烟田蓼蓝齿胫叶甲幼虫的空间分布型和抽样技术研究

对烟田蓼蓝齿胫叶甲幼虫的空间分布型测定结果表明:聚集度指标测定为聚集分布;频次分布检验为负二项分布;Iwao的*m-m回归模型为*m=0.1716+1.4552m,说明属于具有公共K值的负二项分布。本文根据聚集度均数(λ)的测定结果,分析了聚集原因和最适合的抽样数模型。      

连续流动分析法测定烟草中的氨

建立并验证了采用连续流动分析法(CFA)测定烟草中的氨含量。连续测定的RSD<2%,13个实验室共同实验的重复性和再现性值分别为:r=0.0477x+0.0043(R2=0.930)和R=0.0698x+0.0246(R2=0.980)。不同水平试验的回收率>98%,平均回收率99.7%。分别与HPLC和IC法比较,t检验结果表明CFA与2方法之间均无显著性差异。      

烟草甲幼虫高毒力病原真菌的筛选

为筛选出对烟草甲2龄幼虫具有较好防治效果的病原真菌,在实验室条件下,采用浸渍法测定5株蜡蚧轮枝菌和5株球孢白僵菌对烟草甲2龄幼虫的毒力,筛选出2株对烟草甲2龄幼虫具有高毒力的白僵菌菌株Bb05和Bbr81,将2株菌株配置成不同浓度的孢子悬浮液,测定其毒力并对Bb05菌株的侵染过程进行观察。结果表明,接种孢子浓度1.0×10⁸mL^-1条件下,菌株Bb05处理烟草甲的累积死亡率最高,达77.78%,LT₅₀为8.18 d;菌株Bbr81处理烟草甲的累积死亡率为74.44%,LT₅₀为7.60 d。用不同浓度孢子悬浮液处理烟草甲2龄幼虫后,其累积死亡率随孢子浓度和接种时间的增加而增加,Bb05菌株的LC₅₀为8.3×10⁷ mL^-1,菌株Bbr81的LC₅₀为1.2×10⁷ mL^-1。筛选所得的2个菌株对烟草甲虫2龄幼虫的毒力较高,具有一定的开发应用潜力。     

同步荧光法分析红葡萄酒中微量白藜芦醇含量的研究

建立了一种应用同步荧光检测红葡萄酒中白藜芦醇的新方法,系统研究了检测条件对白藜芦醇荧光强度的影响。该方法的回归方程为Int(荧光强度)=19.70×Conc(浓度μg/mL)+13.98,相关系数r2=0.9987。白藜芦醇产生的荧光强度与浓度在0mol/L～1.96×10-5mol/L的范围内具有良好的线性关系,检测限为8.14×10-10mol/L。     

白肋烟晾制期间烟叶中细菌的分离和鉴定

对晾制烟叶中分离到的33株优势菌株进行16S rDNA鉴定,鉴定结果为Pseudomonas、Bacillus、Enterobacter、Rhizobium、Corynebacterium、Pantoea、Acinetobacter、Arthrobacter、Xanthomonas、Paracoccus、Achromobacter、Rhodococcus。经硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐还原能力测定,结果表明:6株不能还原硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐,占总菌株数的18.18%;20株能还原硝酸盐而不能还原亚硝酸盐,占总菌株数的60.61%;7株既可以还原硝酸盐又可以还原亚硝酸盐(2株Rhizobium、1株Paracoccus、4株Pseudomonas),占总菌株数的21.21%,可能是抑制白肋烟叶中TSNA形成的菌株。      

陕西省烟草蚜传病毒的发生发展规律及预测预报模型的初步研究

陕西烟田蚜传病毒病的侵染源主要为油菜田,蚜传病毒病的发生程度与第一次迁入烟田的蚜虫量显著相关,以后烟田发病缓慢上升或维持一定水平,第二次迁入烟田蚜虫量与病毒病发生程度相关不大。预测模拟结果表明,第一次蚜虫迁飞高峰时百株烟草上有翅蚜量(X₁₂)、2~4月份降水量(X₄)、4月份平均气温(X₁₃)与烟草蚜传病毒病的病株率极显著相关,模拟所得方程为;Y=1.5973-0.0014X₄+0.6084X₁₂-0.1079X₁₃,回归检测结果历史符合率为98.5%以上。      

同步荧光法测定红葡萄酒中白藜芦醇含量

建立了一种应用同步荧光检测红葡萄酒中白藜芦醇的新方法,系统研究了检测条件对白藜芦醇荧光强度的影响。该方法的回归方程为Int(荧光强度)=19.70×Conc(浓度μg/mL)+13.98,相关系数r=0.9987。白藜芦醇产生的荧光强度与浓度在0～1.96×10-5mol/L的范围内具有良好的线性关系,检测限为8.14×10-10mol/L。     

烟草赤星病(Alternaria alternata)发生与综合农艺措施关系的研究

本研究自1989年至1992年在冀东晒烟区进行。主要采用五元二次通用旋转回归组合设计,研究了烟草赤星病(Alternaria altemata)发生程度(病级)与综合农艺措施(播期x₁、密度x₂、氮x₃、磷x₄、钾x₅)之间的量化关系。结果为:(1)病级发生程度与综合农艺措施存在着密切关系,其中,与播期曲线呈有极大值的抛物线,通过调整播期可以躲开易感病季节,随密度的增加病级上升,到一定程度趋于平稳,与氮、磷、钾的关系曲线均呈近直线,但作用方向、程度存在差别。五因素中起关键作用的是播期、氮、钾;(2)措施间存在交互作用,各因素合理组配,可以减轻发病程度;(3)根据试验结果建立起在冀东生态条件下的病级与农艺措施之间的数学模型:y=1.11-0.33x₁+0.11x₂+0.38x₃+0.15x₄-0.29x₅+0.13x₁x₂-0.28x₁x₃-0.16x₁x₄-0.16x₃x₅-0.15x₁2,依此模拟寻优筛选出最佳措施组合。经两年示范和多点调查验证,该模型能够表达烟草赤星病发病程度与各项农艺措施的关系,根据研究结果选配的农艺措施组合在一定程度上能够减轻病害。      

烤烟自然醇化与人工发酵过程中微生物变化及其与酶活性关系的研究

对自然醇化与人工发酵过程中烤烟微生物数量变化、酶活性(α-淀粉酶、蛋白酶、多酚氧化酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶、脂氧合酶、苯丙氨酸氨裂解酶)变化及两者间的相关性进行了研究。结果表明,烤烟中芽泡杆菌属(Bacillus)和梭菌属(Clostridium)细菌为优势种群。在自然醇化与人工发醇过程中,微生物总数均呈现出下降趋势,但不同微生物种群在不同发酵过程中数量的变化有明显差异,不同的酶在不同发酵过程中的活性变化也存在明显差异。微生物数量与酶活性间存在明显相关关系,但在不同的发酵过程中,不同的微生物对不同种类酶活性的影响不同。      

沉默2b基因获得抗黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)的转基因烟草

  目的  本研究利用dsRNA技术沉默2b基因,获得烟草品种云烟85的T₁代转基因抗CMV株系。  方法  构建含有CMV 2b部分序列反向重复的植物表达载体pBIN-2b（r）-In-2b（i）,以农杆菌介导的叶盘法转化普通烟草（Nicotiana tabacum）品种云烟85。  结果  抗性筛选获得112株T₀代转基因阳性植株,接种CMV进行抗病性鉴定,发现有46株T₀代转基因植株表现为抗病,其他66株表现为感病。Tas-ELISA检测表明,T₀代抗病烟株的病毒积累量显著低于感病烟株。选取10个T₀代抗病株系繁殖,接种CMV鉴定T₁代抗病性,发现部分T₁代烟株发生一定比例的抗感分离,T₁代抗性株率为46.7%~100%。Real-time PCR检测T₁代烟株,发现T₁代抗病烟株CMV 2b基因RNA积累水平显著低于感病烟株。  结论  基于以上策略及实验,获得抗CMV转基因烟草株系。      

Energy expenditure of grazing cows and cows fed grass indoors as determined by the 13C bicarbonate dilution technique using an automatic blood sampling system

The objectives of the study were to assess the ¹³C bicarbonate dilution technique using an automatic blood sampling system and to use this technique to estimate energy expenditure (EE) based on the CO₂ production of 14 lactating Holstein cows on pasture or in a freestall barn. The effects of physical activity and eating behavior on EE were also assessed. Cows were exposed to each feeding system in a crossover design with two 14-d experimental periods, each consisting of an adaptation period and a 7-d data collection period. Cows either grazed on pasture or had ad libitum access, in the freestall barn, to grass cut daily from the same paddock. All cows were supplemented with a cereal-based concentrate. The EE of each cow was determined from 0700 to 1300 h on 1 d of each collection period. Blood samples for the ¹³C bicarbonate dilution technique were taken either manually in the barn or using an automatic blood sampling system on pasture. Eating pattern and physical activity were recorded from 0700 to 1300 h using a behavior recorder and an activity meter, respectively. Milk yield was recorded daily. Individual feed intake was estimated using the alkane double-indicator technique. Two preceding experiments confirmed that the sampling technique (manual or automatic) and the following storage of the blood samples (frozen directly after withdrawal or first cooled on ice and then frozen 6 h later) had no effect on ¹³CO₂ enrichment in the extracted blood CO₂ or on the subsequent calculation of CO₂ production. During the 6-h measurement period, the EE of cows on pasture was higher than that of cows in the freestall barn. Daily feed intake and milk production were not affected by the feeding treatment. Grazing cows spent more time walking and less time standing and lying than did cows fed indoors. Time spent eating was greater and time spent ruminating was lower for cows on pasture compared with grass-fed cows in the barn. In conclusion, the ¹³C bicarbonate dilution technique, combined with an automatic blood sampling system, is a suitable method to determine the EE of lactating dairy cows on pasture. Positive correlations between EE and walking and eating time indicate that the higher energy requirements of dairy cows on pasture may be at least partly caused by a higher level of physical activity. However, before specific recommendations about additional energy supply can be given, it must be determined whether EE measured over 6 h can be extrapolated to 24 h. Furthermore, the apparent inconsistency between EE, feed intake, and milk production needs to be resolved.     

The evaluation of underarm deodorants

Double-blind cross-over trials in which trained assessors evaluated axillary malodour on a 0 to 10 scale showed that ethanol at 60% and 99% w/w significantly reduced odour for up to 24 h. Reduction in odour was increased by the addition of non-volatile antimicrobial ingredients such as chlorhexidine, Irgasan DP 300 (Triclosan, Ciba Geigy) or aluminium chlorhydrate.
Volunteer panellists were able to identify statistically significant deodorant effects when they rated their own axillary odour on a 0 to 10 scale.
An odour absorber, zinc ricinoleate (Grillocin, Grillo-Werke, A. G.) was used to treat existing malodour and gave reduced perception of that malodour for up to 24 h.
A close correlation was found between panel odour scores and the bacterial status of the axilla as assessed by the replipad technique when biocidal systems were studied. Irgasan DP 300, a bacteriostat, did not perform so well in skin flora sampling procedures, but was nevertheless effective as a deodorant ingredient. Thus in vivo microbiological techniques, although often useful as predictors of deodorancy, do not replace the carefully controlled clinical trial with direct assessment of odour.
L'evaluation de l'odeur des aisselles     

Concentration and dry deposition of mercury species in arid south central New Mexico (2001-2002)

This research was initiated to characterize atmospheric deposition of reactive gaseous mercury (RGM), particulate mercury (HgP; <2.5 microm), and gaseous elemental mercury (Hg0) in the arid lands of south central New Mexico. Two methods were field-tested to estimate dry deposition of three mercury species. A manual speciation sampling train consisting of a KCl-coated denuder, 2.5 microm quartz fiber filters, and gold-coated quartz traps and an ion-exchange membrane (as a passive surrogate surface) were deployed concurrently over 24-h intervals for an entire year. The mean 24-h atmospheric concentration for RGM was 6.8 pg m(-3) with an estimated deposition of 0.10 ng m(-2) h(-1). The estimated deposition of mercury to the passive surrogate surface was much greater (4.0 ng m(-2) h(-1)) but demonstrated a diurnal pattern with elevated deposition from late afternoon to late evening (1400-2200; 8.0 ng m(-2) h(-1)) and lowest deposition during the night just prior to sunrise (2200-0600; 1.7 ng m(-2) h(-1)). The mean 24-h atmospheric concentrations for HgP and Hg0 were 1.52 pg m(-3) and 1.59 ng m(-3), respectively. Diurnal patterns were observed for RGM with atmospheric levels lowest during the night prior to sunrise (3.8 pg m(-3)) and greater during the afternoon and early evening (8.9 pg m(-3)). Discernible diurnal patterns were not observed for either HgP or Hg0. The total dry deposition of Hg was 5.9 microg m-2 year-' with the contribution from the three species as follows: RGM (0.88 microg m(-2) year(-1)), HgP (0.025 microg m(-2) year(-1)), and Hg0 (5.0 microg m(-2) year(-1)). The annual wet deposition for total mercury throughout the same collection duration was 4.2 microg m(-2) year (-1), resulting in an estimated total deposition of 10.1 microg m(-2) year(-1) for Hg. On one sampling date, enhanced HgP (12 pg m(-3)) was observed due to emissions from a wildfire approximately 250 km to the east.     

Actual distribution of Cronobacter spp. in industrial batches of powdered infant formula and consequences for performance of sampling strategies

The actual spatial distribution of microorganisms within a batch of food influences the results of sampling for microbiological testing when this distribution is non-homogeneous. In the case of pathogens being non-homogeneously distributed, it markedly influences public health risk. This study investigated the spatial distribution of Cronobacter spp. in powdered infant formula (PIF) on industrial batch-scale for both a recalled batch as well a reference batch. Additionally, local spatial occurrence of clusters of Cronobacter cells was assessed, as well as the performance of typical sampling strategies to determine the presence of the microorganisms. The concentration of Cronobacter spp. was assessed in the course of the filling time of each batch, by taking samples of 333 g using the most probable number (MPN) enrichment technique. The occurrence of clusters of Cronobacter spp. cells was investigated by plate counting.From the recalled batch, 415 MPN samples were drawn. The expected heterogeneous distribution of Cronobacter spp. could be quantified from these samples, which showed no detectable level (detection limit of −2.52 log CFU/g) in 58% of samples, whilst in the remainder concentrations were found to be between −2.52 and 2.75 log CFU/g. The estimated average concentration in the recalled batch was −2.78 log CFU/g and a standard deviation of 1.10 log CFU/g. The estimated average concentration in the reference batch was −4.41 log CFU/g, with 99% of the 93 samples being below the detection limit. In the recalled batch, clusters of cells occurred sporadically in 8 out of 2290 samples of 1 g taken. The two largest clusters contained 123 (2.09 log CFU/g) and 560 (2.75 log CFU/g) cells. Various sampling strategies were evaluated for the recalled batch. Taking more and smaller samples and keeping the total sampling weight constant, considerably improved the performance of the sampling plans to detect such a type of contaminated batch. Compared to random sampling, stratified random sampling improved the probability to detect the heterogeneous contamination.     

Evaluation of spatial variability of soil arsenic adjacent to a disused cattle-dip site, using model-based geostatistics

This study investigated the spatial variability of total and phosphate-extractable arsenic (As) concentrations in soil adjacent to a cattle-dip site, employing a linear mixed model-based geostatistical approach. The soil samples in the study area (n = 102 in 8.1 m(2)) were taken at the nodes of a 0.30 × 0.35 m grid. The results showed that total As concentration (0-0.2 m depth) and phosphate-extractable As concentration (at depths of 0-0.2, 0.2-0.4, and 0.4-0.6 m) in soil adjacent to the dip varied greatly. Both total and phosphate-extractable soil As concentrations significantly (p = 0.004-0.048) increased toward the cattle-dip. Using the linear mixed model, we suggest that 5 samples are sufficient to assess a dip site for soil (As) contamination (95% confidence interval of ±475.9 mg kg(-1)), but 15 samples (95% confidence interval of ±212.3 mg kg(-1)) is desirable baseline when the ultimate goal is to evaluate the effects of phytoremediation. Such guidelines on sampling requirements are crucial for the assessment of As contamination levels at other cattle-dip sites, and to determine the effect of phytoremediation on soil As.     

Comparison of pulsed NMR and ultrasonic velocity techniques for determining solid fat contents

An ultrasonic velocity technique has been compared with pulsed NMR'weight' and 'direct' methods of determining solid fat contents (SFC). Measurements were made at 18°C using samples 0–20% of rapidly cooled tristearin in paraffin oil, tristearin in sunflower oil and tripalmitin in paraffin oil. Correlations between the amount of triglyceride added and the SFC predicted by each of the techniques were always better than 0.995 ( n ± 13). The precisions of the ultrasonic technique (0.2%) and the weight method (0.3%) were significantly better than that of the direct method (0.7%). The ultrasonic technique may therefore offer a suitable alternative or adjunct to the established pulsed NMR technique for SFC determinations; it has considerably lower capital cost and a faster sampling rate.     

Atmospheric transport of toxaphene from the southern United States to the Great Lakes Region

Toxaphene was used extensively as an insecticide on cotton in the southern United States until its use was restricted in 1982. Toxaphene has been found in the water and fishes from the Great Lakes, and several authors have qualitatively linked this observation to atmospheric transport from the southern United States, although no detailed field study has been done to confirm this suggestion. We implemented a sampling network to measure the gas-phase concentrations of toxaphene near Lake Michigan at Sleeping Bear Dunes, MI; Bloomington, IN; Lubbock, TX; and Rohwer, AR. The toxaphene concentrations referenced to 288 K were 11 +/- 1, 25 +/- 1, 160 +/- 3, and 950 +/- 30 pg/ m3, respectively. We combined these concentration data with a nonparametric, backward trajectory, multiple regression model of the following form: ln(P) = a0 + a1/T + a2theta where P is the partial pressure of toxaphene (in atm) in a given sample, T is the atmospheric temperature at the sampling site during sampling (in degrees Kelvin), and theta is 0 if the backward trajectory comes from the north and 1 if the trajectory comes from the south. The parameters of this model were generally significant, giving a temperature coefficient (a1) corresponding to 45 +/- 8 kJ/mol and a positive directional coefficient (a2) of 0.6 +/- 0.2 (except for Texas, which was not significant). The positive sign and magnitude of the directional coefficient indicates that the sources of toxaphene are located south of the sampling sites. We also compared the chemical behavior of toxaphene in the atmosphere and found that the congener ratios were similar at the different sampling sites but slightly different from various toxaphene standards.     

Determination of macro and trace element in multivitamins preparations by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry with slurry sample introduction

A slurry sampling technique has been utilised for elemental analysis of multivitamins preparations using inductively coupled plasma-emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). For results comparison, samples were mineralised. Slurry concentration 0.1–0.2% m/v in 6% v/v HNO₃, was used. The calibration by water standard solutions, slurry standards and standard additions were tested for determination above-mentioned elements in slurries. The method offers good precision for macro elements (RSD ranged from 5% to 10%). For in-home control sample, the measured concentrations are in satisfactory agreement with independent laboratories. For the analysed multivitamin preparations, the found element concentration is compared to amount declared by producer. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Cr, Ni, V were determined in the range 1000–100,000 and 5–50 μg g⁻¹, respectively. The slurry ICP-OES analysis was found to be suitable for quality control monitoring of multivitamin preparations and could be useful as a routine procedure.     

PCBs and selected organochlorine compounds in Italian mountain air: the influence of altitude and forest ecosystem type

Passive air samplers (polyurethane foam disks) were deployed on an altitudinal transect in the rural Italian Alps to investigate the potential influence of forest cover on air concentrations. Samplers were exposed overtwo periods, each of several weeks, either in clearings or in forests. In the first period, there was high leaf coverage (high leaf area index, LAI); in the second, the LAI was low after the autumnal leaf fall. PCBs sequestered in the PUF generally declined with altitude, for example, in the clearings PCBs-28, 52, 90/101, 118, and 138, all showed statistically significant declines (p < 0.05). The mass of HCB sequestered increased with altitude, evidence of cold condensation. Ratios of the forest:clearing concentrations were calculated; this ratio expresses the filtering ability of forests to deplete air concentrations compared to the adjacent clearings. During the high LAI sampling period, these depletion factors ranged between 0.93 and 0.54 and were inversely correlated with temperature-corrected log K0A. This relationship was notobserved during the low LAI sampling period. The depletion factors were normalized using the LAI to give a density independent depletion factor (DIDF). The slopes of the correlations with K0A were comparable for broadleaf or coniferous forests at different altitudes, suggesting that leaf surfaces determine the exchanges with air. Broadleaf forests at 1000 and 1400 m showed similar behavior, while a conifer forest at 1800 m gave depletion factors which were higher by about a factor of 2. It is suggested that DIDF can be used in regional environmental fate models to estimate the contribution of forests to contaminant fate.     

Oxidation of gaseous elemental mercury to gaseous divalent mercury during 2003 polar sunrise at Ny-Alesund

The springtime phenomenon, termed as the mercury depletion event (MDE), during which elemental gaseous mercury (Hg0) may be converted to a reactive form that accumulates in polar ecosystems, first noted in the Arctic, has now been observed at both poles and results in an important removal pathway for atmospheric mercury. An intensive international springtime mercury experiment was performed at Ny-Alesund, Spitsbergen, from 19 April to 13 May 2003 to study the atmospheric mercury chemistry in the Arctic environment and, in particular, the MDEs which occurred in the arctic boundary layer after polar sunrise. Automated ambient measurements of Hg0, divalent reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) and fine particulate mercury (<2.5 microm) (Hg(p)) were made at the Zeppelin Mountain Station (ZMS). During the experiment mercury concentrations in the lower atmosphere varied in synchrony with ozone levels throughout the Spring. Hg0 concentrations ranged from background levels (approximately 1.6 ng m(-3)) to undetectable values (<0.1 ng m(-3)) during the first and major MDE, while RGM data showed an opposite trend during the sampling period with concentrations increasing dramatically to a peak of 230 pg m(-3), synchronous with the depletion of Hg0. The results of a meteorological transport analysis indicate the MDEs observed at ZMS were primarily due to air masses being transported in from open water areas in the Arctic Ocean that were already depleted of Hg0 when they arrived and not due to in-situ oxidation mechanisms.