Correction to: Analysis of Changing Residential Fire Dynamics and Its Implications on Firefighter Operational Timeframes

Fire Technology - The article Analysis of Changing Residential Fire Dynamics and Its Implications on Firefighter Operational Timeframes, written by Stephen Kerber, was originally published...     

Analysis of One and Two-Story Single Family Home Fire Dynamics and the Impact of Firefighter Horizontal Ventilation

This paper describes experimental investigations on fire service ventilation practices in modern house geometries. Two houses were constructed inside a large fire facility. The first of two houses constructed was a one-story, 111.5 m², 3 bedroom, 1 bathroom house with 8 total rooms. The second house was a two-story 297.3 m², 4 bedroom, 2.5 bathroom house with 12 total rooms. The second house featured a modern open floor plan, two-story great room and open foyer. Fifteen experiments were conducted varying the ventilation locations and the number of ventilation openings. Ventilation scenarios included ventilating the front door only, opening the front door and a window near and remote from the seat of the fire, opening a window only and ventilating a higher opening in the two-story house. One scenario in each house was conducted in triplicate to examine repeatability. The results of these experiments examine potential occupant tenability and provide knowledge for the fire service for them to examine their horizontal ventilation standard operating procedures and training content. The fire dynamics resulting from ventilation practices such as ventilation near or remote from the seat of the fire and high versus low in relation to the fire are examined. Several other tactical considerations were developed utilizing the data from these experiments to provide specific examples of changes that can be adopted based on a departments current strategies and tactics. Such tactical considerations and a systems approach to fire service tactics should be investigated further.     

Correction to: Analysis of One and Two-Story Single Family Home Fire Dynamics and the Impact of Firefighter Horizontal Ventilation

Fire Technology - The article Analysis of One and Two-Story Single Family Home Fire Dynamics and the Impact of Firefighter Horizontal Ventilation, written by Stephen Kerber, was originally...     

住宅小区消防系统设计分析与施工要点

本文结合工程实例,主要论述了高层住宅小区消防给水工程设计的特点以及在施工过程中需注意的要点。     

住宅建筑内火灾高温烟气流动规律试验研究

以住宅建筑火灾安全为研究背景,利用多室多层住宅建筑缩比模型,进行了空间构造形式对室内火灾升温及高温烟气流动影响的试验研究.重点考察了不同火源点情况下,各房间内部的升温模式和温度分布,间接分析了高温烟气流动的规律.试验结果表明,住宅建筑的枢纽空间构造形式、房间门上方垂壁及各房间的相对位置对室内高温烟气的流动具有较大的影响.室门上方垂壁能够有效阻止高温烟气的扩散,室内外温差要高于无垂壁房间;非起火房间的室门开启方向与起火房间相对时,高温烟气的进入量要高于两者开口同向或平行情况.     

Fire Risk Assessment of Residential Buildings Based on Fire Statistics from China

Fire statistics provide valuable information for the assessment of future fire risks. The paper analyses the fire situation in China from 1991 to 2010. The temporal, spatial, and causal fire incident data for the last 6 years have been analyzed to gain an understanding of fire characteristics and the elements affecting fire risks. It is found that the number of fires was observed to be higher during cold winter months, and fires were more frequent during the weekend. The number of fires was lower during nighttime, whereas the number of fire deaths between midnight and 4 a.m. was much higher than at other times of the day. Most fire incidents occurred in residential buildings. In economically developed East China, the fire situation is much more serious. Electrical failures and improperly fire use in daily life were major causes of fire incidents. Based on the statistical data from China’s fire services and the China Statistical Yearbook, the risk of occupant deaths and the risk of direct property loss are calculated to express the risk level in residential buildings. It is found that the risk of occupant deaths had a declining trend over the years. Statistics is considered a useful tool for learning from the actual events, and it helps decision makers develop proactive fire protection measures to reduce fatalities and financial losses caused by fires.     

Computational Analysis of Fire Dynamics Inside a Wind Turbine

Wind turbines are generally considered cost-effective, reliable and sustainable energy sources. Fires are not common in wind turbines, but a significant number of fires occur every year due to the large number of turbines installed. Wind turbine fires are difficult to extinguish hence significant damage is expected. Due to the unmanned operation, the probability of a turbine being occupied during a fire is very low. However, operators can do several tasks every week, and hence be exposed to a certain risk. Moreover, there is a general lack of information about how a fire develops inside a wind turbine and the subsequent evolution of the tenability conditions during the time required for an eventual evacuation. Gamesa has been working on fire safety since 2013, using CFD fire modelling to provide insights on wind turbine fire development for the design of emergency procedures. The paper describes a fire hazard analysis performed in a Gamesa’s 2.5 MW turbine. A CFD simulation is carried out to estimate the effects during the first minutes of a typical wind turbine fire in an electrical cabinet. Results show that average oxygen concentration at the nacelle remains above 19.5% during the first 10 min; temperature remains below 60°C for 12 min if measured at 1.5 m; and visibility is on average assured at heights lower than 1.5 m, with values above 5 m during the first 8 min in worse locations, implying no danger for personnel. The potential of this type of analysis to design safer wind turbines under performance-based approaches is clearly demonstrated.     

高层民用建筑的防火设计探析

高层民用建筑随着社会经济和城市化的发展,已经成为城市建筑的主流趋势,越来越多的高层民用建筑拔地而起。因此,高层民用建筑的防火问题,不仅是工程建设领域而且也是现在消防领域面临的难题,民用高层建筑一旦发生火灾轻则造成一定程度的财产损失,重则伤及居民性命,造成重大的社会问题。探讨目前高层民用建筑防火存在的问题,并重点关注防火设计问题,提出相关建议。     

高层住宅建筑消防安全探析

随着高层住宅火灾事故的频发,高层住宅的消防安全问题日渐受到社会各界的关注。本文通过分析当前高层住宅在消防安全方面存在的各种问题,对如何加强高层住宅的消防安全建设提出了相关建议。     

浅谈住宅建筑防火设计

住宅的防火设计要求明显低于公共建筑的防火设计,住宅的防火设计涉及到的规范较多,该文系统地对住宅的防火设计进行了阐述.规范对住宅的防火设计交叉内容较多,另外,住宅建筑的开发量与日俱增,容易遇到一些新问题和新情况,同时,文章将对住宅防火设计中有关规范衔接方面的问题和一些新问题新情况进行进一步探讨.     

上海高层住宅的失火问题对设计规范、消防安全及项目管理的启迪

在21世纪的今天,城市建设日新月异,高层建筑不断拔高,结合上海高层住宅火灾实例,从设计规范、消防安全管理、工程项目管理等角度,提出了建筑设计规范的制定必须能够与时俱进,建筑的消防安全管理及建筑工程项目管理必须引起全社会的重点关注的观点,供相关专家学者参考。     

商住楼消防设计的几点思考

从规范的原理和防火、灭火的实际需要出发,对商住楼的消防扑救、商业营业厅的安全疏散设计和住宅部分消防设施的设置等方面作了一些探讨。     

Economic Performance of Residential Fire Sprinkler Systems

A benefit–cost analysis is performed to measure the expected present value net benefits (PVNB) resulting from the installation of a residential fire sprinkler system in a newly constructed, single-family house. The benefits and costs associated with installation and use of a fire sprinkler system are compared across three prototypical single-family house types: colonial, townhouse, and ranch. Each of the house types varies by design, size, and fire sprinkler affordability. Six fire sprinkler system designs are evaluated: a multipurpose network system, three stand-alone systems, and two stand-alone systems equipped with a backflow preventer. The sprinkler designs vary by installation cost (materials and labor cost) and required annual maintenance, but all were designed to meet the NFPA 13D standard. The estimated benefits of fire sprinklers include reductions in the following: the risk of civilian fatalities and injuries, homeowner insurance premiums, uninsured direct property losses, and uninsured indirect costs. Results show that residential sprinkler systems not requiring expensive annual upkeep or maintenance are economical. The expected PVNB in 2005 dollars is estimated as $2,967 for the colonial-style house, $3,099 for the townhouse, and $4,166 for the ranch-style house, given installation of the lowest life-cycle cost sprinkler system in each of the house types. A sensitivity analysis that measures the variability of the results to changes in the modeling assumptions confirms the robustness of the baseline analysis.

多层住宅楼倾斜事故分析及其纠倾处理

某住宅小区的两幢住宅楼,由于地基不均匀沉降,造成建筑物倾斜事故.经采用"锚杆静压桩--掏土加压"纠倾综合技术,取得纠倾效果,即在房屋反倾斜一侧开沟掏土,迫使建筑物沉降,然后用锚杆静压桩加固地基.     

某住宅火灾后的加固修复

1前言 上世纪90年代以前建造的大量房屋多采用预应力混凝土空心板作为楼屋面结构,其优点是适于工厂化生产,且施工速度快;缺点是节点构造的抗震性能较现浇结构差,尤其是预应力钢筋为冷加工产品,怕高温、防火性能差.当遭受火灾而扑救不及时则很容易导致预应力混凝土空心板失效(预应力钢筋强度降低,混凝土酥松丧失了对钢筋的握裹力).     

高层居住建筑消防车道的设置

通过比较《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》和《住宅建筑规范》对高层居住建筑消防车道规定的差别,分析高层居住建筑的消防车道现状和存在的问题,从消防技术、灭火救援作业角度探讨高层居住建筑消防车道的设置形式,并提出将消防车道和回车场(道)、登高操作场地优化组合,以及设置隐形消防车道的可行性。     

南宁翡翠园康居示范小区(一期)住宅消防设计

根据工程设计经验及实例分析说明 ,对小高层住宅的消防系统设计进行探讨     

基于宽带运营网络的住区智能化解决方案

基于宽带运营网络的住区健康智能化系统，是国家住宅工程中心与解放军信息工程大学合作开展的一项研究课题。文章通过分析这几年来园区智能化建设的经验和教训，结合当前信息技术发展的趋势，分析了新版《导则》中最高级别智能化三星级的实施细则中“多网融合”技术要求，阐述了“宽带一网通”多网融合技术架构的概念，论述了基于该技术架构下的控制总线与IP宽带融合使用的创新应用，对于智能化系统可持续运行避免投诉的突出意义。     

对住宅工程分户检验的认识及实施要点

阐述了住宅工程分户检验的发展和意义,介绍了杭州市实行住宅工程分户检验的程序、检验内容和要求,并从施工单位的角度提出了做好分户检验工作的实施要点。住宅工程分户检验是我国现行住宅建筑工程竣工验收模式的重大变革,进一步落实了建设单位、施工单位、监理单位等工程质量责任主体的责任,有利于保证工程质量。     

某住宅楼火灾后主体结构安全性检测分析

对某住宅楼发生火灾后受损范围内的结构进行了现场检测,同时对受损结构损伤进行评估,推定火灾温度,对灾后结构构件承载力进行了计算,提出了处理方案建议。