The disease model is alive and well in Zygmunt Piotrowski.

Argues against the implicit assumption in the article by Z. A. Piotrowski (see record 1982-24817-001) that a disease or medical-model conception of human problems is adequate and should be accepted without challenge. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Abnormality of the difference and the WISC-R: Comment on Silverstein.

Discusses reactions by C. R. Reynolds (see record 1979-27697-001) and A. B. Silverstein (see PA, Vol 66:00000) to an earlier article by the present author (see record 1979-12366-001) that examined the size of abnormal differences between WISC-R subtest scaled scores and Verbal–Performance IQ scores. An error is acknowledged in the presentation of the Verbal–Performance IQ differences, and the validity of the abnormality of the difference statistic for examining subtest scaled scores is discussed. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

WISC-R discrimination of learning-disabled and emotionally disturbed children: An intragroup and intergroup analysis.

Reanalyzed WISC-R subtest scores in R. S. Dean's (see record 1979-05122-001) study of learning-disabled and emotionally disturbed children. A Pearson correlation between subtest means and a Spearman rank-order correlation between the ranks of the subtests revealed a marked similarity between the groups. Results support J. M. Sattler's (see record 1980-12193-001) contention that Dean's data do not present evidence of a perceptual organization deficit in learning-disabled children. (3 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A reply to McNemar.

Corrections made by the present author (see record 1970-05886-001) for suggested spuriousness in Q. McNemar's (see record 1951-05872-001) formula for determining the validity of a short form of the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale were rejected by McNemar (see record 1974-24264-001) as being based on fallacious reasoning. The present author replies that correlated errors responsible for the spurious correlation given by McNemar's formula affect only the covariance, not the variances, of the full scale and the short form. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Factor structure of the WISC-R for a psychiatric sample.

The WISC-R was factor analyzed for a group of 240 psychiatric patients aged 6–16 yrs. Three factors emerged that were similar to those identified by A. S. Kaufman (see record 1975-21128-001) in the standardization sample—Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organization, and Freedom From Distractibility. Findings indicate that the structure of intelligence for normal and emotionally disturbed children is not qualitatively different. (5 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Interpreting the index of abnormality when the distribution of score differences is known: Comment on Piotrowski.

Discrepancies between R. J. Piotrowski's (see record 1979-12366-001) application of the index of abnormality to data from the WISC-R and the purpose of its original derivation are pointed out. Cautions in interpreting the index of abnormality are provided. (6 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Statistical versus clinical lie detection reconsidered.

Responds to criticism by G. Ben-Shakhar and I. Lieblich (see record 1984-24962-001) regarding the present authors' (see record 1982-01946-001) study on statistical and objective analysis of polygraph charts. It is agreed that although the test is not likely to be valid for most of the situations in which it is used, the statistical formula may beat the clinician in interpreting some physiological protocol data in some circumstances. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Got a minute? Attentional limits revisited.

Responds to comments by R. C. Tees (see record 1991-03035-001), J. G. Adair (see record 1991-03013-001), J. E. Grusec (see record 1991-03021-001), K. Danziger (see record 1991-03016-001), L. P. Mos (see record 1991-03027-001), H. J. Stam (see record 1991-03033-001), and V. Vikis-Freilbergs (see record 1991-03039-001) on W. Thorngate's (see record 1991-03036-001) contention that the overproduction of psychological literature will lead to fragmentation of the discipline. As the works of psychologists proliterate, their scientific truth may capture less attention than their practical importance or personal interest. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sources of imprecision in formula cross-validated multiple correlations.

Formula estimation of the predictive precision of a multiple regression equation is frequently presented as an alternative to actual cross-validation where appropriate, and a particular formula developed by M. W. Browne (see record 1978-00130-001) and evaluated by P. Cattin (see record 1980-31576-001) is cited as most useful in personnel psychology. One incorrectly specified term and an incorrect assumption regarding calculation of another term contained in identical formulae common to two influential personnel psychology texts suggest a shared misunderstanding of Browne's formula. Use of the incorrect formula will produce positively biased estimates of the squared population cross-validated multiple correlation. These discrepancies are examined, their practical implications are discussed, and correct presentation of Browne's formula is given. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reply from Sommer and Sommer.

Responds to comments by H. L. Garber (see record 1985-24145-001), E. Furchtgott (see record 1985-24143-001), G. S. Bernstein (see record 1985-24133-001), K. Heskin (see record 1985-24148-001), and K. B. Carsrud (see record 1985-24136-001) on issues raised by the authors (see record 1984-10654-001) on the validity of research findings reported in textbooks. The hazards of unquestioning acceptance of appealing preliminary results and the need to exercise professional judgment in interpreting results are stressed. It is argued that textbooks in such core areas as developmental and abnormal psychology should be conservative in the facts they publish. The use of replication as a means of establishing validity is advocated. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Revealed, concealed, congealed, curdled: A reply to Pomichalek, Lamb, and Denner.

Replies to M. Pomichalek's (see record 1992-19269-001), S. Lamb's (see record 1992-19263-001), and B. Denner's (see record 1992-19257-001) remarks on P. Cushman's comments (see record 1991-17982-001) on D. Stern's (1985) study. Cushman defends constructionist research by maintaining that it can acknowledge and interpret ideology and thereby the moral framework in which the study is embedded. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Is free will a process or a content: Both? Neither? Are we free to affirm a position on this question?

Comments on the views on free will (FW) offered by B. D. Slife (see record 1995-13451-001), M. Gergen (see record 1995-14294-001), R. N. Williams (see record 1995-12851-001), M. S. Richardson (see record 1995-14311-001), and G. S. Howard (see record 1995-13446-001) in light of the classical definition of FW as being capable of doing otherwise. It is argued that FW interpretations differ markedly depending on whether they are viewed as due to a process or to contents within some process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Rules for coding dummy variables in multiple regression.

Describes how an apparent contradiction between the methods of coding dummy variables proposed by J. Cohen (see record 1969-06106-001) and those by J. Overall and D. Spiegel (see record 1970-01534-001) led to the discovery of a general formula for such coding, based on demonstrating a theoretical connection between multiple comparison and dummy multiple regression. Examples are given for various cases of orthogonal and nonorthogonal designs, which explicitly include assumptions about sample size. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reply to comments on the child-care debate.

Responds to comments by W. B. Johnson and D. Hayes (see record 1993-41125-001), J. E. Maddux (see record 1993-41129-001), K. McCarthey et al (see record 1993-41130-001), the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Network (see record 1993-41132-001), and N. Shpancer (see record 1993-41138-001) on L. B. Silverstein's (see record 1992-05293-001) original article on child care and maternal employment, noting that the comments go a long way toward expanding the child-care debate, if not transforming it. Silverstein focuses on the role of psychology in policymaking and the responsibility of government in the lives of individuals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

About postmodernism: Reply to Gergen and others.

In his reply, M. B. Smith comments on the issues between K. J. Gergen (see record 1994-37275-001) and himself (see record 1994-37277-001) and replies to comments by R. L. Russell and M. D. Gaubatz (see record 1995-36714-001); B. Denner (see record 1995-36711-001); D. Mente (see record 1995-36713-001); and D. White and A. Wang (see record 1995-36716-001). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Encounter research.

Refers readers interested in the article by D. Hartley et al (see record 1977-01609-001) to 4 articles on encounter research by M. J. Diamond and J. L. Shapiro (see record 1976-05062-001), J. Rowan (see record 1976-02670-001), W. Schutz (see record 1976-02672-001), and P. B. Smith (see record 1976-02673-001). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

'The structure of phenotypic personality traits": Author's reactions to the six comments.

L. R. Goldberg replies to the comments by R. O. Kroger and L. A. Wood (see record 1994-17497-001), S. Guastello (see record 1994-17488-001), D. R. Comer (see record 1994-17481-001), H. J. Eysenck (see record 1994-17486-001), W. D. Shadel and D. Cervone (see record 1994-17520-001), and H. E. Cattell (see record 1994-17479-001) on Goldberg's (PA, Vol 80:17546) article on the Big Five personality traits. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Selected views of family assessment: A commentary.

Comments on articles concerning family assessment by H. D. Grotevant (see record 1990-12120-001); R. B. Hampson et al (see record 1990-12122-001); D. C. Bell and L. G. Bell (see record 1990-12106-001); C. I. Carlson (see record 1990-12110-001); and T. L. Huston and J. K. Rempel (see record 1990-12126-001). It is suggested that theory needs to be related to research and practice more consistently. It would be useful to identify the principle theories in family science and critically examine the unique assessment issues raised by each perspective. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The practice of science in the family.

Responds to comments by B. D. Forman (see record 1990-29006-001), S. A. Kirschner (see record 1990-29011-001), and M. Rohrbaugh (see record 1990-29019-001) on the present authors' (see record 1990-29009-001) work on the use of paradoxical interventions with couples. Focus is on (1) the subjectivist and objectivist research approach; (2) language, relationship, and content analysis; and (3) the relevancy of science to practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)