曝气生物滤池在烟草废水处理中的应用

烟草企业生产废水水量相对较小,但水质变化较大,难沉降悬浮物浓度较高,曝气生物滤池(BAF)处理工艺设计负荷高、容积小、处理效果稳定,适用于烟草废水处理.采用水解酸化-两级BAF-臭氧-活性炭过滤工艺处理某烟草废水工程实践表明,系统运行稳定,对CODCr,、氨氮、SS的去除率分别达到97.5%、96.7%、95%,出水达到<城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质>(GB/T18920-2002)中的洗车、扫除的水质标准.同时,针对工程运行中出现的问题,提出了进一步的优化方案.     

水解酸化-上向流曝气生物滤池工艺处理小城镇污水

结合南方某小城镇污水处理工程,介绍和总结了水解酸化-上向流曝气生物滤池工艺及其运行情况.试运行期间,COD,SS,氨氮,总磷的去除率分别达到87.2%,92.6%,84.1%和63.8%.该技术具有投资省、占地面积小、处理效果好、运行管理方便等特点.     

Biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal with biological aerated filter using denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organism.

In order to accomplish the biological nutrient removal with a weak sewage at low temperature, a hybrid process consisted of anoxic denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organism (dPAO) and nitrifying biological aerated filter (BAF) was studied in both lab and field pilot plants with weak sewage. The biofilm BAF was used as a post-nitrification process that provided sufficient nitrate to suspended growth dPAO. The anoxic/BAF configuration could remove nitrogen and phosphorus appreciably compared to other BNR systems. The enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) was mainly occurred in anoxic zone of suspended growth reactor. It has been found that P removal efficiency of dPAO was enhanced with an addition of a short oxic zone in suspended reactors compared to that of without oxic zone. However, the degree of aerobic P uptake in oxic zone was far lower than anoxic P uptake. The operating results of field plant indicated that dPAO/BAF configuration successfully reduced the adverse temperature effects at lower than 15 degrees C.     

BAF处理洗涤剂废水适宜填料的筛选试验研究

通过生物陶粒、稀土瓷砂、普通陶粒对洗涤剂废水中难达标的LAS、TP的吸附与生物挂膜实验,结果表明,3种填料对LAS、TP的吸附等温式符合Langmuir模型。生物陶粒对LAS、TP的吸附去除率分别达到23.2%、27.2%,比稀土瓷砂、普通陶粒有更好的吸附性能,且对污水中污染物LAS、TP的浓度变化有很好的适应性,耐污染冲击负荷性能高于稀土瓷砂、普通陶粒,生物陶粒挂膜速度快,挂膜后处理水的COD达54 mg/L<60 mg/L,对COD处理效果好。因此,生物陶粒适于呈碱性洗涤剂废水的处理,是BAF处理洗涤剂废水的适宜填料。生物陶粒用作BAF填料处理洗涤剂废水,能有效提高COD、LAS和TP的去除率,使洗涤剂废水能处理达排放标准,这对于保护水环境具有重要意义。     

Nitrification and denitrification in partially aerated biological aerated filter (BAF) with dual size sand media.

A 104-mm (4-inch) diameter pilot-scale biological aerated filter (BAF) with a media depth of 2.5 m (8.3 feet) was operated with an anaerobic, anoxic and oxic zone at a temperature of 23 degrees C. The medium for the anaerobic and anoxic zones was 10 mm diameter sand while the medium for the oxic zone was 5 mm diameter sand. The influent sCOD and total nitrogen concentrations in the feedwater were approximately 250 mg/L and 35 mg N/L, respectively. sCOD removal at optimum hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3 h with recirculation rates of 100, 200 and 300% in the column was above 96%. Nitrification was found to be more than 96% for 3 h HRT at 200 and 300% recirculation. Total nitrogen removal was consistent at more than 80% for 4 and 6 h HRT at 300% recirculation. For 3 h HRT and 300% recirculation, total nitrogen removal was approximately 79%. The ammonia loading rates for maximum ammonia removed were 0.15 and 0.19 kg NH3-N/m3-day for 100 and 200% recirculation, respectively. The experimental results demonstrated that the BAF can be operated at an HRT of 3h with 200-300% recirculation rates with more than 96% removal of sCOD and ammonia and at least 75% removal of total nitrogen.     

曝气生物滤地在污水回用中去除氨氮的试验研究

采用曝气生物滤地(BAF)工艺处理某污水处理厂模拟二级出水,研究了水力负荷及滤料层高度对NH_3-N去除效果的影响.试验结果表明,当进水NH_3-N≤25 mg/L时,平均NH_3-N去除率达到93.12%,出水NH_3-N可降至3 mg/L以下.当水力负荷为1.44 m~3/(m~2·h),HRT为1.8 h时,氨氮的去除效果最好,去除率达到95.32%,出水NH_3-N在1.5 mg/L以下.BAF对NH_3-N的去除作用主要发生在滤料的中上层.     

折流式曝气生物滤池设备的开发及应用研究

针对三峡库区小城镇生活污水处理特点,研发折流式曝气生物滤池(BBAF)设备,通过将多级串联组合式BAF集成在同心圆式反应器内,形成了良好的力学性能和水力条件.在设计参数下运行时,对SS、COD、NH3-N、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为76％、83％、97％、26％和45％.高气水比有利于COD和NH3-N的去除,但会削弱TN、SS的去除效能,BBAF适宜的气水比为9.当处理负荷在1.5～3.0 m3/h范围内变化时,SS、COD和NH3-N的平均去除率无明显波动,出水水质稳定,表明设备具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力,对小城镇污水量变化系数大的特点具有很好的适用性.     

Aeration control for simultaneous nitrification-denitrification in a biological aerated filter using internal model approach.

Experience has shown that simultaneous nitrification/denitrification in a biological aerated filter is possible. However these systems react very sensitively to the aeration control strategies applied. Poorly adapted control strategies induce a strong decrease in treatment efficiency. A new control strategy for simultaneous N/DN is developed. The strategy proposed makes use of ammonia measurements and the inlet and outlet: a Feedback/Feedforward block. Passing by a calculation of the load to be eliminated, an estimation of the air flow velocity to be applied is carried out dynamically. A retroactive loop corrects this prediction in order to reach exactly the desired set point. This control approach has been implemented and tested at pilot plant scale for a period of 18 months. The pilot plant consists of two coupled BAF cells, reflecting closely industrial scale situations. Comparative studies reveal clearly the improved performance of the developed FF/FB control strategy compared to classical controllers. The benefits include 5% increase in nitrogen removal performance and a reduction of 15 to 20% in air requirement, offering a rapid return of investment costs.     

Treatment of organic synthesis wastewater using anaerobic packed bed and aerobic suspended growth bioreactors.

The performance of an anaerobic mesophilic packed bed reactor, with a mixture of GAC and tezontle, followed by an aerobic suspended growth system was studied for the treatment of organic chemical wastewater with a high COD concentration (22-29 g/L). The testing of the anaerobic-aerobic system was conducted in an experimental set-up for almost 2.5 years. Different operational conditions were evaluated. The anaerobic reactor showed performance stability and COD removals higher than 80% were obtained with loads up to 16.6 kg x m(-3) x d(-1). The acclimation of the aerobic biomass to the substrate in the anaerobic effluent was very quick and COD removals higher than 94% were obtained even at high organic loads. The combined anaerobic-aerobic system allowed total COD removals higher than 99.5% and the accomplishment of the discharge requirements of 200 mgCOD/L when the anaerobic reactor was operated with loads of 8-11 kg x m(-3)x d(-1) and the aerobic reactor with 0.33 kg x kg(-1) x d(-1), being the total HRT of 4.4. The average TKN removal in the anaerobic-aerobic system was 97%, the average for the anaerobic reactor being 52% and that one for the aerobic system being 94%.     

曝气生物滤池内同步硝化反硝化的研究进展

笔者以1984—2009年发表在国内外期刊上的关于BAF研究与应用的多篇文献为基础,对曝气生物滤池中的同步硝化反硝化作用从宏观、微观和微生物角度进行机理分析,并从DO、C/N、pH以及滤料角度对影响脱氮过程的因素进行探讨,最后对曝气生物滤池同步硝化反硝化研究进行展望。     

Treatment of chemical-pharmaceutical wastewater in packed bed anaerobic reactors.

Biological degradation in packed bed anaerobic mesophilic reactors with five different support materials was studied for the treatment of chemical-pharmaceutical wastewater with high COD (23-31 g/L), which contains toxic organic compounds. Experimental up-flow bio-filters were operated at different organic loads for a two-year period. Removals of 80-98% were obtained in the reactors with sand, anthracite and black tezontle, but at relatively low organic loads, less than 3.6 kg m(-3)d(-1). The reactor with granular activated carbon (GAC) had a better performance; efficiencies higher than 95% were obtained at loads up to 17 kg m(-3)d(-1) and higher than 80% with loads up to 26 kg m(-3)d(-1). Second in performance was the reactor with red tezontle which allows COD removals higher than 80% with loads up to 6 kg m(-3)d(-1). The use of GAC as support material allows greater biodegradation rates than the rest of the materials and it makes the process more resistant to organic load increases, inhibition effects and toxicity. Methanogenic activity was inhibited at loads higher than 21.9 kg m(-3)d(-1) in the GAC-reactor and at loads higher than 3.6 kg m(-3)d(-1) in the rest of the reactors. At loads lower than the previously mentioned, high methane production yield was obtained, 0.32-0.35 m3CH4/kg CODremoved.     

喷淋式TiO_2膜光催化反应器处理染料废水的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Ti基TiO_2膜光催化剂,X-射线衍射(XRD)分析表明TiO_2主要为锐钛矿。将Ti基TiO_2膜组装成喷淋式光催化反应器,以活性艳红X-3B(RBR)为目标污染物,15W低压汞灯为激发光源进行光催化性能的研究。考察了影响光催化氧化效率的主要因素废水喷淋流量和溶液初始pH,确定最佳喷淋流量为8.8 L/h,pH为3.12。在最佳条件下,处理50 mg/LRBR模拟染料废水2 h的脱色率和COD_(Cr)去除率分别达到98%和80%。结果表明,由于同时加强了溶液的传质效率和提高了激发光源的利用率,喷淋式TiO_2膜光催化反应器可高效地降解染料废水。     

瓷粒和陶粒填料曝气生物滤池处理低浓度生活污水的试验研究

分别以瓷粒和陶粒作为曝气生物滤池的载体填料处理低浓度生活污水,对CODCr、NH3-N及SS的去除效果进行了比较研究,对生物膜的形态进行了观察.研究表明:在进水CODCr为30.8～184.8 mg/L、NH3-N平均值为25 mg/L、SS为61.2～206.9 mg/L,水力停留时间(HRT)分别为12 h、10 h、8 h、5 h和3 h时,两种填料处理后出水的CODCr、NH3-N和SS的去除率均分别可达80%、90%和80%以上,表明两种填料的去除效果基本相当.     

Biological aerated filtration of municipal wastewater using a low-cost filtration media.

The main objective of this research was to demonstrate that selected natural lava stones can be successfully used for low-cost aerobic biofiltration of municipal wastewater. To demonstrate the procedure a pilot filter was built using 6 mm lava stones as support material. The filter depth was 3.0 m. Provided with sampling ports at different depths analysis of the wastewater could be made for COD, TSS, ammonia and nitrates nitrogen, pH, temperature and Kjeldahl nitrogen. Backwashing was performed every 72 hours. Total and dissolved COD and TSS behaved similarly with the organic load: The highest removal rates were observed with the lowest organic load of 0.8 kgCOD/m3 d. These removal rates decreased to a minimum value at organic loading rates of 1.5 kgCOD/m3 d and then remained without noticeable changes to the highest value of 3.5 kgCOD/m3 d. The highest total and dissolved COD removal values were 81 and 84%, respectively. For TSS the best removal value was 95%. Up to 75% ammonia removal was achieved at the lowest organic load of 0.8 kgCOD/m3 d. Ammonia removal decreased to 36% with a higher organic load of 1.6 kgCOD/m3 d. The Mean Cellular Retention (MCRT) time varied from 1 to 6 days with an average of 3.2 days. This fact proves that the MCRT depends on the backwashing frequency more than of any other factor involved. The bed volume decreased in about 5% after 300 days of operation. Microscopic observations showed that the small stones were rounder after 300 days and that the volume losses were caused when the edges of the stones were cut by the abrasion caused by backwashing.     

不同填料曝气生物滤池启动挂膜试验研究

不同填料曝气生物滤池在相同条件下进行挂膜试验。进水流向为上流式,挂膜方式为复合接种挂膜,即先用活性污泥闷曝接种,然后逐步提高进水流速,直到滤料表面形成稳定的生物膜。结果表明:33 d后挂膜成功,在温度为16～24℃,水力停留时间(HRT)为1 h,DO为6 mg/L的情况下,陶粒BAF对CODMn和NH3—N的去除率分别为23%和80%;沸石BAF的去除率分别为27%和84%;组合填料BAF去除效果最好,去除率分别为32%和92%。     

Anaerobic treatment of organic chemical wastewater using packed bed reactors.

The studied organic chemical wastewater had a high COD, 20-45g/L, and low TSS, less than 200 mg/L, making anaerobic bio-filtration a suitable treatment method. The organic matter consisted of alcohols, amines, ketones and aromatic compounds, such as toluene and phenol. Granulated activated carbon (GAC) and a porous stone called tezontle, widely available in Mexico, were used as a bio-film support. Once inoculated, the mesophilic reactors with granulated activated carbon (GAC-BFs) reached stability with 80% COD removal in 40 days, while the reactors with tezontle material (tezontle-BF) required 145 days. Biodegradation of more than 95% was obtained with both support media: at organic loads less than 1.7 kg m(-3) d (-1) in tezontle-BF and with loads of up to 13.3 kg m(-3) d(-1) in GAC-BFs. The bio-filters with GAC allowed COD removal efficiency of 80% at a load as high as 26.3 kg m (-3) d(-1), while the same efficiency with tezontle was obtained at loads up to 4.45 kgm (-3d) (-1). The use of GAC as support material allows greater biodegradation rates than tezontle and it makes the bio-filters more resistant to organic increases, inhibition effects and toxicity. Methanogenic activity was inhibited at loads higher than 1.7 kg m(-3) d(-1) in bio-filters with tezontle and 22.8 kg m(-3) d(-1 ) in bio-filters with GAC. At loads lower than the previously mentioned, high methane production yield was obtained, 0.32-0.35 m(3) CH4/kg COD removed. The biomass growth rates were low in the bio-filters with both kinds of material; however, a sufficiently high biomass holdup was obtained.     

曝气生物滤池处理农村生活污水效率与微生物群落分析

以北京大兴区农村生活污水为处理对象,设计了4个反应柱,研究了3种填料结构、2种气水比条件下曝气生物滤池(BAF)对农村生活污水处理效率及微生物群落的影响。结果表明:(1)1~#、2~#、3~#柱气水比相同、填料结构不同,BOD5、CODCr和氨氮的去除率达到84.51%~96.49%;4~#柱与2~#柱填料结构相同,但气水比小,BOD5和CODcr处理效果差;4个柱TP的去除率低,需要强化除磷。(2)1~#、2~#、3~#柱OTU数量差异很小,说明微生物种类数量基本相同;2~#柱特有OTU数远大于4~#柱,说明填料结构相同条件下较大气水比有利于增加微生物种类。(3)1~#、2~#、3~#柱优势菌群主要有6种,在不同高度的优势菌群种类基本相同,但数量上有所差异;仅变形菌门中可能含有聚磷菌,这也是除磷效果差的原因之一。     

MBR在污水处理中的应用与研究进展

膜生物反应器(MBR)是近年来受到广泛关注的污水处理与回用领域的新技术之一.综述了膜生物反应器水处理技术在国内外的应用及研究进展,分析了膜组件性能、混合液特性与操作参数等方面对膜污染形成的影响,指出了预防和控制膜污染的措施,其中包括膜组件自身优化设计、改善工艺运行条件及其膜污染的清洗,最后展望了膜生物反应器技术的前景.     

活性炭填充三维电极电解法处理氨氮废水研究

针对传统城市污水处理厂冬天出水存在氨氮浓度偏高的问题,采用间歇试验法对活性炭填充三维电极深度去除污水中的氨氮进行了研究。考察了氨氮初始浓度,电流密度,氯离子浓度,p H值等因素对氨氮去除效果的影响。结果表明:氨氮去除速率随着电流密度和氯离子浓度增加而增加,单位氨氮去除能耗随着电流增加而增加,随着氯离子浓度增加而减少。p H值在3.0~9.0范围内对三维电极除氨氮过程影响比较小。实际废水在经过2.5h电解后,氨氮浓度从28.0 mg/L下降至0.3 mg/L,去除率高达99%,可以满足国家污水排放标准一级A要求。     

曝气生物滤池技术的研究与应用

介绍曝气生物滤池(BAF)的结构与工艺,讨论影响BAF运行的主要因素,总结BAF在工业废水、城市污水和微污染源水处理中的作用和效果,综述联用技术的研究进展。结论表明,BAF的BOD容积负荷可达6 kg/(m3.d),NH3-N容积负荷高达1.0 kg/(m3.d);气水比要求在7∶1左右。最后对BAF的发展与应用前景进行展望。