镀液组分对高Sn含量Ni-Sn-P镀层组织和镀速的影响

为获得耐蚀性较好的NiSnP镀层及其最佳镀液配方,利用正交试验方法设计了9种不同的镀液组分,利用化学镀技术在L245低碳钢上镀制了高Sn含量的NiSnP三元镀层。采用扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪对镀层的成分、结构以及镀速进行分析,并采用盐雾腐蚀实验评价镀层的耐蚀效果。结果表明： 高Sn含量的NiSnP镀层组织以非晶态结构为主,表面形态为典型的胞状结构。当乳酸和硫酸镍为较低浓度,氯化锡和柠檬酸钠为高浓度时,NiSnP镀层的形核率较高,镀层表面形貌较好。镀液中柠檬酸钠和硫酸镍对镀层的沉积过程有利,浓度越大,镀层沉积越快,而乳酸对镀层的沉积不利。35 g/L硫酸镍、35 g/L氯化锡、25 g/L柠檬酸钠和40 mL/L乳酸为最佳镀液组分,在该条件下获得的NiSnP镀层耐蚀效果最好。     

铸铁表面化学镀Ni-P合金络合剂的研究

针对化学Ni-P镀过程中镀液稳定性差、使用寿命短、沉积速率低和pH范围窄等问题,采用对比实验和正交实验方法,以镀速、孔隙率、稳定性和镀层硬度为评价指标,研究了乳酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸和丁二酸络合剂及复合络合剂对镀液和镀层性能的影响.研究得到最优的铸铁表面Ni-P镀的复合络合剂配方为:乳酸20ml/L,苹果酸9g/L,丁二酸6g/L.此复合络合剂配方配制化学镀镍液可使镀速达到14.5μm/h,孔隙率降至0.45个/cm2,稳定性提高到3500s,硬度达620HV.     

铜基材乙醇体系浸镀银工艺的研究

为解决传统水相体系浸镀银所存在的问题,笔者采用乙醇溶液体系,以硝酸银为主盐,乙二胺为络合剂,并就银离子浓度、络合剂与银离子摩尔浓度比以及镀液pH值等工艺参数,对紫铜浸镀银镀层性能的影响进行了研究.试验结果表明:当银离子质量浓度为2.0 g/L,络合剂与银离子摩尔浓度比为4∶1,镀液pH值为9.8,温度为室温时,可以在紫...     

电沉积钴钨合金镀液性能的研究

以氨基磺酸钴和钨酸钠为主盐、以柠檬骏盐为络合剂组成电沉积钴钨合金的镀液，研究镀液中NH4^ 的浓度、CO2^ 离子的络合比、溶液热处理等对镀液性能的影响。结果表明：在实验条件下，以柠檬酸盐为络合剂的钴钨合金镀液中，NH4^ 可以提高镀液稳定性和镀层含钨量；添加络合剂及镀液在80～90℃温度下进行热处理可以明显改善镀液性能和镀层外观。     

低温化学镀镍中络合剂作用研究

研究了络合剂在低温化学镀镍槽液中的作用.试验表明,络合剂的正确选择是低温镇工艺实现的关键,络合剂的稳定性不但影响槽液的稳定,而且对镀速和镀层质量都有重要影响.络合剂的稳定性与其结构及配位原子性质、位阻效应等关系密切.选用复合络合剂,有利于调整镀速与镀层质量.络合剂的缓冲作用对提高镀速有利.     

硫酸镍体系化学镀工艺参数对镁合金化学镀镍层的影响

对应用以硫酸镍为主盐的镁合金化学镀镍工艺进行了研究,探讨了溶液的组成和工艺参数对镀层外观、镀速以及镀液的稳定性的影响,从而得到了最佳的工艺条件:主盐和还原剂物质的量之比介于0.3和0.45之间;采用混合型络合剂;温度90℃;pH值约为6.5。     

氧化锆陶瓷中温化学镀镍三元络合剂的研究

目的优化中温化学镀镍三元络合剂体系,得到性能优良的化学镀镍层。方法选取乳酸、冰乙酸及柠檬酸作为络合剂组分,以镀速和含磷量为考察指标,通过设计L9(34)正交实验,研究次亚磷酸钠、乳酸、冰乙酸及柠檬酸的浓度对化学镀镀速以及镀层磷含量的影响。结果综合考虑镀速和磷含量,得到的最佳三元络合剂体系为20 mL/L乳酸+15 mL/L冰乙酸+10 g/L柠檬酸,该条件下镀速为6.4 mg/h,镀层磷质量分数为8.8%。结论采用优化的络合剂体系,可以获得致密均匀、结合力良好的化学镀镍层。     

基于三元复合络合剂的高磷Ni-P化学镀

针对单一络合剂难以兼顾镀液稳定性、镀速和镀层质量等多重要求,现有复合络合剂或成本过高、或工艺稳定性欠佳等问题,采用柠檬酸钠-乳酸-乙酸钠三元复合络合剂,借助增重法、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)和材料耐蚀性快速检测专利技术,系统研究了络合剂及还原剂用量、镀液初始pH值及施镀温度对化学镀Ni-P施镀效果的影响,探明镀速、镀层硬度及其P质量分数、镀层腐蚀防护性能随工艺参数的变化规律。结果表明:利用基于三元复合络合剂的镀液,不仅可获得P质量分数最高为18.41%的高磷Ni-P镀层,而且工艺稳定性优异。在适宜的镀液初始pH值区间(4.0~5.5),镀层P质量分数受其它工艺参数的影响甚微,能始终稳定在11.12%~14.52%的高位。典型试样SEM分析表明:镀层表面平整、均匀,结构致密,镀层与基体结合紧密且厚度分布均匀。     

锌镍合金镀工艺优化及镀层耐腐蚀性的研究

目的研究锌镍合金镀层的耐腐蚀性能。方法通过正交试验法,对锌镍合金电镀工艺进行优化,获得镀液配方。通过中性盐雾试验评判优化后的锌镍合金镀层的耐腐蚀性能,并与镀锌层和镀镉层进行对比。分析主盐、络合剂、p H值、电流密度、温度等对镀层耐腐蚀性的影响。结果最优配方为:氧化锌6~14 g/L,硫酸镍20~30 g/L,氢氧化钠100~140 g/L,光亮剂4~6 g/L,络合剂50~70 g/L。该配方获得的锌镍合金镀层在中性盐雾实验中,出白锈的时间可以达到720 h以上。结论锌镍合金镀层的耐腐蚀性优良,优于镀锌层和镀镉层。     

镀液组成对黄铜表面中温化学镀Ni-P 合金的影响

以硫酸镍为主盐,次磷酸钠为还原剂,乳酸+冰乙酸为复合络合剂,硫酸铵为加速剂,在酸性、中温(70 ℃) 条件下,采用化学镀法在黄铜表面镀覆Ni-P 合金镀层,并研究了主盐与还原剂的配比、络合剂和加速剂的用量对化学镀的影响规律,确定了镀液的最优配方。结果表明:硫酸镍与次磷酸钠的配比对沉积速率和镀层显微硬度均有较大的影响;复合络合剂中的乳酸主要起络合剂的作用,冰乙酸主要起缓冲剂的作用;添加硫酸铵可增加次磷酸根的活性,使沉积速率增大。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。