径是衡量喷嘴雾化性能的一个重要指标，为了提高喷嘴的雾化效果，对一种新型的内混式气液雾化喷嘴进行了测试。实验采用4组不同几何结构参数的喷头，研究了气孔直径、气孔数、气液流交角和喷孔直径等喷嘴结构及气压、气液比、混合室压力等工况参数对MMD（质量中值粒径）的影响；并且进一步对实验结果进行了定性和定量分析，得出具有较好雾化性能的喷嘴结构和工况参数，为喷嘴的结构优化和使用提供了依据。     

入口雷诺数对压力旋流喷嘴雾化特性的影响

为了揭示介质流量和介质黏度在压力喷嘴雾化过程中的作用机制,采用大涡模拟(LES)与体积函数模型(VOF)相结合的模拟方法,探究了喷嘴内部流动情况,分析了入口雷诺数对喷嘴流量系数、雾化角和雾化粒径等雾化特性的影响。结果表明：随着雷诺数的增加,喷嘴出口液膜厚度变薄,喷嘴流量系数降低;在高雷诺数下,流量系数受其影响较小;随着雷诺数增加,喷嘴雾化角增大,当雷诺数低于1 000时,雾化角增大现象更为明显,相同雷诺数下雾化角几乎相等;当雷诺数较高时,雾化液滴索特平均粒径更均匀,液滴粒径分布更接近R-R分布特征。     

双路离心式喷嘴雾化锥角的数值研究

利用Fluent软件,基于VOF（Volume—Of—Fluid）两相流模型对双路离心式喷嘴内的气液两相流动进行三维数值模拟。分别模拟喷嘴主油路单独供油、副油路单独供油与主副油路同时供油时雾化锥角,计算较好扑获了燃油在离心式喷嘴内所形成的空气涡及雾化锥角,所得喷嘴内压力分布、速度分布、相分布与雾化锥角,反映出该双路离心式喷嘴内流动特点,将计算结果与试验结果进行了对比分析。     

背压环境下压力喷嘴雾化特性实验研究

自主设计一套能够为喷嘴提供稳定背压环境的实验台架和数据采集测量系统,并对某型号压力喷嘴进行背压环境下的雾化特性实验研究。本研究运用微小流量计测量喷嘴流量,经计算得到实验喷嘴的流量系数。雾化锥角随背压的增加而减小,最终趋于稳定值。粒径变化规律为:在距离喷口较近处,相同压差条件下雾化粒径随背压的增大而减小(约20%);距离喷嘴较远时,背压越大雾化粒径越大,增幅为10%~20%。在背压低于0.3 MPa时,同一高度处不同压差下雾化粒径大小差别明显;在背压达到0.4 MPa时,实验压差对雾化粒径无显著影响,粒径大小变化小于5%。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.