From action icon to knowledge icon: Objective-oriented icon taxonomy in computer science

Icon plays a critical role in computer interface design. Studies on icon taxonomy explain the way in which various types of icon represent the objects and provide designers creation rules by which icons are more in line with users’ cognitive psychology. However, along with larger and larger use of icons, the previous classification criterion causes the boundary between categories blur. What’s more, Single classification standard is not able to well illustrate the icons applied in today’s computer applications. The purpose of this paper is to present an objective-oriented icon taxonomy which proposes to categorize icons into action icon and knowledge icon. To assess this proposition, we analyzed a sample of icons that applied in computer interface and suggest precise application domains to both action icon and knowledge icon categories. The results of this practice manifested that action icon and knowledge icon implied a high relation with applied environment and explicated the development trace of computer icons. This work is one of the first to point out the notion of knowledge icon and to highlight the importance of objective of icon application. Findings in this paper could enrich icon use in computer interface design, especially provides possible way to improve online knowledge sharing by visual tool like icon.     

Garbage collection alternatives for icon

Copying garbage collectors are becoming the collectors of choice for very high-level languages and for functional and object-oriented languages. Copying collectors are particularly efficient for large storage regions because their execution time is proportional only to the amount of accessible data, and they identify and compact this data in one pass. In contrast, mark-and-sweep collectors execute in time proportional to the memory size and compacting collectors require another pass to compact accessible data. The performance of existing systems with old compacting mark-and-sweep collectors might be improved by replacing their collectors with copying collectors. This paper explores this possibility by describing the results of replacing the compacting mark-and-sweep collector in the Icon programming language with four alternative collectors, three of which are copying collectors. Copying collectors do indeed run faster than the original collector, but at a significant cost in space. An improved variant of the compacting mark-and-sweep collector ran even faster and used little additional space.     

High-level goal-directed concurrent processing in icon

Concurrent language features have been added to an experimental dialect of Icon called Conicon. These new language features allow Icon to deal with new application domains such as intelligent robot control and real-time natural language processing. Besides widening the scope of Icon's intended application domain, these experimental concurrent processing notations also encourage programmers to revise existing programs to take advantage of the new language capabilities. For example, concurrent evaluation of the alternative arms of compound goal-directed expressions is now possible. This paper describes these concurrent processing notations and presents several examples of their expressive power.     

Everything is alive

The pervasive computing vision is a paradigm shift "back to the future." It could create a world 25 years hence where, once again, everything is alive (EiA) and can sense, act, think, feel, communicate, and maybe even move and reproduce. This might include equipment, vehicles, robots, clothing, pets, and objects such as trees and walls. The assumption behind this paradigm shift is that sensors, actuators, intelligent controllers, software, and communication devices will be virtually free and vanishingly small. They will be able to attach to their hosts transparently and intercommunicate and cooperate to help us with our tasks. This will extend the desktop metaphor so that computing is no longer just inside computers but rather inside all sorts of physical things. Wireless will replace telepathic communication - everything will be Internet-enabled and stamped with "agents inside.".     

Mona Lisa alive

This paper presents a novel approach for creating self-moving objects using hollow-face illusion. Given a clip of character animation, our approach generates a static object. Looking at the object at different views, a similar deformation can be observed. To accomplish this challenging mission, we give qualitative and quantitative analysis of hollow-face illusion. Methodology in computer vision and human perception are utilized to design the algorithm. A static object is first generated to satisfy the relative motion illusion constraints. The illusion is then strengthened by back projecting the object to the 3D face space. Considering both “bottom-up” visual signal and “top-down” knowledge, the intended illusion can be generated. Experiments have shown the effectiveness of our algorithm. For example, expression varying illusion on an oil painting can be created by our method. The self-moving objects can be used in applications such as design, entertainment, advertisement, and public safety.     

《icon》 No.55

始于1916年的分区制调整了曼哈顿大厦的发展步伐，为街道重新带来了自然的光线。如今这一实行了90多年的规则面临新的挑战。挑战来自妹岛和世（Kazuyo Sejima）和西泽立卫（Ryue Nishizawa）所设计出的组成新的纽约现代艺术博物馆。     

A framework for execution monitoring in icon

Execution monitors are widely used during software development for tasks that require an understanding of program behavior, such as debugging and profiling. The Icon programming language has been enhanced with a framework that supports execution monitoring. Under the enhanced translator and interpreter, neither source modification nor any special compiler command-line option is required in order to monitor an Icon program. Execution monitors are written in the source language, instead of the implementation language. Performance, portability, and detailed access to the monitored program's state are achieved using a coroutine model and dynamic loading rather than the separate-process model employed by many conventional monitoring systems.     

一种新结构硅微机械压阻加速度计

设计、制造并测试了一种新结构硅微机械压阻加速度计.器件结构是悬臂梁-质量块结构的一种变形.比较硬的主悬臂梁提供了一定的机械强度,并且提供了高谐振频率.微梁很细,检测时微梁沿轴向直拉直压.力敏电阻就扩散在微梁上,质量块很小的挠动就能在微梁上产生很大的应力,输出很大的信号.5 V条件下,灵敏度为14.80 mV/g,谐振频率为994 Hz,分别是传统结构压阻加速度计的2.487倍和2.485倍.加速度计用普通的N型硅片制造,为了刻蚀高深宽比的结构,使用了深反应离子刻蚀(DRIE)工艺.     

Design and evaluation of an adaptive icon toolbar

As information systems become increasingly important in many different domains, the potential to adapt them to individual users and their needs also becomes more important. Adaptive user interfaces offer many possible ways to adjust displays and improve procedures for a user's individual patterns of work. This paper describes an attempt to design an adaptive user interface in a computer environment familiar to many users. According to one classification of adaptive user interfaces, the adaptive bar described in this paper would be classified as a user-controlled self-adaptation system.At the user's convenience, the adaptive bar offers suggestions for adding or removing command icons, based on the frequency and probability of specific commands. It also implements these changes once the user has agreed to them. Beyond the adaptive bar, the general behavior of the whole user interface does not change, thereby allowing the user to maintain a clear general model of the system. This paper describes the decision-making algorithm implemented in the bar. It also describes the bar's self-adaptive behavior of displaying the frequency of each icon's use through the icon's size. Finally, we present some encouraging preliminary results of evaluations by users.     

嵌入式盲人图标实时识别研究

利用嵌入式系统的特点,提出了一种基于DSP芯片的盲人图标实时识别系统,硬件上构建了系统的基本功能,软件上提出了一种基于不变矩和神经网络的盲人图标识别算法,实验结果表明该系统识别效率较高,识别速度较快,具有携带方便,能源消耗低,可移动性强等特点,满足实际使用的需要,具有一定的应用价值。     

An optimizing compiler for the icon programming language

Compiling code for the Icon programming language presents several challenges, particularly in dealing with types and goal-directed expression evaluation. In order to produce optimized code, it is necessary for the compiler to know much more about operations than is necessary for the compilation of most programming languages. This paper describes the organization of the Icon compiler and the way it acquires and maintains information about operations. The Icon compiler generates C code, which makes it portable to a wide variety of platforms and also allows the use of existing C compilers for performing routine optimizations on the final code. A specially designed implementation language, which is a superset of C, is used for writing Icon's run-time system. This language allows the inclusion of information about the abstract semantics of Icon operations and their type-checking and conversion requirements. A translator converts code written in the run-time language to C code to provide an object library for linking with the code produced by the Icon compiler. The translation process also automatically produces a database that contains the information the Icon compiler needs to generate and optimize code. This approach allows easy extension of Icon's computational repertoire, alternate computational extensions, and cross compilation.     

Logicon: An integration of prolog into icon

This paper describes the coupling of logic programming with Icon, which is a programming language aimed at string processing. Icon and Prolog have many similarities and their integration is feasible and desirable because the weaknesses of one can be compensated for by the strengths of the other. In our case, a Prolog interpreter was written as an Icon procedure that can be linked and called by an Icon program. This interpreter deals with all Icon data types and can be called in the context of the goal-directed evaluation of Icon. We give an example showing the power of this symbiosis between these two languages where a Prolog call in Icon is a generator and an Icon call in a Prolog clause is a built-in predicate.     

The implementation of generators and goal-directed evaluation in icon

Two features of the Icon programming language strongly influence its implementation: generators and goal-directed evaluation. A generator is an expression that is capable of producing a sequence of results. In goal-directed evaluation, the results of generators are produced automatically in an attempt to complete computations successfully. This paper describes the generated code and run-time support for generators, goal-directed evaluation, and related control structures.     

The effects of icon internal characteristics on complex cognition

The interaction between humans and digital interfaces is a complex cognitive process which has a high demand on working memory resources. However, most previous research on icon perception seems to focus only on the influences of an icon's internal characteristics (e.g. visual complexity, concreteness and familiarity) on simple tasks such as visual search and recall tasks. The study reported here applied a math task to simulate the complicated process of human-computer interaction and investigated the effects of icon internal characteristics on the performance of complex cognition. First, we created and filtered 80 novel icons of 4 different types (simple & concrete, simple & abstract, complex & concrete, complex & abstract). Subsequently, participants were required to perform an icon-meaning recall task, during which icon familiarity was manipulated by different exposure frequencies. Finally, after viewing random icon-digit associations, participants' abilities to solve algebraic equations involving icons were tested. The results indicated that participants performed significantly better when the icons were simple, concrete or familiar and these beneficial effects increased as the task became more complex. Additionally, strong evidence was found to show that it was easier to encode and maintain familiar icons and associated information in working memory. The findings of this study provide useful information for the icon design and interface design of human-computer interaction.     

基于图标相似性分析的恶意代码检测方法

据统计，在大量的恶意代码中，有相当大的一部分属于诱骗型的恶意代码，它们通常使用与常用软件相似的图标来伪装自己，通过诱骗点击达到传播和攻击的目的。针对这类诱骗型的恶意代码，鉴于传统的基于代码和行为特征的恶意代码检测方法存在的效率低、代价高等问题，提出了一种新的恶意代码检测方法。首先，提取可移植的执行体（PE）文件图标资源信息并利用图像哈希算法进行图标相似性分析；然后，提取PE文件导入表信息并利用模糊哈希算法进行行为相似性分析；最后，采用聚类和局部敏感哈希的算法进行图标匹配，设计并实现了一个轻量级的恶意代码快速检测工具。实验结果表明，该工具对恶意代码具有很好的检测效果。     

A portable storage management system for the icon programming language

Icon is a new programming language designed primarily for non-numerical applications. Its roots are in SNOBOL4 and SL5; as in those languages, execution-time flexibility is an important attribute of Icon, although some aspects of programs are bound at compile time to improve efficiency. Icon, which is implemented in Ratfor, is also intended to be portable and suitable for 16-bit computers. The storage management system in Icon is designed to meet the goals of portability, flexibility and efficiency. This is accomplished by subdividing the storage management system into a set of type-specific storage management subsystems. This paper describes the implementation of these subsystems, their interaction, and their performance.