A card form of the Reitan-Modified Halstead Category Test.

A card form of the Halstead-Reitan Category Test was devised. Comparisons of mean total error scores and subset scores obtained from 2 groups of neurologically referred Ss showed no significant differences between the card and standard slide projection formats. Also, retest reliability assessed by presenting the 2 formats in counterbalanced order indicated similar high orders of reliability. (5 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Development of a paper-and-pen form of the Halstead Category Test.

Tested 160 Ss (mean age 24.96 yrs) with either the paper-and-pen version of the test, the machine version, or a combination of the two. The relatively high modified split-half Spearman-Brown coefficient obtained from comparing the paper-and-pen form with the machine form was not significantly different from the reliability coefficent obtained using the machine version. (5 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Revision of the Halstead Category Test.

The full Category Test of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery appears to be too lengthy. A method of abbreviating this test that utilized an understanding of its characteristics was implemented. This revision shortened the scales and reorganized Subtests 5 and 6 into two new scales using separate principles. A comparison of this revised Category test with the full Category Test demonstrated it to be as accurate as the full test in predicting the presence or absence of brain damage in our subjects. The functions being measured were also more clearly discerned. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cross-validation of the Short Category Test—Booklet Format.

Used scores from 69 Ss referred for neuropsychological assessment to cross-validate the Short Category Test—Booklet Format (SCT). 45 Ss had closed head injury, and the rest had various other neurological or psychiatric diagnoses. The correlations of the SCT with the other neuropsychological measures were similar to correlations obtained by L. Wetzel and T. J. Boll (1987) for the original Category Test. The SCT error scores and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test perseverative response scores were not correlated, suggesting that the 2 tests are not interchangeable. The SCT appears to have some utility as a measure of novel problem solving and reasoning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of the Halstead Category Test and the revised Category Test: Comment on Russell and Levy.

Russell and Levy recently published an article describing a new shortened version of the Halstead Category Test. They compared their revised Category Test (RCAT) with the Category Test (CAT) and reported it to be highly correlated with and as accurate as the CAT in predicting the presence or absence of brain damage. However, they substantially modified the CAT and claimed the two versions to be comparable without having administered the RCAT to a single person. This comment critiques their revision from a theoretical perspective and additionally questions the methodology reported by the authors to establish the RCAT's validity. We conclude that the Russell and Levy modifications of the CAT make the RCAT a new, different, and as yet unvalidated instrument. Suggestions are offered for future research in the area of modifying the CAT or its scoring system. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Is an abbreviated form of the WISC valid for Afro-American children?

Rescored the protocols of 80 urban Afro-American children who had a complete WISC administered using the P. Satz and S. Mogel criteria for an abbreviated intelligence measure. Extremely high correlations among IQs were found which were consistent with other short-form research. However, when mean differences between the full administration and abbreviated form were examined, contradictory results were obtained. A considerable number of Ss showed upward changes in labeled intelligence level when the abbreviated form was used. Since these Ss were sampled from a population identified as having academic school problems, reliance on short forms for educational disposition seems to be of questionable validity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An abbreviated form of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.

This study was done in an attempt to determine a valid short form of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children for a clinical population of reading disability cases. The subject group included all those children between the ages of 9 and 12, inclusive, referred to the Child Study Center at George Peabody College for Teachers in 1960 and 1961 as possible reading disability cases. A four-subtest combination consisting of Similarities, Object Assembly, Arithmetic, and Picture Arrangement correlated .947 with Full Scale score. The addition of either Vocabulary or Picture Completion yielded a correlation of .959. Since there were more than twice as many boys as girls in the sample, the data were analyzed for sex differneces. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparing the empirical validity of the standard form with two abbreviated MMPIs.

The standard form MMPI and 2 abbreviated forms, the MMPI-168 and the Faschingbauer Abbreviated MMPI (FAM), were compared with direct measures of psychopathology obtained from the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) with 290 17–65 yr old psychiatric inpatients. Each S was interviewed using the Mental Status Schedule by one rater, while another rater observed this initial diagnostic interview behind a 1-way mirror to assess interrater reliability. Since MMPI scales contain more than 1 interpretative factor, these scales were correlated with the means of more than 1 BPRS symptom using multiple correlation coefficients. The multiple correlation coefficients between the BPRS ratings and the corresponding MMPI and abbreviated-form scales were significantly high and comparable. Only on Pd for females did a significant difference occur, with the FAM correlation being significantly higher. These findings suggest that these abbreviated forms are an accurate substitute for the standard-form MMPI in predicing objective measures of psychopathology. (55 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A crossvalidation of the Revised Category Test.

The Revised Category Test (RCAT) and 2 other well-known short forms of the Halstead Category Test (W. E. Halstead, 1947) were assessed with regard to accuracy of prediction of total errors on the standard Halstead Category Test (CAT). Because of its brevity and theoretical underpinnings, the recently developed RCAT represents a promising new approach to shortening the CAT. CAT protocols from 294 male veterans were rescored using the items from each short form. The RCAT correlated at .96 with the CAT and had a standard error of estimate of ±8.32. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An abbreviated form of the WISC for use with emotionally disturbed children.

Many clinicians faced with the demands of research and limited clinic time have employed a short form of the standard intelligence tests. These abbreviated versions typically recommend administering 3-5 subtests in full and completely omitting the rest. The present study explored the possibilities of developing an abbreviated form of the WISC for use with emotionally disturbed children which would permit the usual scatter analysis performed with the full scale and also afford a genuine saving in time. The WISC records of 40 females and 107 males ranging in age from 6.0-15.11 and in Full Scale IQ from 70-148 were rescored according to an abbreviated schedule. Correlations between this abbreviated form and the full administration ranged from .76 on Picture Completion to .94 for Block Design. The correlations for the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs were .96, .93, and .97, respectively. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An abbreviated form of the Phillips Rating Scale of Premorbid Adjustment in Schizophrenia.

Describes an abbreviated form of the original 5-section Phillips Rating Scale of Premorbid Adjustment in Schizophrenia, consisting of Part I (Abbreviated Scale of Premorbid Sexual Adjustment in Schizophrenia) and Part II (Abbreviated Scale of Premorbid Personal-Social Adjustment). The scale was developed utilizing a 7-point scale (0-6) for each part. Advantages of the abbreviated scale, for which adequate interrater reliability and validity have been demonstrated, are brevity, economy of time and effort, reduction of redundancy and overlap among items of different sections of the original scale, and elimination of detail for which information is minimal or highly variable (e.g., most recent history in multiple admissions) in the typical case history folder. Cross-cultural samples and validation based on measures of hospitalization are included in the analyses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Subject variables and performance on the Halstead Neuropsychological Test Battery: A multivariate analysis.

Administered the Halstead Neuropsychological Test Battery for Adults (HNTB) to 288 15–52 yr old (mean WAIS IQ 84) Ss with seizure disorder and examined age, sex, SES, handedness, and educational level as predictor variables. MANOVA showed considerable variability in the magnitude and nature of the relationship between predictor variables and measures of the HNTB. It is suggested that the influence of subject variables (especially sex) should be considered in the clinical-decision process involving neuropsychological evaluations so that adjusted cutoff scores and norms used are appropriate. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of subject sex, examiner sex, and test apparatus on Halstead Category and Tactual Performance Tests.

80 undergraduates, equally divided by sex, were administered either standard or abbreviated versions of the Halstead Category Test (HCT) and the Tactual Performance Test (TPT) by 4 male and 4 female examiners. Results indicate a significant apparatus effect for TPT Time and significant S Sex?×?Sex of Examiner interactions for both TPT Memory and Location scores. Opposite-sexed pairs were associated with superior Memory and Location scores relative to same-sexed combinations. HCT scores were nonsignificant. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cross-validation of an index of premorbid intellectual functioning in children.

Attempted to cross-validate the results of C. R. Reynolds and T. B. Gritbin's (1979) index of premorbid intellectual functioning in children. For a clinically relevant sample of 76 nonimpaired and 23 organically impaired children, WISC-R IQs predicted by the index correlated at only minimal and nonsignificant levels with actual IQs. The index's ability to discriminate between the 2 groups was similarly found to be extremely limited. (1 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Clinical utility of the Category Test as a multidimensional instrument.

The construct and criterion validities of the Category Test (CT) were evaluated in 162 participants who had sustained traumatic brain injury and had been screened carefully for confounding factors. Maximum likelihood factor analysis identified 2 latent constructs, consistent with previous research. However, only subtests associated with the Proportional Reasoning factor (Subtests V and VI) demonstrated consistent criterion validity in terms of sensitivity to injury severity. Performance of Subtest III, associated with the Spatial Positioning factor, was in the range of chance for more than a third of the sample, without any relationship to injury variables. It was concluded that the CT has construct validity as a multidimensional instrument but that only the Proportional Reasoning factor has criterion validity in the evaluation of sequelae of traumatic brain injury. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Short forms of the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised: Cross-validation and derivation of a two-subtest form.

J. L. Woodard and B. N. Axelrod (1995) and B. N. Axelrod, S. H. Putnam, J. L. Woodard, and K. M. Adams (1996) have presented formulas for estimating the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised General Memory and Delayed Recall Indexes using the initial and delayed portions of only 3 subtests. The original work found nearly perfect estimates. The present study indicated excellent cross-validation for the original formulas with correlations of .99. Over 85% of the estimated scores were within 6 points of the actual score. Using estimates from only 2 subtests rather than 3, correlations were only slightly lower with 85% of the estimated scores within 10 points of the actual scores. Age, education, diagnosis, and IQ had no effects on the accuracy of these equations. Although the initial 3 test formulas are robust, the results suggest that using only 2 subtests results in higher estimation errors, which can be used when less accurate estimates are acceptable (such as in group research). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cross-validation of the Megargee MMPI typology for prisoners.

To cross-validate the E. I. Megargee and Dorhout (1977) and J. Meyer and Megargee (1977) MMPI typology for prisoners, one sample consisting of 2,063 male federal offenders and one sample consisting of 1,455 (164 females, 1291 males) state offenders were obtained. By use of a computer typing program, over 85% of these Ss were classified, and all of Megargee's 10 profile types were identified within each sample. Additional data collection and subsequent analyses revealed (a) significant age differences among the male state MMPI types; (b) significant differences in regard to the proportion of each type found within the male and female state offender samples; (c) significant differences among the federal MMPI types in terms of their current offenses; and (d) significant differences among the federal types in terms of the total number as well as the number of verbally aggressive and group-defiant rule infractions committed while incarcerated. It is concluded that the Megargee typology is a valid and generalizable system. (11 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

WAIS—R abbreviated forms in the elderly: A comparison of the Satz-Mogel with a seven-subtest short form.

The Satz-Mogel abbreviation of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R) was compared with a 7-subtest short form (L. C. Ward, see record 1991-00137-001) in samples of normal and neurologically impaired elderly persons 75 yrs and older. The normals were 130 Ss from the old-age WAIS—R standardization sample, and the brain-damaged group consisted of 40 men with medically diagnosed brain dysfunction (average age 79.5 yrs). The short forms were highly similar in administration times, correlations with the WAIS—R IQs, estimation of the average IQ scores, and in classification of intelligence for both the normal and neurologically impaired Ss. Finally, both short forms correctly estimated significant Verbal IQ–Performance IQ discrepancies about 75% of the time. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cluster-branching methodology for adaptive testing and the development of the Adaptive Category Test.

Adaptive testing involves the adjustment of a set of test items, in accordance with an individual's characteristics, to minimize items that do not yield useful information. The best known methodology used to develop adaptive tests, item response theory (IRT), cannot be used with most psychological instruments. The authors propose using cluster analysis to develop a branching logic that would allow the adaptive administration of such instruments. The proposed methodology is described in detail and is used to develop an adaptive version of the Halstead Category Test (W. Halstead & P. Settlage, 1943) from archival data. Real-data simulations show the Adaptive Category Test to yield scores that are not significantly different from the scores actually obtained on the original version of the test. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Construct validity of the computerized version of the Category Test

PURPOSE: This study compared the sedative effects of sublingual tablet midazolam (Roche Dormicum 7.5 mg) with the oral route as premedication. METHODS: One hundred ASA physical status I and II gynaecological patients were randomly selected to receive a 7.5 mg tablet of midazolam either sublingually or orally as premedication about one hour before elective surgery. There were 50 patients in each group. The degree of sedation was assessed according to the Ramsay scale initially and then at 20, 30, 45 and 60 min intervals by a second observer blinded to the route of administration. The time for complete drug dissolution was studied in the sublingual group by the inspection of tablet residue under the tongue every five minutes for 20 min, then the patients were interviewed regarding their acceptance of taste. RESULTS: The sedation scores in the sublingual group were higher than in the oral group at 30 and 60 min after drug administration. (P = 0.0054 and P = 0.008) Seventy-two percent of the sublingual group had complete drug dissolution within 10 min and 64% of the patients in the sublingual group found the tablet acceptable with regard to its taste. CONCLUSION: Midazolam 7.5 mg sublingual is a more effective pre-anaesthetic sedative than by the oral route.