水分对生鲜肉品品质的影响

水分作为肉品原料中含量最多的化学组分,直接影响着肉品品质及贮藏特性。本文介绍了水分在生鲜肉中结合状态、水分在肉品贮藏过程中的流失过程以及水分活度对肉品贮藏的影响,并对肉品中水分的检测方法进行了综述。为快速检测肉品中水分、有效减少肉品贮藏过程中的水分散失、开发合理的生鲜肉品保鲜技术提供理论参考。      

Effect of packaging conditions on shelf-life of fresh foal meat

The objective was to determine the shelf life of foal meat (Longissimus dorsi) stored in four different packages: (i) vacuum, (ii) overwrap and (iii) two modified atmospheres (MAP): high O(2) MAP (80% O(2)+20% CO(2)) and low O(2) MAP (30% O(2)+70% CO(2)) stored at 2 °C during 14 days. Shelf life evaluation was based on pH, colour, lipid and protein oxidation, microbial counts and sensory assessment of odour, colour and appearance. Based on aerobic bacterial counts, the shelf life of foal meat samples in overwrap and high O(2) MAP packages would be 10 days at most, almost 14 days in low O(2) MAP and more than 14 days in vacuum packaging. Scores for sensorial evaluation were unacceptable after 10 days of storage in samples in overwrap and MAP packs, but they were still acceptable in vacuum ones. Moreover, for all packaging conditions except vacuum, which remained constant, a decrease in redness (a*) and an increase in carbonyl content and TBAR'S values was observed with storage time. High O(2) levels negatively affected foal meat quality, while anaerobic conditions extended shelf life to 14 days.     

A microbiological survey of fresh meat in the supermarket trade. Part 2: beef retail cuts

An assessment was made of the microbiological quality of the final product (different retail cuts), produced by two different retail supermarket groups (A & B). The influence of sanitary conditions on the microbiological quality of the final product was evaluated, and the possible influences on shelf life were determined. Supermarket group A (Sup group A) received carcasses with significantly lower surface counts of micro-organisms than supermarket group B (Sup group B), while the latter had a more efficient overall sanitation programme than supermarket group A. Five cuts were monitored for the presence of total aerobic counts, psychrotrophic counts, lactobacilli, Enterobacteriaceae and numbers of Pseudomonadaceae present. A shelf life study was also executed by repeating these enumerations on the same meat samples after refrigerated storage at 5°C for 2 and 4 days, respectively. It is generally accepted that a good refrigeration or chilling regime will preserve the inherent meat quality, but in this study it was found that neither served as a guarantee of quality. The more stringent hygiene at retail level of Sup group B yielded consistently lower mean counts of the different bacterial groups for all the meat cuts monitored and, thus meat with an extended shelf life. The total count (at 30°C) on meat cuts was the highest, followed by the psychrotrophs, the Pseudomonadaceae the Enterobacteriaeae and the lactobacilli. Minced meat generally had the highest mean aerobic total microbial counts. This count on minced meat might be a suitable indicator for monitoring the overall sanitary condition of a retail premises. The results re-emphasized the multi-factorial complexity of fresh meat quality and shelf life. The microbial quality of the raw material (carcasses), the maintenance of the cold chain, sanitary condition of premises, equipment and personnel surfaces and general management practices are factors that collectively determine the microbiological quality of the product.     

Effect of a gelatin coating on the shelf life of fresh meat

ABSTRACT:  The end of shelf life for fresh meat is determined by unacceptable aroma, appearance, and color, which appear before unacceptable microbial counts. Addition of a bovine gelatin coating to fresh meat may extend its shelf life. This study utilized a 20% bovine gelatin solution that was spray-coated onto beef tenderloins, pork loins, salmon fillets, and chicken breasts which were packaged in an 80% O₂ and 20% CO₂ modified atmosphere and stored under fluorescent light at 4 °C for 2 wk. All of the gelatin-coated fresh meat products showed a reduction in purge. The gelatin reduced purge by acting as a barrier to water loss. There was a reduction in color deterioration for gelatin-coated beef, a slight reduction of color deterioration for gelatin-coated pork, and no reduction in color deterioration for salmon and chicken. The gelatin coat reduced color deterioration by acting as a barrier to oxygen, but also had a negative effect on color due to its own color deterioration. No change in lipid oxidation was seen with any of the gelatin-coated meat products. The gelatin coat was not an effective barrier for lipid oxidation at refrigeration temperatures. Sensory analysis of beef tenderloins confirmed that color deterioration was reduced, and flavor was not affected by the application of a gelatin coat. The gelatin coat was equally effective during light and dark storage. It was more effective on vacuum packaged products than on modified atmosphere packaged products.     

Microbiological status of fresh beef cuts

Fresh beef samples (n = 1,022) obtained from two processing plants in the Midwest (July to December 2003) were analyzed for levels of microbial populations (total aerobic plate count, total coliform count, and Escherichia coli count) and for the presence or absence of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella. A fresh beef cut sample was a 360-g composite of 6-g portions excised from the surface of 60 individual representative cuts in a production lot. Samples of fresh beef cuts yielded levels of 4.0 to 6.2, 1.1 to 1.8, and 0.8 to 1.0 log CFU/g for total aerobic plate count, total coliform count, and E. coli count, respectively. There did not appear to be substantial differences or obvious trends in bacterial populations on different cuts. These data may be useful in establishing a baseline or a benchmark of microbiological levels of contamination of beef cuts. Mean incidence rates of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on raw beef cuts were 0.3 and 2.2%, respectively. Of the 1,022 samples analyzed, cuts testing positive for E. coli O157:H7 included top sirloin butt (0.9%) and butt, ball tip (2.1%) and for Salmonella included short loins (3.4%), strip loins (9.6%), rib eye roll (0.8%), shoulder clod (3.4%), and clod, top blade (1.8%). These data provide evidence of noticeable incidence of pathogens on whole muscle beef and raise the importance of such contamination on product that may be mechanically tenderized. Levels of total aerobic plate count, total coliform count, and E. coli count did not (P > or = 0.05) appear to be associated with the presence of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on fresh beef cuts. E. O157:H7 was exclusively isolated from cuts derived from the sirloin area of the carcass. Salmonella was exclusively isolated from cuts derived from the chuck, rib, and loin areas of the carcass. Results of this study suggest that contamination of beef cuts may be influenced by the region of the carcass from which they are derived.     

配光与照明对织物疵点信号特征值的影响

为研究配光与照明光照环境对采集织物图像的影响,根据织物的反射特性、光谱特性、颜色饱和特性等光学性质,分析LED、卤钨灯和荧光灯等配光与照明光照环境及参数,用能量、方差、熵、极差和对比度等方法提取织物图像特征值。分析不同光源照明环境条件下织物疵点信号增强的最佳光照参数。实验结果表明,用不同的光源、不同的光照强度对织物疵点信号的增强是不同的,疵点信号的特征值在不同光照度下有明显的响应和差别,由此得到提取疵点信号所需的最佳照度值。     

气调包装中氧气含量对冷鲜猪肉品质的影响

为研究气调包装中氧气含量对冷鲜猪肉贮藏期间品质的影响,采用高阻隔性包装材料及两种不同气体比例(80%O2+20%CO2和50%O2+20%CO2+30%N2)对冷鲜猪肉进行气调包装,以托盘包装为对照,对冷鲜猪肉贮藏期间的菌落总数、色差、保水性、剪切力及包装内气体组成等指标进行检测分析。结果表明:气调包装组能够维持贮藏过程中包装盒内气体成分基本恒定;与托盘包装相比,50%O2气调包装可延长冷鲜猪肉货架期6 d,80%O2气调包装冷鲜猪肉货架期更长;气调包装组冷鲜肉红度值a*、黄度值b*显著高于(P0.05)托盘包装组;气调包装冷鲜猪肉保水性比托盘包装差,而两气调包装组之间无显著差异(P0.05);贮藏过程中气调包装组剪切力值大于托盘包装组(P0.05),80%O2气调包装组剪切力值小于50%O2气调包装组(P0.05);结论:气调包装会对冷鲜猪肉保水性、嫩度等品质造成一些不良影响,但可显著延长其货架期,采用80%O2比50%O2保鲜效果更好。     

冷鲜肉的保鲜技术研究进展

综述了冷却肉保鲜技术的机理和特点,介绍了几种主要的冷却肉保鲜方法,为冷却肉保鲜技术的研究开发提供了理论基础。     

不同阻隔性的包装材料对气调包装鲜肉品质的影响

使用四种不同气体阻隔性的塑料复合包装材料进行新鲜猪肉的气调包装,然后测定猪肉品质指标的变化,确定塑料包装材料的阻隔性对鲜肉贮存品质的影响,为包装材料的精确选择提供可以量化的科学依据.     

Nutrient profiles in retail cuts of bison meat

The objectives were to determine the nutrient composition and variation in eight cuts of bison meat in bulls and heifers and identify nutrient relationships in the clod and sirloin by principal component analysis. The nutrients analyzed were: energy, protein, total fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, transfat, cholesterol, vitamin A, Ca, Fe, Na and moisture. Differences were observed in fat components between cuts and bulls had higher (P < 0.05) amounts of total, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat in the blade compared to the other cuts. The sirloins had less (P < 0.05) cholesterol than all the other cuts in bulls and the clod in heifers. Fat varied more than protein and moisture in all cuts. Four principal components (PC) accounted for 63.9% of the total variation of the nutrient composition. Total, monounsaturated and saturated fats were in PC1 and cholesterol in PC2 showing that cholesterol is independent of other fats. If dietary alterations elicit changes in bison meat fatty acid profiles, it may be possible to reduce cholesterol independent of total, monounsaturated or saturated fat.     

Effects of chopping time, meat source and storage temperature on the colour of New Zealand type fresh beef sausages

The colour stability of finely chopped fresh sausages made from post-rigor, pre-rigor salt added (1.5% w/w) or pre-rigor no salt added beef mince was evaluated using a Hunter Miniscan (L (?) a (?) b (?)) and sensory colour panel. Batters were chopped for various times and sausages stored at -1.5 °, + 4.0 ° and + 8.0 °C. Regardless of meat source or chopping time, colour stability was greatest at -1.5 °C. Panellists found the colour of all sausages stored at -1.5 °C acceptable for at least six days. Sausages made from unsalted pre-rigor mince had markedly better colour stability than those made from the other meats, especially when stored at 4 °C or 8 °C.     

Effect of meat appearance on consumer preferences for pork chops in Greece and Cyprus

The effect of meat appearance on consumers’ preferences for pork chops was assessed using images manipulated for appearance characteristics. Data were collected from 412 consumers in Greece and Cyprus. Consumers were asked for their preference for pork chops from a book of computer-modified images and then completed a questionnaire of socio-demographic information, including eating and purchasing behaviour. Consumers under the age of 35 years showed preferences for dark red, lean pork, while consumers aged 35 years and older preferred either dark or light red pork. Gender appeared to be an important selection factor as men showed an increased preference for dark red pork while women preferred the light red. Consumers who stated that they like pork for its taste (91%) preferred either dark or light red pork chops while those who like pork for reasons other than taste preferred dark red, lean pork. Urban consumers preferred light red, fatty pork chops while the rural consumers preferred the dark red pork chops.     

Characteristics of the appearance of meat III. Studies on the colour of meat from young bulls

Young bulls, reared and slaughtered commercially, were assessed for fat cover, total pigment content of the Longissimus dorsi, ultimate pH, muscle colour and subsequent colour stability after packaging. Lack of fat gave the carcasses an unfinished appearance. About one-third of the meat was dark, principally because of high ultimate pH associated with animal behaviour and pre-slaughter handling. In non-dark cutting meat, instrumentally measured lightness was influenced by pigment concentration and brightness was influenced by both pigment concentration and pH. Subjective assessment of lightness described meat with a pH of ? 5.9 as moderately to very dark. High pH meat remained dark when packaged for 1 week and initially was less saturated and more purple in hue.     

冷鲜肉工程中的包装技术

分析了冷鲜肉的市场概况及独特优势,重点从包装需求方面对冷鲜肉生产进行了探讨,对以聚偏二氯乙烯(PVDC)为阻隔层的材料的综合性能进行了评价,并介绍了冷鲜肉真空收缩包装的基本工序。     

Antimicrobial and preservative activity of garlic on fresh ground camel meat. I. Effect of fresh ground garlic segments

A method to prolong the shelf-life of fresh camel meat, by the use of fresh garlic as an antimicrobial and preservative agent, has been established. Three storage temperatures (room temperature 20–22°C, incubator 12°C and refrigerator 2–3°C) were used in this investigation. Irrespective of storage temperature, treatments with 5, 10 and 15% (by wt.) of fresh garlic segments, ground with fresh lean camel meat, were found to increase the period of shelf-life, two-, three- and more than four-fold, respectively, compared with the corresponding control samples. After 4 days storage at room temperature, 12 days incubation and 28 days refrigeration, it was found that treatments with 15 and 25% garlic resulted i* complete inhibition of microbial growth with no sign of any organoleptic spoilage of the meat. The treated meat samples were fried for 15 min and found to be acceptable in taste and flavour by the local people in Saudi Arabia.     

几种天然活性物质对食用肉抑菌保鲜作用的影响

利用天然可食用物质——绿茶(1.5%)、蔗糖(3%)(采用磷酸盐-乳酸缓冲系统配制),对冷却肉处理,然后进行冷藏保存[(8±1)℃,6d]。通过食肉微生物的生长繁殖速度、挥发性盐基氮含量和食肉浸出液pH值变化对其腐败过程加以监测。结果表明:在冷藏过程中:(1)由茶汁和蔗糖处理的食肉样品,在4d内均有较强的抑菌作用,可达75%;到6d时,抑制作用均减弱,蔗糖的抑制效果降至12.6%;(2)由蔗糖处理的样品,挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)含量非常稳定,具有一定的抑制蛋白质降解功能;而茶汁处理的样品TVB-N含量有所增加,抑制蛋白质降解作用不明显;(3)食肉浸出液的pH有明显改变,蔗糖处理的浸出液pH稳定,其余浸出液pH值均有所增加,顺序为蔗糖<茶汁<对照。     

生鲜猪持水性的核磁共振研究

用低场核磁共振仪检测了宰后猪肉样品水分分布的变化情况.研究发现:肉中有三个明显的水分群,分别时应的横向弛豫时间是T21、T22、T23,其中T23积分面积与滴水损失之间的相关系数为-0.860.实验数据表明,LF-NMR的横向弛豫时间是研究持水性和水分分布的一种非常有效的方法.     

Centralized packaging of retail meat cuts: a review.

Centralized packaging of retail meat cuts is growing more popular because of its economies and potential to maintain quality, enhance safety, and extend the shelf life of fresh meat. Requirements for optimizing shelf life of centrally prepared retail cuts for periods up to 15 weeks are slightly different from those needed to extend the shelf life of fresh, chilled meat. Chilled meat primarily deteriorate at the cut or uncut muscle surface. In long-term storage, primal cuts are placed in an atmosphere saturated with carbon dioxide and containing very low residual oxygen. These cuts are held at -1.5+/-0.5 degrees C. When the meat is removed, it is fabricated into retail or food service cuts. New fresh surfaces are created in the process, revitalizing the meat's appearance. After being prepared for retail display, the meat normally has four more days of shelf life. Depending on the meat species, shelf life is usually limited by development of undesirable organoleptic changes, usually defects in color, which are independent of microbial presence. The microbes consist of a lactic acid bacterial population that maximizes under storage conditions at about 10(8) CFU/cm2 well before shelf life ends. Circumstances are different with centralized distribution of retail-ready fresh meat. The wholesale storage period following initial packaging of the retail cuts is about 20 to 30 days. Prepared products must withstand retail display for up to 2 days without further manipulation of package contents. Retail packages are simply moved from their storage container (usually a unit or overwrap containing a modified atmosphere) to retail display, where desirable meat color develops upon exposure to air. Three gas atmospheres have some potential to satisfy storage needs for centralized distribution of retail-ready packages: 100% CO2, 100% N2, or 70% N2 + 30% CO2. Shelf life is limited by undesirable changes in surfaces exposed at initial packaging, caused by growth of psychrotrophic bacteria. If 100% CO2 is used, these are all lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Therefore, initial bacterial numbers on the meat and storage temperature become critical to success. The most attractive storage option is 100% CO2 used at - 1.5 +/-0.5 degrees C. This review presents the reason for that recommendation, along with basic concepts of meat chemistry, a discussion of modified atmosphere packaging, meat microbiology, and current results with simulated centralized packaging of retail-ready meats.