中国林木生物质能源发展潜力研究(2)

本文通过对中国部分地区林木生物质资源的实地调查研究,结合国内外生物质能源开发利用技术和国内能源需求的现状,通过分析评价中国现有180多亿t林木生物质资源总量、8亿～10亿t可获得量和3亿t可作为能源的利用量,阐述了大力发展林木生物质能源必要性和可行性,预测了林木生物质能源替代化石能源的发展潜力和价值。通过正常的抚育间伐、灌木平茬复壮和大力发展能源林等措施,到2020年,全国可利用林木质资源将突破10亿t,年仅消耗6000万t林木质用于直燃发电,就可实现装机容量1000万kW以上的目标。     

中国林木生物质能源发展潜力研究(1)

本文通过对中国部分地区林木生物质资源的实地调查研究,结合国内外生物质能源开发利用技术和国内能源需求的现状,通过分析评价中国现有180多亿t林木生物质资源总量、8～10亿t可获得量和3亿t可作为能源的利用量,阐述了大力发展林木生物质能源必要性和可行性,预测了林木生物质能源替代化石能源的发展潜力和价值。通过正常的抚育间伐、灌木平茬复壮和大力发展能源林等措施,到2020年,全国可利用林木质资源将突破10亿t,年仅消耗6000万t林木质用于直燃发电,就可实现装机容量1000万kW以上的目标。     

Challenges of rapid economic growth in China: Reconciling sustainable energy use,environmental stewardship and social development

China aims at quadrupling per-capita GDP by 2020 compared to the year 2000. Without any energy and environmental policy measures, this tremendous economic growth would be associated with a quadrupling of primary energy consumption up to 6.3 billion tons of standard coal equivalents (sce) and energy-related CO₂-emissions of 13.9 billion tons Against this background, this paper is to set China's need to implement its sustainable development strategy into the quantitative context of the countries economic development and subsequent economic growth-related environmental problems. China is urgently searching for a way to ease the negative implications of economic growth and has committed itself to achieve a level of 3.0 billion ton sce primary energy consumption in 2020. As a consequence, the macro-economic energy intensity has to be reduced by 53% by 2020. A reduction of 53% by 2020 would lead to an energy intensity level 30% points below the year-2000 level of developed countries. As for natural resources, the expected economic growth will lead to an increase of crude oil net-imports up to 455 million ton sce in 2020 and 650 million ton sce in 2030. As for regional income distribution, economic growth helped to decrease existing inequities.     

Bioenergy potential of agricultural and forest residues in Uganda

Biomass is the major source of energy in most developing countries. However, there are concerns about the sustainability of biomass supplies and the environmental impacts resulting from their use. Use of residues could contribute to ensuring sustainable supply of biomass energy. This study presents findings of an evaluation of the energy potential of agricultural and forest residues in Uganda using census data of the year 2008/2009. Annual productions of crop and forest residues were estimated using residue-to-product ratio (RPR) method. Energy potential of each residue class was then determined basing on their respective lower heating values. The biogas generation potential of each animal category was used to evaluate the energy potential of animal manure. Results showed that the total energy potential of the residues amount to 260 PJ y⁻¹, which is about 70% of gross biomass energy requirement of Uganda for the year 2008. Crop residues had the highest contribution of about 150 PJ y⁻¹, followed by animal residues with a potential of 65 PJ y⁻¹. Maize residue is the predominant crop residue with energy potential of 65 PJ y⁻¹ followed by beans and banana, each at 16 PJ y⁻¹. This study indicates that agricultural and forest residues can be a major renewable energy source for Uganda. When sustainably utilised, biomass residues could contribute to reduction in environmental degradation in the country.     

An assessment of biomass residue sustainably available for thermochemical conversion to energy in Zimbabwe

The objective of this study was to explore the magnitude of Zimbabwe's biomass resources available for energy production using thermochemical conversion route. This involved estimation biomass from crops, forestry, livestock and Municipal Solid Residues (MSR). A model for estimating biomass energy potential was developed in Microsoft Excel. The crop and forestry production and livestock data used as a basis of calculations was obtained from FAOSTAT. The biomass residues available for energy production were calculated from residues produced considering economic and environmental concerns associated with the removal of crop residues from land and current residue uses. The energy content was obtained by multiplying the available biomass by specific biomass energy content.The total biomass energy was estimated at an annual average of 413.2 PJ but only 279.5 PJ (23.8% crops, 17.8% crop residues, 45.2% forestry resources, 12.2% livestock residue and 1.0% MSR) is sustainably available. Of this energy 189.3 PJ (26.3% from crop residue, 47.9% from woodfuel, 6.4% from forestry residue, 18.0% from livestock residue and 1.5% from MSR) can be used for energy production without competing for resources with food/feed production and other biomass applications. This can meet approximately 48% of the current energy consumption.     

Supply assessment of forest biomass – A bottom-up approach for Sweden

As there is increasing interest in the use of biomass for energy in Sweden, the potential availability and harvesting costs of forest roundwood, harvesting residues and stumps were estimated up to the year 2069 in 10-year intervals, using a high spatial resolution GIS. In each individual forest area, an average harvesting cost per forest assortment was estimated, based on the geographic and other properties of the area. Using cost structure and resource availability, marginal cost curves were constructed to allow analyses of the effects of changing market conditions and different policy frameworks. Based on geographically explicit data, the results indicated that the average harvesting costs would be 21–24 € m⁻³ for roundwood, depending on the type of harvesting and extraction operation. The corresponding cost estimate for harvesting residues was 23–25 € m⁻³ and 35 € m⁻³ for stumps. The harvesting cost estimates lie on the steeper part of the marginal cost curve, suggesting that increases in the supply of woody biomass can only occur at significantly higher harvesting costs. From a policy perspective, this suggests that subsidies aimed at reducing the harvesting costs will only have limited success in increasing the harvested volumes, given current technology. Therefore, for future development in the supply of forest assortments for energy generation, it is important to consider not only the supply potential, but also the integration of improvements in harvesting and transportation systems.     

Improvement of biodiesel’s policy in Thailand

Thailand’s economy is growing rapidly as seen in terms of GDP; according to Thailand is a developing country. So, in industrial sector and logistics are high cost. Around 36% of diesel is spent on the transportation sector, and the amount of oil imported is going up. The Thai government had launched a master plan to increase the stability of the energy situation.

This paper studied the biodiesel policy in Thailand. Although the Thai government had launched a plan 8 years back, the plan could not meet its expected target. The policy was then extended to a 15-year plan. The goal is changed, using more biodiesel: 492.75 million liters in 2008 compared with 1642.5 million liters in 2022. The problems are politics, lack of raw materials, standard of specifications, no clear subsidized policy, and farmers’ lack technology.     

Bio-diesel: Initiatives,potential and prospects in Thailand: A review

Thailand experiences a great economic and industrial development and is the second largest energy consumer in South East Asia. Being a net oil importer, Thai government has declared a renewable energy development programme in order to secure sustainable development and energy security. Thailand spends more than 10% of GDP for energy imports and transport sector accounts for 36% of total final energy consumption of which 50% is diesel. Diesel marks a huge impact on Thai economy. Thai government's bio-diesel development strategy is to replace 10% of petro-diesel in transport sector by bio-diesel by 2012. The plan is to increase the use of bio-diesel from 365 million liters in 2007 to 3100 million liters by 2012. This paper reviews the current status and potential of bio-diesel in Thailand and investigates and discusses the qualities and weaknesses of the proposed road-map. The proposed road-map definitely gives immediate solution for soaring oil prices, but the long-term economic, environmental and social impacts need to be examined.     

A review of hydrogen production via biomass gasification and its prospect in Bangladesh

Hydrogen has been using as one of the green fuel along with conventional fossil fuels which has enormous prospect. A new dimension of hydrogen energy technology can reduce the dependency on non-renewable energy sources due to the rapid depletion of fossil fuels. Hydrogen production via Biomass (Municipal solid waste, Agricultural waste and forest residue) gasification is one of the promising and economic technologies. The study highlights the hydrogen production potential from biomass through gasification technology and review the parameters effect of hydrogen production such as temperature, pressure, biomass and agent ratio, equivalence ratios, bed material, gasifying agents and catalysts effect. The study also covers the all associated steps of hydrogen separation and purification, WGS reaction, cleaning and drying, membrane separation and pressure swing adsorption (PSA). To meet the huge and rising energy demand, many countries made a multidimensional power development plan by adding different renewable, nuclear and fossil fuel sources. A large amount of biomass (total biomass production in Bangladesh is 47.71 million ton coal equivalent where 37.16, 3.49 and 7.04 MTCE are agricultural, MSW and forest residue based biomass respectively by 2016) is produced from daily uses by a big number of populations in a country. It also includes total feature of biomass gasification plant in Bangladesh.     

Potential of biomass residues for energy production and utilization in a region of Portugal

This article concentrates on the evaluation of the potential of biomass residues, both forest and agricultural residues, for energy production and utilization in a region of Portugal (Marvão). Marvão has been identified as an excellent region for the installation of small-scale biomass plants for heating purposes given the relatively high potential of biomass residues that it presents. The assessment of the potential of the biomass residues was carried out using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) database and statistical analysis. It was concluded that the annual biomass residues potential for Marvão is about 10,600 tonnes, which corresponds to an energy production potential of about 106,000 GJ per annum. In addition, to illustrate the potential of biomass residues for energy utilization in the region of Marvão, the heating system of a hotel located in Marvão village has been analyzed as a case study. It was concluded that the conversion of the existing fossil fuel-based heating system to a biomass-based system would have economical and environmental advantages for local investors.     

广东省生物质发电应用的影响因素分析

中国农林生物质发电装机已超过“十三五”规划的目标,但华南地区如广东省的生物质发电装机只占全国的3.2%,发展相对落后,生物质发电利用存在区域发展不平衡的问题。本文采用德尔菲法、多标准技术筛选模型及生物质发电项目财务分析模型,以广东省为例,分析其生物质发电应用的主要影响因素并提出建议。分析结果表明,广东省生物质总资源量为3 300万t,发电潜力为1 196亿kW?h,而其中的经济潜力为174亿kW?h,全省生物质发电实际利用量仅占经济潜力的17.6%,生物质发电利用仍有巨大的发展空间。大规模的生物质发电项目的原料需求量大,收集半径过大,原料价格及收集与运输成本过高,导致发电成本超过0.8元/(kW?h),大于0.75元/(kW?h)的生物质标杆电价,致使项目折现投资回收期超过30年,内部收益率不足1%,项目财务负担过重,严重制约了生物质发电利用的发展;研究引入企业所得税收优惠以及原料处理费补贴,发现项目财务主要指标均得到显著改善。建议开发前期对周边原料市场进行调研考察,将原料种类多样化并根据气候和物流特点制定详细的原料收集规划,新建生物质电厂应控制装机规模在30 MW以内,使得原料收集范围在300 km以内,以控制原料收集与运输成本;完善税收优惠政策,政策应涵盖更多的生物质原料种类,使电厂能享受相应优惠;建立原料处理费补贴机制,以原料中生物质废物垃圾比例为指标发放补贴,实现外部环境成本内部化,提高环保效益,促进广东省生物质能利用的发展。     

中国第二代生物燃料资源发展潜力分析

该文通过对中国纤维素资源进行分析,评价未来我国第二代生物燃料的发展潜力,为国家政策决策提供依据。通过对我国农作物秸秆、林业生产剩余物、灌木林等资源产量、利用现状等进行分析,得到中国现有第二代生物燃料资源量为3.42亿t,可生产纤维素乙醇5180万t;此外,尚有未利用土地资源约为6020.56万hm2,可用于柳枝稷、芒属植物、柳属植物等新型能源作物种植,中国第二代生物燃料的发展潜力巨大。     

Assessing the potentials of agricultural residues for energy: What the CDM experience of India tells us about their availability

The potential of agricultural residues has been assessed worldwide and at different scales. Interpreting results so as to determine the possible role of this biomass feedstock in energy supplies, requires a clearer understanding of the conditions in which residues can effectively be mobilized for energy production. The experience of India with hundreds of projects where agricultural residues are transformed to heat and power partially sold to the grid, is analyzed and checked against the residue potentials that have been assessed in this country. We find that, in the absence of technological improvements in biomass conversion, the apparent success of Indian bioenergy projects is not sustainable in the long run due to rapid exhaustion effects on residue availability, coupled with the increasing costs that would be difficult to compensate by higher electricity tariffs. We also identify there is a serious agricultural issue which needs to be addressed in regard to degraded soils; this could lead to the reallocation of all primary residues, as well as part of secondary residues to soil and livestock needs. Such perspectives are considered within three contrasted scenario storylines.     

Assessment of the availability of agricultural and forest residues for bioenergy production in Romania

This paper provides a resource-based assessment of availability of biomass resources for energy production in Romania, at NUTS-3 level. The estimation of available biomass includes the residues generated from crop production, pruning of vineyards and orchards, forestry operations and wood processing. The estimation of crop residue availability considers several site-specific factors such as crop yields, multi-annual yield variation, environmental constraints and competitive uses. The evaluation of agricultural residues was based on specific residue to product ratios, depending on crop type and crop yield. An estimate of pruning residues is proposed, based on current orchard and vineyard areas and specific ratios of residues. Woody biomass considers forest and forestry residues (including firewood) and wood processing by-products, taking into account the type and share of the unused part of the tree biomass and technical and economic aspects, including availability and competitive use. The amount of agricultural and forest residues available for bioenergy in Romania was estimated at 228.1 PJ on average, of which 137.1 PJ was from annual crop residues, 17.3 PJ residues from permanent crops and 73.7 PJ/year from forestry residues, firewood and wood processing by-products. The biomass availability shows large annual and spatial variations, between 135.6 and 320.0 PJ, due to the variation in crop production and forestry operations. This variation, which is even larger at the NUTS-3 level, if not properly considered may result in shortages in biomass supply in some years, when biomass is available in a lower amount than the average.     

The impact of financial development on energy consumption in emerging economies

Financial development is often cited as a very important driver of economic growth in emerging economies and it is thus likely that financial development affects energy demand. This study uses generalized method of moments estimation techniques to examine the impact of financial development on energy consumption in a sample of emerging countries. Several different measures of financial development are examined. Using a panel data set on 22 emerging countries covering the period 1990–2006, the empirical results show a positive and statistically significant relationship between financial development and energy consumption when financial development is measured using stock market variables like stock market capitalization to GDP, stock market value traded to GDP, and stock market turnover. The implications of these results for energy policy are discussed.     

Conceptual net energy output for biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass through biorefining

There is a lack of comprehensive information in the retrievable literature on pilot scale process and energy data using promising process technologies and commercially scalable and available capital equipment for lignocellulosic biomass biorefining. This study conducted a comprehensive review of the energy efficiency of selected sugar platform biorefinery process concepts for biofuel production from lignocelluloses. The process data from approximately a dozen studies that represent state-of-the-art in cellulosic biofuel production concepts, along with literature energy input data for agriculture operations, were analyzed to provide estimates of net energy production. It was found that proper allocation of energy input for fertilizer and pesticides to lignocellulosic biomass and major agriculture or forestry products, such as corn and lumber in corn farming and lumber plantations, respectively, were critical. The significant discrepancies in literature data suggest studies are needed to determine energy inputs for fuel in farming and farm machinery. Increasing solids loading in pretreatment to at least 25% is critical to reducing energy input in a biorefinery. Post thermo-chemical pretreatment size reduction approach should be adopted for energy efficient woody biomass processing. When appropriate pretreatment technologies are used, woody biomass can be processed as efficiently as herbaceous biomass and agricultural residues. Net energy output for cellulosic ethanol was estimated to range approximately from −500–2000 MJ/ton biomass (HHV base); indicating that the energy input/output ratio is approximately 1:1 for cellulosic ethanol. However, net energy can reach approximately 4000–7000 MJ/ton of biomass when energy from lignin is included.     

Quantification and use of forest biomass residues in Maputo province, Mozambique

This article describes a study on the quantification and use of forest biomass residues in Maputo province, in Mozambique. The study was performed based on information from the thematic cartography of soils of Maputo province, provided by the National Direction of Forest and Land of Mozambique, and data for the forest growth rates available in the literature. It was estimated that the total production of forest biomass residues in Maputo province is 1,233,412 ton/year, with a corresponding energy potential of 17,267,771 GJ/year. As a way of making the forest biomass residues profitable, the present work proposes the use of part of the residues as fuel in new power plants to be build in Maputo province. In this part of the study aiming at implanting power plants in Maputo province, it was taken into account the risk of forest fires, number of existing consumers of forest residues, residues availability, protected forests, transport infrastructures and existence of national electric network. It was found that the districts of Magude and Moamba are those that have the best conditions to receive the new biomass power plants. Factors such as the cost of the technology and the degree of pre-treatment of the forest residues have been taken into consideration in choosing the combustion technology for the proposed power plants. In this context, the grate burning technology appears to be the most advantageous from costs/benefits viewpoint. The proposed power plants can produce about 236,520 MWh, which is equivalent to 32% of the energy consumed in Maputo province in 2004.     

Agricultural waste resources and biogas energy potential in rural areas of Lao PDR

Lao PDR lacks of conventional energy resources, such as oil and natural gas, and 100% of fossil fuels are imported from abroad. Fossil fuel consumption in Lao PDR in 2010 was about 561 million liters and rapidly increased to 716 million liters by 2015. However, Lao PDR has a high potential for renewable energy, especially from hydropower, agricultural wastes, and livestock wastes, in which agricultural and livestock annually produced a large amount of agricultural residues as a favorable renewable energy sources. In 2016, productivity crops were estimated for 24,608,840 ton and these products amount can be generated annual agricultural residues for 12,525,000 ton, which can be estimated to total of energy potential was 197,840 GJ or 55,001 GWh. The majority of livestock in country are buffaloes, cattle, swine, and poultry; large amount of livestock manure produced from each region and can be feedstock as substrate for biogas digester, which these amounts were estimated about 1,583,740 kg TS/day, and equivalent to 439,917 m3/day of biogas production or 658,376 kWh/day of energy generation. Therefore, objective of this paper is unique to promote and research development the agroforestry residues and livestock wastes as renewable energy resources, and its energy potential for biofuel production, including, biodiesel, bioethanol and biogas in each region of Laos.     

Analysis of biomass residues potential for electrical energy generation in Albania

This paper presents the status of research of biomass potential for producing electrical energy in Albania. Biomass potential can be generated by different sources. Three types of biomass energy sources are included: dedicated bioenergy crops, agricultural and forestry residues and waste. The technical electrical energy considered in this study was calculated with two converting techniques: (1) combustion of the feedstock directly in an incinerator and then driving a steam generator for producing electrical energy and (2) production of biogas from an anaerobic digester and running a turbine for electrical energy generation. Analysis of the potential biomass resource quantity was computed according to statistical reports, literature review and personal investigations. From the biomass residue potential was calculated in terms of the theoretical energy content (total heating value) of every type of feedstock and the technical energy content for every Albanian prefecture according to different burning processes and different operation efficiencies. Results show that Albania was producing around of 4.8 million tons of dry biomass in year 2005. The theoretical energy content of biomass in Albania was 11.6 million MWh/a, and the technical electrical energy production was 3 million MWh/a. The electrical energy produced is equivalent to 45.8% of total Albania Country annual electrical consumption. In Albania Country, residues from agriculture, forest and urban waste represent a large biomass potential. By actual conversion techniques it is possible to generate one third of the theoretical heat energy into technical electrical energy. The use of heat from cogeneration plants depends on local heat provision conditions. It is another big energy potential but excluded in this study, so the rest of energy is considered as heat losses.