CO对NH3还原NO过程的影响与机理研究

为揭示CO对NH₃还原NO过程的影响,在不同CO体积分数下对NH₃还原NO过程进行了实验与模拟研究。实验结果表明：无氧气氛中存在CO时,对1 400℃以下NO还原率无显著影响;CO可提高1 400℃以上的NO还原率。在低氧体积分数条件下,CO的存在能扩展NH₃还原NO反应的温度窗口,使其在1 400℃以上仍保持高NO还原率。在高氧体积分数条件下,CO仅使最佳脱硝温度向低温移动,并使脱硝温度窗口变窄。模拟结果表明：在无氧及低氧体积分数条件下,1 400℃以上时CO可促进NH₂与CO反应生成HNCO,随后HNCO转化为NCO后将NO还原,增强了NO还原过程;高氧体积分数条件下,CO可在较低温度下促进OH、O等基团产生,保证NH₂生成及其还原NO过程进行;但温度升高会加快CO与OH反应产生H,H与O₂反应产生大量O,加速了NH₂氧化,导致NO还原率迅速降低。     

NO_xOUT工艺的试验研究及化学动力学模拟计算

在自行研制的试验台上对NOxOUT工艺进行了试验研究,结合化学反应动力学模拟研究了CO(NH2)2还原NO过程中的关键影响因素。试验中最佳的尿素溶液喷入温度为850～900℃,NO的还原率最高可达到83%。利用Chemkin 4.1均相反应模型,模拟NOxOUT工艺所得的最佳反应温度窗口及其在各温度下的NOx去除率与试验数据进行对比,结果基本吻合。NSR的增加和停留时间的加长都有利于NO的脱除;但随着NSR的增加,烟气中N2O的生成量也随之增加而影响脱硝效率。试验中检测到烟气尾气中的碱性随着NSR的增加而增大,随着温度的增大而降低,模拟结果与试验结果基本吻合。     

选择性非催化脱硝不同还原剂的比较试验研究

SNCR(选择性非催化还原)过程试验是在CRF(Combustjon Research Facility)试验装置上进行的.使用尿素、氨水、(NH4)2CO3、NH4HCO3还原烟气中的NOx,通过雾化喷嘴在CRF炉膛内喷入还原剂.试验结果表明,对于所使用的还原剂随着NH3/NO摩尔比的增加,NO还原效率逐渐提高;对于尿素、氨水、(NH4)2CO3等还原剂,氨氮比为1～2.5,脱硝效率分别为65％～89％、62％～86％、45％～84％;对于NH4HCO3,氨氮摩尔比0.8～1.5,脱硝效率为46％～73％.不同还原剂的温度窗口不同,适宜尿素进行SNCR过程的反应温度最高,氨水最低.     

污泥再燃脱硝特性试验研究

为分析再燃区温度、污泥含水率、过量空气系数和停留时间对污泥再燃脱硝特性的影响,对污泥再燃脱硝特性进行试验研究。采用配气法模拟流化床锅炉燃烧产生的烟气,使用污泥颗粒作为再燃燃料,通过立式管式炉进行再燃试验。结果表明:在再燃区温度为850～950℃时,随着再燃区温度升高,NO和N_2O的还原率均升高;水分对NO和N_2O的还原机理影响不同,含水率为10%～15%时,NO_x的还原率较高;在过量空气系数为0. 7～1. 0时,随过量空气系数升高,NO和N_2O的还原率减小;在停留时间为0. 45～0. 7 s时,随停留时间增大,NO和N_2O的还原率增大。     

H2O2同时脱硫脱硝的试验研究

为实现火电厂烟气的脱硫脱硝一体化，采用H2O2为氧化剂进行了同时脱硫脱硝试验．在鼓泡反应器中，将原电厂烟气通过H2O2溶液、尿素溶液和电厂脱硫石灰石浆液进行了脱硫脱硝一体化试验．结果表明：脱硝效率随着H2O2质量分数的增加而升高；试验得出的最佳H2O2溶液温度与石灰石一石膏法脱硫循环浆液的温度范围相吻合；在配合尿素和石灰石浆液试验时，脱硝效率高达75％．     

基于尿素/NaClO_2溶液湿法烟气同时脱硫脱硝的研究

结合燃煤电厂实际工况条件,基于尿素/NaClO2溶液进行了同时脱硫脱硝试验研究,探索尿素/NaClO2湿法同时脱硫脱硝的主要影响因素和优化工艺条件,并分析其反应机理.结果表明:纯尿素溶液可有效脱除烟气中的SO2,但对NO脱除效果较差,NaClO2的添加可有效改善NO的脱除效果;液气比和NaClO2质量分数增大有利于提高尿素/NaClO2溶液的脱硫脱硝效果,其中NaClO2质量分数对NO脱除效率的影响比对SO2脱除效率的影响明显;空塔气速和NO初始质量浓度与系统脱硫、脱硝效率成负相关关系.NaClO2的添加对尿素溶液脱硫效果影响较小,SO2被吸收后生成的SO2-3主要被烟气中溶于水的O2氧化成SO2-4;难溶于水的NO被NaClO2氧化为NO2和NO-2等,进而被尿素溶液有效吸收,NOx最终多数以N2形式排放.     

CO对选择性非催化还原脱硝工艺影响的试验研究和模拟

在自行设计的选择性非催化还原(SNCR)脱硝试验台上,通过在还原剂中添加CO,研究了CO对SNCR脱硝工艺的影响,并利用Chemkin 4.1软件对试验工况进行了模拟.结果表明:改进型TB系列喷嘴采用中心逆喷方式可大大增强还原气体与主烟气的混合效果,明显优于工业上常用的侧喷方式,且不存在还原剂的催化分解问题;添加CO可使SNCR工艺的反应温度窗口降低并变宽;在低于875℃的条件下,添加CO有助于提高NO2的脱除效率,随着CO添加量的增加,既定温度下NOx的脱除效率先提高后降低,且随着温度的降低,达到NO相似文献   

基于尿素/NaClO2溶液湿法烟气同时脱硫脱硝的研究

结合燃煤电厂实际工况条件,基于尿素/NaClO2溶液进行了同时脱硫脱硝试验研究,探索尿素/NaClO2湿法同时脱硫脱硝的主要影响因素和优化工艺条件,并分析其反应机理.结果表明:纯尿素溶液可有效脱除烟气中的SO2,但对NO脱除效果较差,NaClO2的添加可有效改善NO的脱除效果;液气比和NaClO2质量分数增大有利于提高尿素/NaClO2溶液的脱硫脱硝效果,其中NaClO2质量分数对NO脱除效率的影响比对SO2脱除效率的影响明显;空塔气速和NO初始质量浓度与系统脱硫、脱硝效率成负相关关系.NaClO2的添加对尿素溶液脱硫效果影响较小,SO2被吸收后生成的SO32-主要被烟气中溶于水的O2氧化成SO42-;难溶于水的NO被NaClO2氧化为NO2和NO2-等,进而被尿素溶液有效吸收,NOx最终多数以N2形式排放.     

基于410t/h Compact型流化床锅炉的SNCR影响因素探究

对1台以尿素为还原剂、配备Compact型旋风分离器的循环流化床锅炉的选择性非催化还原脱硝性能进行了数值模拟,重点研究了温度、氨氮摩尔比、NO初始浓度和O_2浓度对SNCR反应性能的影响规律。计算结果表明:最佳NSR在1.4左右,最佳温度在1 173 K附近;O_2浓度的变化对选择性非催化还原反应的影响和温度密切相关,当温度高于1 150 K时,O_2浓度的增加会导致还原剂的氧化反应加剧,使得脱硝效率随O_2浓度的上升而下降,温度越高,氧化反应越剧烈,脱硝效率下降趋势越明显;同时,O_2浓度的上升,有利于最佳脱硝温度向低温方向移动,综合考虑,认为烟气中O_2浓度不应高于3%。     

非催化烟气还原脱硝法脱硝特性的试验研究

在沉降炉脱硝试验平台上,对不同氨剂的选择性非催化还原(SNCR)脱硝特性进行了试验研究.结果表明:反应适宜氨氮比为1.5,氨气、尿素、碳酸氢铵脱硝的最佳温度窗口分别为985～1 030℃、775～1 085℃、760～1 075℃,尿素和碳酸氢铵最大脱硝效率达90%,优于氨气的80%;增大氨氮比或降低烟气氧浓度均可提高SNCR脱硝效率;在以尿素作为还原剂的SNCR脱硝反应过程中,协同加入钠盐添加剂可在保证最大脱硝效率基本不变的前提下,使反应温度窗口由782.9～1 086.3℃拓宽为749.5～1 086.3℃.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.