住宅产业化将引领未来建筑业的发展

住宅产业化是国家住宅发展政策支持的方向,符合国家产业政策住宅产业化是以住宅市场需求为导向,以建材、轻工等行业为依托,以人才科技为手段,通过将住宅生产全过程的设计、构配件生产、施工建造、销售和售后服务等环节连接为一个完整的产业系统,从而实现住宅产供销一体化的生产经营组织形式,通过工业化方式生产住宅,以提高效率,降低成本。     

探讨可持续发展“生态住宅”的建筑设计

我国的城市住宅经过多年的发展,迅速跨越了以区位优势为主导的第一代住宅和以项目基本配套为主要卖点的第二代住宅两个重要阶段,目前处于以环境为主要卖点的第三代住宅阶段。而以生态住宅作为第四代住宅的类型,代表了一种社会进步和人类文明的重要标志。生态住宅又称绿色住宅、可持续发展住宅。绿色住宅是遵循节能、节水、低污染、优质的环境、可持续发展的原则。本文结合湖南株洲蓝盾二期的居住小区工程设计,对生态住宅建筑设计进行了阐述,可为设计者提供参考。     

老住宅的利用改造

以太原市市区北部老住宅的改建为例,对当前老住宅的现状进行了介绍,分析了老住宅与现代住宅居住需求差距较大的原因,提出了老住宅内部空间改造的方法,以满足居民的生活需求。     

突破现状 寻求长远发展——住宅性能认定制度的发展现状、问题及趋势浅析

正住宅性能认定制度以国家标准为依据,以全面评定住宅的适用、环境、经济、安全、耐久五大性能为抓手,以保障消费者权益和引导住房理性消费为特色,以鼓励开发商提高住宅性能为目的,以推进我国住宅产业现代化为根本目标,是推进我国住宅产业现代化和提高我国住宅性能品质的重要保障。住宅性能认定制定     

浅谈生态住宅

从舒适、健康、高效和美观四方面探讨了生态住宅的核心思想,介绍了生态住宅的设计原则,分析了生态住宅的技术策略,指出生态住宅是以降低能耗为目的,以遵循自然、回归自然为理念,最终创造出适合人类的住宅。     

低碳住宅社区规划设计控制性指标体系研究

以住宅社区为研究对象,以建设低碳住宅社区为目的,从规划设计这个源头入手,提出低碳住宅社区规划设计控制指标体系,进而制定低碳住宅社区建设政策、措施和策略,推动低碳城市建设。     

关于提高住宅建筑结构耐久性的思考

目前钢筋混凝土结构被广泛应用于住宅建筑,住宅建筑结构质量安全事关群众切身利益,事关社会经济发展大局,文章以住宅建筑结构耐久性为研究对象,分析钢筋混凝土结构破坏机理和影响住宅建筑结构耐久性因素,并提出提高住宅建筑结构耐久性的相关措施和建议,以供住宅建筑工程建设、勘察、设计、施工和管理部门参考。     

浅议住宅建筑节能设计

以住宅建筑节能设计为主题,讨论住宅建筑节能措施,分析住宅建筑节能的经济效益.     

KSI住宅可长久性居住的技术与研发

1KSI住宅的研发概要1973年开始的"公团型SI住宅"(以下简称KSI住宅)研发是以KEP(Kodan Experimental Housing Project,即公团试验住宅项目)住宅研发项目为开端的,以主体内部尺寸模数为基础,针对解决内装与设备的部品化课题进行的系列化技术研发与实践。在此基础上,政府借鉴KEP住宅研发项目的主要成果,在全日本大力推行CHS住宅(百年住宅体系)。之后,     

21世纪住宅观念的契合点—木制住宅的悄然兴起

本文以木结构住宅的优点出发,以木结构住宅与现有建筑建造形式比较为主线,结合笔者所在公司实践,扼要表述了木结构住宅将成为21世纪住宅观念契合点,并必将在国内悄然流行的原因。     

经济转轨背景下城市设计的演变历程和规律探讨

我国经济体制的转轨和建设机制的转型引发了城市设计的演变,促使城市设计在认识论层次上从思想理念向社会实践、从产品主导向过程主导演变,在方法论层次上从指令性控制向弹性引导、从“家长式”管理向制度化管理演变,在价值论层次上从粗放生产向有机生长、从技术工具向价值倡导演变。从总体上说,在经济转轨背景下,我国城市设计呈现从静态到动态、从工具理性到价值理性的演变规律。     

Detection of virulence genes in Escherichia coli of an existing metabolic fingerprint database to predict the sources of pathogenic E. coli in surface waters

A collection of 366 Escherichia coli strains from 10 host groups and surface waters were tested for the presence of 15 virulence genes associated with strains causing intestinal and extra-intestinal infections. The virulence genes included eaeA, VT1, 2 and 2e, LT1, ST1 and 2, Einv gene, EAgg gene, CNF1 and 2, papC, O111 and O157 side chain LPS. Of the 262 strains obtained from nine different hosts, 39 (15%) carried one or more of these virulence genes. These included six strains from humans, two from horses, eight from dogs, two from ducks, five from cattle, seven from chickens, four from pigs, two from sheep and three from deer. Of the remaining 104 strains obtained from water samples, 10 (10%) also carried one or more of the tested virulence genes. Of these, six had identical biochemical phenotypes (BPTs) to strains isolated from humans (two strains), dogs (two strains), chickens (one strain) and sheep (one strain) with 4 BPTs also carrying same virulence genes. Our results indicate that the sources of clinically important E. coli strains found in surface waters due to faecal contamination can be predicted by using a combination of biochemical fingerprinting method and the detection of virulence genes. From the public health point of view this information will be of great importance for evaluating the risk associated with public use of the catchment.     

浅谈古建筑翼角的演变

从一些唐、宋、元时期遗留下来的建筑的翼角进行研究和分析，可以摸索出角梁、翼角椽子和翼角飞椽一个长期发展演变的过程。通过长期研究分析，最终得出古建筑翼角是经历了由直线向曲线，由冲出翘起平缓，到逐渐陡峭，构造由简单到复杂，由不完善到比较完善这样一个逐渐发展演变的历史进程。     

Chemical characterization of pyrolysis liquids of wood-based composites and evaluation of their bio-efficiency

Pyrolysis of wood and wood-based wastes is considered to be one of the promising methods of supplying charcoal as solid material and liquids containing a number of valuable chemicals. In this study, we characterized the chemical components in the liquids from pyrolysis of solid wood and wood-based composites such as particleboard, plywood and medium density fiberboard (MDF) with phenol or urea-type adhesive. In addition, the effectiveness of the liquids to control fungal growth in vitro was examined with consideration of the bio-active components included in the liquids. Results showed that the chemical composition of the liquids obtained from solid wood were greatly different from those obtained from the composites. Fungicidal tests showed a significant difference in the effectiveness of controlling fungi between solid wood and the composites and the liquids from the composites revealed higher effectiveness against the fungi tested.     

Effect of gas empty bed contact time on performances of various types of rotating drum biofilters for removal of VOCs

The effects of gas empty bed contact time (EBCT), biofilter configuration, and types of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were evaluated to assess the performance of rotating drum biofilters (RDBs), especially at low EBCT values. Three types of pilot-scale RDBs, a single-layer RDB, a multi-layer RDB, and a hybrid RDB, were examined at various gas EBCTs but at a constant VOC loading rate. Diethyl ether, toluene, and hexane were used separately as model VOC. When EBCT increased from 5.0 to 60s at a constant VOC loading rate of 2.0kgCOD/(m(3)day), ether removal efficiency increased from 73.1% to 97.6%, from 81.6% to 99.9%, and from 84.0% to 99.9% for the single-layer RDB, the multi-layer RDB, and the hybrid RDB, respectively, and toluene removal efficiency increased from 76.4% to 99.9% and from 84.8% to 99.9% for the multi-layer RDB and the hybrid RDB, respectively. When hexane was used as the model VOC at a constant loading rate of 0.25kgCOD/(m(3)day), hexane removal efficiency increased from 31.1% to 57.0% and from 29.5% to 50.0% for the multi-layer RDB and hybrid RDB, respectively. The single-layer, multi-layer, and hybrid RDBs exhibited, respectively, the lowest, middle, and highest removal efficiencies, when operated under similar operational loading conditions. Hexane exhibited the lowest removal efficiency, while diethyl ether displayed the highest removal efficiency. The data collected at the various EBCT values correlated reasonably well with a saturation model. The sensitivity of removal efficiency to EBCT varied significantly with EBCT values, VOC properties, and biofilter configurations. Process selection and design for RDB processes should consider these factors.     

地下建筑湿负荷计算

从地下建筑围护结构散湿、人体散湿、自由水面散湿、人为散湿、外部空气带湿五个方面介绍了地下建筑物内湿负荷的主要来源和计算方法。     

Evaluation of the use of human hair for biomonitoring the deficiency of essential and exposure to toxic elements

Monitoring the nutritional status of essential elements and assessing exposure of individuals to toxic elements is of great importance for human health. Thus, the appropriate selection and measurement of biomarkers of internal dose is of critical importance. Due to their many advantages, hair samples have been widely used to assess human exposure to different contaminants. However, the validity of this biomarker in evaluating the level of trace elements in the human body is debatable. In the present study, we evaluated the relationship between levels of trace elements in hair and whole blood or plasma in a Brazilian population. Hair, blood and plasma were collected from 280 adult volunteers for metal determination. An ICP-MS was used for sample analysis. Manganese, copper, lead and strontium levels in blood varied from 5.1 to 14.7, from 494.8 to 2383.8, from 5.9 to 330.1 and from 11.6 to 87.3 microg/L, respectively. Corresponding levels in hair varied from 0.05 to 6.71, from 0.02 to 37.59, from 0.02 to 30.63 and from 0.9 to 12.6 microg/g. Trace element levels in plasma varied from 0.07 to 8.62, from 118.2 to 1577.7 and from 2.31 to 34.2 microg/L for Mn, Cu and Sr, respectively. There was a weak correlation (r=0.22, p<0.001) between lead levels in hair and blood. Moreover, copper and strontium levels in blood correlate with those levels in plasma (r=0.64 , p<0.001 for Cu) and (r=0.22, p<0.05 for Sr). However, for Cu, Mn and Sr there was no correlation between levels in hair and blood. Our findings suggest that while the idea of measuring trace elements in hair is attractive, hair is not an appropriate biomarker for evaluating Cu, Mn and Sr deficiency or Pb exposure.     

污水源热泵制热模型及外在参数影响

分别建立了污水源热泵四大部件(蒸发器、压缩机、冷凝器、膨胀阀)模型,并进行耦合。采用MATLAB软件进行编程模拟,分别计算了污垢热阻、污水流量、污水进口温度变化对热泵冬季制热性能的影响。结果显示:当污垢热阻在0~1(m2·K)/kW范围内变化,系统制热量由353kW降低到301kW,降低了14.8%;当污水入口温度由8℃升高到20℃时,系统制热量由320kW升高到423kW,升高了32.1%;当污水流量由10kg/s升到20kg/s时,系统制热量由339kW增加到364kW等。过程中热泵COP在3.6~4.8范围内变化,说明污水源热泵具有较好的热性能。     

砂土动三轴应力应变滞回曲线试验及其动力特性研究

通过动三轴试验研究砂土轴向应变的发展过程,从应力状态变化和理论解析两个方面,分析了砂土应力应变滞回曲线及其动力学特性,利用试验测量的滞回曲线来确定土的剪切模量和阻尼比。分析了影响滞回曲线形状的主要因素,解释了砂土在动载荷作用下应力应变滞回曲线出现不规则变化情况的原因。研究结果可为地震或振动等作用下工程建筑的安全性评价提供参考和借鉴。     

新形势下,切实推进上海控制性详细规划发展的认识和思考

按照上海社会经济和城市发展的新形势新要求,从2008年开始,上海市规划和国土资源管理局在已有工作基础上,深入研究分析规划管理工作中面临的突出问题,学习借鉴国内外城市法定规划管理经验,逐步研究建立＂标准统一、程序清晰、成果规范、机制完善＂系统性的控制性详细规划管理体系。从管理规定、技术标准、成果规范、操作规程等方面明确各项管理制度和要求,全过程、全方位地保障控制性详细规划的编制、审批和实施管理工作。通过一系列法规制度的研究制定,确立了一套从组织编制到审批管理、从规划内容到程序环节、从法定形式到技术支撑的闭合式的控制性详细规划管理制度体系。目前,已经在上海的城市规划应用实践中。