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1.
Five experiments explore categorization and category-based congruity effects in mental comparisons. The first 4 experiments concentrate on categorization of infinite-set small items. The experiments vary the additional items presented and whether those items appear once (Experiments 1-2) or repeatedly (Experiments 3-4). Additional items include other small items (Experiment 1), relatively large items (Experiments 2-4), and items involving nonsize dimensions (Experiment 4). The critical small items show a complete congruity effect only in Experiments 1 and 3. Results suggest that categorization of infinite-set items may be based on range information alone (Experiment 1) but that multiple categorizations based on multiple ranges (Experiment 2) may require attentional effort. Results implicate categorization as a central process in mental comparison, despite differences in ease of categorization across paradigm. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

2.
Research on implicit stereotypes has raised important questions about an individual's ability to moderate and control stereotypic responses. With few strategies shown to be effective in moderating implicit effects, the present research investigates a new strategy based on focused mental imagery. Across 5 experiments, participants who engaged in counterstereotypic mental imagery produced substantially weaker implicit stereotypes compared with participants who engaged in neutral, stereotypic, or no mental imagery. This reduction was demonstrated with a variety of measures, eliminating explanations based on response suppression or shifts in response criterion. Instead, the results suggest that implicit stereotypes are malleable, and that controlled processes, such as mental imagery, may influence the stereotyping process at its early as well as later stages. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

3.
The role of attention in timing was evaluated in 2 experiments. In Experiment 1, participants reproduced the durations of melodies with either a coherent or an incoherent structure. Participants were tested under control (timing only) and detection (timing plus target detection) workload conditions. Reproductions were shorter and more inaccurate under detection conditions, and incoherent event structure extended the effect to a wider range of durations. In Experiment 2, participants reproduced the durations of auditory prose passages that represented 3 levels of mental workload and 3 levels of event structure. Both increases in workload and the degradation of structure led to inaccurate reproductions. The results point to the central role of attention in temporal experience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

4.
The statement made on behalf of the American Psychological Association is in support of Senate Bills 755 and 756 developed by Congress in response to President Kennedy's message on mental illness and mental retardation. "The psychologist is vitually concerned with the problems of mental disorders and of mental retardation. He is especially interested in research, and in the provision of services to people through the organized agencies of society, such as the public schools, community mental health centers, hospitals, institutions for the retarded, and rehabilitation agencies of many kinds." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

5.
Reviews the book, Brave new mind: A thoughtful inquiry into the nature of mental life by Peter Dodwell (see record 2000-08633-000). The author poses the major question for cognitive science: "Can mental life be exhaustively studied as a purely natural phenomenon, or must we go beyond the mundane, the merely physical, to grasp its reality?" (p. viii). His answer is, that "absolutely no psychological consequence follows from a model couched in exclusively algorithmic, physical, or physiological terms, which is the way contemporary cognitive science proceeds" (p. 190). Planned as a history of cognitive science, and its contributory disciplines of psychology, linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy, and computing science, and a contemporary survey of its strengths and weaknesses, the project, according to its author, one of this country's most respected researchers, "got out of hand" (p. vii). While documenting the achievements of cognitive science, this volume is much more a mature retrospective on its limitations and, implicitly, its failures of intent, and this by a participant in the enterprise whose reflections reach back more than 40 years to the beginning of his academic career. It is a courageous endeavour and deserves to be read not only as a critique of cognitive science, of the reductionism of the standard model, but as an autobiographical account of the enlightenment of one participant in that science. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

6.
The conceptual and methodological difficulties involved in each of the various categories of definitions of mental health outlined in this review are discussed. Suggestions for further research are presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

7.
2 health problems of critical size and tragic impact are mental illness and mental retardation. "There are now about 800,000 such patients in this Nation's institutions—600,000 for mental illness and over 200,000 for mental retardation." A 3-fold attack is proposed: (a) Ascertain causes and eradicate them. (b) Strengthen underlying resources of knowledge and of skilled manpower. (c) Strengthen and improve facilities serving the mentally ill and mentally retarded. A national program for mental health is proposed which emphasizes comprehensive community mental health centers, improved care in state mental institutions, and expansion of research activities and increase in professional manpower. A national program to combat mental retardation emphasizing prevention, community services, and research is also proposed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

8.
Adults' solution times to simple addition problems typically increase with the sum of the problems (the problem size effect). Models of the solution process are based on the assumption that adults always directly retrieve answers to problems from an associative network. Accordingly, attempts to explain the problem size effect have focused either on structural explanations that relate latencies to numerical indices (e.g., the area of a tabular representation) or explanations that are based on frequency of presentation or amount of practice. In this study, the authors have shown that the problem size effect in simple addition is mainly due to participants' selection of nonretrieval procedures on larger problems (i.e., problems with sums greater than 10). The implications of these results for extant models of addition performance are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

9.
The present research is directed at clarifying the attitudes of the people who work with psychiatric patients. A sample of over 1000 such individuals, ranging from office and kitchen help to psychiatrists in 2 VA hospitals, filled out a specially devised attitude scale. Factor analysis isolated 5 major factors: 2 reflecting negative attitudes (one in which their difference and inferiority to normals was stressed, the other reflecting a desire to place strong social restrictions on them both during and after hospitalization); 2 positive attitude factors (one based on an almost moral sense of obligation to help unfortunates, the other on more professional attitudes towards their treatability). The 5th factor was defined by attitudes towards etiology of psychiatric illness in relation to psychological development. Clear-cut differences of opinion were at the different levels of professional training. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

10.
If there is ever to be a single comprehensive theory and/or research program concerned with the etiology of mental illness, the widely diversified empirical and theoretical findings will have to be meaningfully integrated. The present paper critically reviews theories and research from the environmental-demographic level and the interpersonal level. The large number of phenotypical relationships reported have led only to vaguely formulated and speculative interpretations suggesting the need for a reformulation which will suggest genotypes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

11.
The author describes his career as a psychologist serving in elected office. He found that by his attending to individual concerns, supporting community consensus on key issues, playing the outsider role, leading an issue individually, and calling media attention to a problem, city hall could be moved to action. In the state legislature, the author serves in the minority but has made an impact by amending legislation, sponsoring less controversial bills, or generating enough public support for a bill that the majority advances its own similar bill. He identified the following mental health needs in Ohio: better understanding by legislators of the nature and impact of mental illness, adequate funding, mental health parity legislation, and more effective advocacy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

12.
Two experiments investigated learning outcomes and comprehension processes when students learned about the heart and circulatory system using (a) text only, (b) text with simplified diagrams designed to highlight important structural relations, or (c) text with more detailed diagrams reflecting a more accurate representation. Experiment 1 found that both types of diagrams supported mental model development, but simplified diagrams best supported factual learning. Experiment 2 replicated learning effects from Experiment 1 and tested the influence of diagrams on novices' comprehension processes. Protocol analyses indicated that both types of diagrams supported inference generation and reduced comprehension errors, but simplified diagrams most strongly supported information integration during learning. Visual representations appear to be most effective when they are designed to support the cognitive processes necessary for deep comprehension. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

13.
The history of mental retardation as a focus within our discipline reflects a long, tortuous, and mostly honorable involvement with conceptions of intelligence and handicap and with parables of ethical treatment. The articles in this special section sum up past progress, assess current conceptions and controversies, and challenge the science and practice of psychology in this demanding field of human concern. An essential message of all of the articles in this special section should be discernible as a common theme: The study of mental retardation is part and parcel of the mainstream of American psychology. Concerns about the nature of intelligence and its determinants, for example, are equally the concerns of those who deal with normal or even advanced children and adults. Findings about the impact of living conditions on the functioning of retarded individuals have implications for all of us. Psychologists and other scientists with diverse points of view will find much of relevance to their own work in this forum. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

14.
It is "our belief that the field of community mental health is a challenging and stimulating field for research oriented psychologists. We feel strongly that the identity of the psychologist may be best maintained through a scientist-professional model." Recommendations are made for the future training of psychologists in this field. The individual psychologist "must be assisted by adequate post-doctoral interdisciplinary training in a university setting." Major sections are: Maintenance of an Identity, Scientist and Professional, and Training the Scientist-Professional. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

15.
The person who is publicly known to have had a hospitalization for "mental illness" was inferred to be vulnerable to a sharp depreciation of social esteem in a wide range of social roles. Cross-validation across samples of Ss and across time indicated that the frame of reference of the normal adult population, as to the role status of ex-mental-hospital patients, is both general (widely consensual) and specific (differentiated from other negative social roles that evoke anxiety and fear and carry a social stigma). 2 broad dimensions were postulated to underlie the evaluative complex for ex-mental-hospital patients—an "anxiety-fear" dimension and a "sympathy-contempt" dimension. (32 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

16.
Approximately 14–25% of Canadian children and youth have a diagnosable mental disorder. Fewer than 25% of those with such disorders receive specialised services. Even for those receiving services, there is no guarantee that the interventions provided are effective or based on any credible evidence. It is time that child and youth mental health be recognised as the health priority that it truly is. The barriers to meaningful change in child and youth mental health are many and include historical, attitudinal, cultural, financial, and systemic considerations. True change will require creativity, innovation, collaboration, and leadership. Mindsets need to be shifted and the status quo needs to be challenged. Canadian psychologists have skillsets that should be critical in accelerating change in child and youth mental health. We should not shy away from taking on leadership roles to provoke such change. Examples of where this is occurring and opportunities for further action are profiled. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

17.
The assumption that mental defectives do not experience the phenomenon of "phantom limb" was tested. The results rejected the assumption. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

18.
"A review of the literature on the use of psychological tests for prognosis revealed an extreme amount of variation and contradiction in the indices considered prognostic. In an attempt to partially explain these contradictions, the factor of chronicity was investigated in psychotics." The criteria for a good prognostic study are set forth. 85-item bibliography. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

19.
Mental health professionals have significantly underestimated the importance of lifestyle factors (a) as contributors to and treatments for multiple psychopathologies, (b) for fostering individual and social well-being, and (c) for preserving and optimizing cognitive function. Consequently, therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLCs) are underutilized despite considerable evidence of their effectiveness in both clinical and normal populations. TLCs are sometimes as effective as either psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy and can offer significant therapeutic advantages. Important TLCs include exercise, nutrition and diet, time in nature, relationships, recreation, relaxation and stress management, religious or spiritual involvement, and service to others. This article reviews research on their effects and effectiveness; the principles, advantages, and challenges involved in implementing them; and the forces (economic, institutional, and professional) hindering their use. Where possible, therapeutic recommendations are distilled into easily communicable principles, because such ease of communication strongly influences whether therapists recommend and patients adopt interventions. Finally, the article explores the many implications of contemporary lifestyles and TLCs for individuals, society, and health professionals. In the 21st century, therapeutic lifestyles may need to be a central focus of mental, medical, and public health. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

20.
"The nub of the simulation problem involves the use of similar types of 'programs' of 'instructions' to the machine in order to reproduce the steps an individual goes through in thinking out the solution to a difficult problem." Simulation methods "have a tremendous role in sharpening our formulations concerning mental processes and phenomena." The "simulation of human responses has the same overwhelming advantages for our understanding of behavioral phenomena as similar methods in other sciences." Research "on simulation of complex psychological processes is yielding results of increasing importance." From Psyc Abstracts 36:02:2CM87H. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

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