铝在路易斯酸性1-烯丙基-3甲基米唑氯铝酸离子液体中的低温电沉积(英文)

Lewis acidic 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloroaluminate ionic liquids were used as promising elec-trolytes in the low-temperature electrodeposition of aluminium.Systematic studies on deposition process have been performed by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry.The surface morphology and X-ray diffraction(XRD) patterns of deposits prepared at different experimental conditions were also investigated.It was shown that the nu-cleation density and growth rate of crystallites had a great effect on the structure of aluminium deposited.The crys-tallographic orientation of deposits was mainly influenced by temperature and current density.Smooth,dense and well adherent aluminium coatings were obtained on copper substrates at 10-25 mA?cm?2 and 313.2-353.2 K.More-over,the current efficiency of deposition and purity of aluminium have been significantly improved,demonstrating that the ionic liquids tested have a prospectful potential in electroplating and electrorefining of aluminium.     

1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐离子液体的合成及溶解性能的研究

以N-甲基咪唑和溴乙烷为原料,合成中间体[Emim]Br,讨论原料配比、溶剂、反应时间和反应温度对[Emim]Br产率的影响,最高产率为94.63%。四氟硼酸钠与中间体[Emim]Br以等摩尔比进行反应,确定最优的合成条件,在最佳合成条件下目标离子液体的转化率为94.45%。浊点法测定溶解度表明甲苯等溶剂在[Emim]BF4离子液体中有较好的溶解性能。     

离子液体金属电沉积研究进展

室温离子液体具有很宽的电化学窗口、优良的导电性、不挥发、热稳定性较高等优点.离子液体在化学反应、分离提纯、电化学等方面都有着广泛的应用,作为新一代绿色溶剂正日益受到重视.系统介绍了在离子液体中电化学沉积各种金属的研究进展,并展望了离子液体电沉积未来的发展趋势.     

Electrodeposition of antimony in a water-stable 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride tetrafluoroborate room temperature ionic liquid

The electrochemistry and electrodeposition of antimony were investigated on glassy carbon and nickel electrodes in a basic 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride-tetrafluoroborate room temperature ionic liquid. Cyclic voltammetry results show that Sb(III) may be either oxidized to Sb(V) via a quasi-reversible charge-transfer process or reduced to Sb metal. Diffusion coefficients for both Sb(III) and Sb(V) species were calculated from rotating disc voltammetric data. Analysis of chronoamperometric current–time transients indicates that the electrodeposition of Sb on glassy carbon proceeded via progressive three-dimensional nucleation with diffusion-controlled growth of the nuclei. Raising the deposition temperature results in decreased average radius of the individual nuclei. Dense deposits can be obtained within a deposition temperature range between 30 to 120 °C. Scanning electron microscopy revealed dramatic changes in the surface morphology of antimony electrodeposits as a function of deposition temperature; deposits obtained at 30 °C had a nodular appearance whereas those obtained at 80 and 120 °C consisted of evenly distributed fine polygonal crystals.     

1-甲基-3丁基咪唑氯离子液体中片状硫化铜纳米结构研究

以1-甲基-3丁基咪唑氯离子液体为溶剂直接溶解氯化铜,硫化钠水溶液作为沉淀剂快速制得片状硫化铜纳米颗粒.对比实验揭示,离子液体对于片状硫化铜纳米结构的形成具有决定性的影响.UV-Vis光谱检测显示其在240到600 nm处有较宽的吸收峰.     

Electrodeposition of palladium-indium from 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid

Voltammetry at a glassy carbon electrode was used to study the electrochemical co-deposition of Pd-In from a chloride-rich 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride/tetrafluoroborate air-stable room temperature ionic liquid at 120 °C. Deposition of Pd alone occurs prior to the overpotential deposition (OPD) of bulk In. However, underpotential deposition (UPD) of In on the deposited Pd was observed at the potential same as the deposition of Pd. The UPD of In on Pd was, however, limited by a slow charge transfer rate. Samples of Pd-In alloy coatings were prepared on nickel substrates and characterized by energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The electrodeposited alloy composition was relatively independent on the deposition potential within the In UPD range. At more negative potentials where the OPD of Pd-In has reached mass-transport limited region, the alloy composition corresponds to the Pd(II)/In(III) composition in the plating bath. The Pd-In alloy coatings obtained by direct deposition of Pd and UPD of In on the deposited Pd appeared to be superior to the Pd-In alloys that were obtained via the co-deposition of Pd and bulk In at OPD potentials.     

离子液体中电沉积钴-银软磁薄膜

使用离子液体(EMIC)和乙二醇的混合液作为电解液,电沉积制备钴-银软磁薄膜。研究发现,乙二醇能够有效地解离离子液体,从而增加电解液中氯离子和钴配合物的浓度。增大电解液中乙二醇的体积,有利于加快钴的沉积速率,提高钴-银薄膜中钴的质量分数,从而提高钴-银薄膜的比饱和磁化强度。随着乙二醇的体积的增大,钴-银薄膜从颗粒状逐渐转变为枝晶状,矫顽力逐渐增大。     

离子液体电沉积铁-钴合金工艺的研究

在室温离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氟硼酸盐(BMIM-BF4)体系中,研究了Fe-Co合金在铜基体上的电沉积。制备得到的合金薄膜表面光滑、致密,与基体结合牢固,具有金属光泽。综合考察了沉积电势、主盐的总浓度、Fe2+与Co2+的浓度比、电解液温度及沉积时间对镀层成分及外观形貌的影响。采用FE-SEM观察Fe-Co合金薄膜的表面形貌,采用EDAX测定Fe-Co合金薄膜的组成。结果表明:在离子液体电解液中所得到的Fe-Co合金镀层中铁的质量分数为34.6%~82.6%。     

含离子液体溴化1-丙基-3-甲基咪唑的二元和三元体系的蒸气压测定

Vapor pressure values of binary systems water ＋ ethanol, water ＋ ionic liquid 1-propyl-3- methylimidazolium bromide （[PMIM] [Br]）, ethanol ＋ [PMIM] [Br] and ternary system water ＋ ethanol ＋ [PMIM] [Br] at different temperatures were measured by using a modified boiling point method in various concentrations of （16.66%, 33.7%）, （17.4%, 33.9%） and （16.5%, 32%） mass percent of ionic liquid, respectively. The experimental vapor pressures of solvent were well correlated by the Antoine-type equation, and the overall average absolute deviation （AAD） was found to be 0.39%. The experimental results for mixtures containing ionic liquid indicate that the vapor pressure of the solvents can be decreased noticeably to different extent due to the affinity difference between ionic liquid and solvent, which is similar to the salt effect of common inorganic salts. As a result, ionic liquid may find industrial applications in extractive distillations for the system with a low separation factor or even for an azeotropic mixture.     

Determination of Vapor Pressures for Binary and Ternary Mixtures Containing Ionic Liquid 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium Bromide

Vapor pressure values of binary systems water + ethanol, water + ionic liquid 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([PMIM][Br]), ethanol + [PMIM][Br] and ternary system water + ethanol + [PMIM][Br] at different temperatures were measured by using a modified boiling point method in various concentrations of (16.66%, 33.7%), (17.4%, 33.9%) and (16.5%, 32%) mass percent of ionic liquid, respectively. The experimental vapor pressures of solvent were well correlated by the Antoine-type equation, and the overall average absolute deviation (AAD) was found to be 0.39%. The experimental results for mixtures containing ionic liquid indicate that the vapor pressure of the solvents can be decreased noticeably to different extent due to the affinity difference between ionic liquid and solvent, which is similar to the salt effect of common inorganic salts. As a result, ionic liquid may find industrial applications in extractive distillations for the system with a low separation factor or even for an azeotropic mixture.     

Conductivities of AlCl3/Ionic Liquid Systems and Their Application in Electrodeposition of Aluminium

Solubilities and conductivities of anhydrous AlCl3 in six kinds of ionic liquids (ILs) were measured. Among the six kinds of ILs [bmim]Cl, [bmim]Br, [bmim]BF4, [bmim]PF6, [emim][EtSO4] and [bmim][HSO4], anhydrous AlCl3 could be dissolved in the first five kinds but was hardly dissolved in [bmim][HSO4]. The results showed that the nominal solubilities of AlCl3 in ILs increased in the order of [bmim][HSO4] < [bmim]PF6 < [emim][EtSO4] < [bmim]BF4 < [bmim]Cl < [bmim]Br. Conductivities of the AlCl3/ILs systems depended apparently on the nominal molar ratio of AlCl3 to ILs. The conductivities of AlCl3/[bmim]Cl, AlCl3/[bmim]Br and AlCl3/[bmim]PF6 systems had a similar tendency as a function of the nominal molar ratio, that is, as the molar ratio was increased, conductivities increased first and then decreased, with the maximum conductivity obtained at approximately 0.9:1, 1.0:1 and 0.5:1, respectively. Conductivities of the AlCl3/[bmim]BF4 exhibited a dentate change and decreased with the molar ratio of AlCl3 to [bmim]BF4 increasing in general. With the increasing of the anhydrous AlCl3 amount in [emim][EtSO4], conductivity of AlCl3/[emim][EtSO4] monotonically decreased. AlCl3/[bmim]Cl system was chosen as the electrolyte for the electrodeposition of Al. Preliminary experimental results showed that dense, adherent and homogeneous Al coatings could be electrodeposited on stainless steel by means of constant potential technique and the surface coverage was quite satisfactory.     

离子液体中电沉积铁工艺的研究

在含有Fe2＋的离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基四氟硼酸盐（[BMIM]BF4）电解液中,研究了金属铁的电沉积工艺。讨论了镀液组成及工艺条件对镀层外观质量的影响,确定了较佳的电镀工艺条件。在该工艺条件下,得到了结晶细致、外观均匀、光亮的金属铁镀层。稳态极化曲线测试表明：在[BMIM]BF4-Fe（BF4）2体系中,铁的电沉积是受扩散控制的非可逆电极过程。扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察镀层的微观形貌显示金属铁的结晶细小。XRD分析证实：镀层为纯铁,沉积的铁的结晶发生明显的择优取向。     

Quality Control of 1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium Ionic Liquid Precursors with HPLC

A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was proposed to monitor the synthesis and purification of the 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquid precursors from alkylation of 1-methylimidazole with alkyl halides and determine the purity of final products. The results showed that separation of 1-methylimidazole from the precursors could be obtained under the HPLC performance conditions such as cation exchange column, acetonitrile/KH2PO4 aqueous solution and 209 nm wavelength. The content of unreacted 1-methylimidazole in the precursors could be easily calculated from their corresponding HPLC peak areas with the calibration curve of 1-methylimidazole. The retention times of the 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquid precursors decreased with their increasing alkyls, and the ionic liquids with the same cation and different anions had almost the same retention times.     

碱性离子液体1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑磷酸二乙酯盐在Knoevenagel反应中的应用

考察了碱性离子液体1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑磷酸二乙酯盐{[Em im]+[(EtO)2(PO)O]-}催化一系列醛与活性亚甲基类化合物的Knoevenagel反应,比较了该离子液体在有溶剂存在及无溶剂条件下的催化性能。结果表明,该离子液体在乙醇作溶剂条件下对芳香醛的反应具有较高的催化活性,采用摩尔分数为20%的离子液体来催化该反应,于室温反应即可顺利完成,产率达73.2%~97%,生成相应的取代烯烃化合物。在无溶剂条件下采取机械研磨的方法进行反应,该离子液体表现出更高的催化活性,采用摩尔分数为10%的离子液体进行反应,在1~10 m in即可使产率达90%以上,所得产物均为E式构型。而且在无溶剂条件下,不仅可催化芳香醛的反应,亦可催化脂肪醛的反应。所用离子液体可重复使用,第5次使用时产率仍能达到85.9%。     

Electrodeposition behavior of nickel and nickel-zinc alloys from the zinc chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride low temperature molten salt

The electrodeposition of nickel and nickel-zinc alloys was investigated at polycrystalline tungsten electrode in the zinc chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride molten salt. Although nickel(II) chloride dissolved easily into the pure chloride-rich 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic melt, metallic nickel could not be obtained by electrochemical reduction of this solution. The addition of zinc chloride to this solution shifted the reduction of nickel(II) to more positive potential making the electrodeposition of nickel possible. The electrodeposition of nickel, however, requires an overpotential driven nucleation process. Dense and compact nickel deposits with good adherence could be prepared by controlling the deposition potential. X-ray powder diffraction measurements indicated the presence of crystalline nickel deposits. Non-anomalous electrodeposition of nickel-zinc alloys was achieved through the underpotential deposition of zinc on the deposited nickel at a potential more negative than that of the deposition of nickel. X-ray powder diffraction and energy-dispersive spectrometry measurements of the electrodeposits indicated that the composition and the phase types of the nickel-zinc alloys are dependent on the deposition potential. For the Ni-Zn alloy deposits prepared by underpotential deposition of Zn on Ni, the Zn content in the Ni-Zn was always less than 50 atom%.     

超声波对氯代1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑离子液体合成的强化

采用超声波辅助加热回流的方法合成了氯代1–烯丙基–3–甲基咪唑离子液体([AMIM]Cl),并对其进行了紫外光谱(UV)和傅利叶红外光谱(FT–IR)表征。考察了反应物摩尔比、反应时间和超声波功率对离子液体的收率和纯度的影响,探讨了超声波对合成反应的强化效应。实验结果表明超声波能强化[AMIM]Cl的合成,明显缩短合成时间,且其强化效应受反应物摩尔比的影响较小,而与超声波功率紧密相关。[AMIM]Cl适宜的合成条件为反应温度50℃、反应时间2h、氯丙烯与1–甲基咪唑的摩尔比1.4、超声波功率100W,此时离子液体的收率和纯度分别为94.4%和99.2%。     

Electrodeposition of palladium–silver in a Lewis basic 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride-tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid

The electrodeposition of palladium–silver alloys was investigated in a basic 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride/tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid containing Pd(II) and Ag(I). Cyclic voltammetry experiments showed that the reduction of Ag(I) occurs prior to the reduction Pd(II). Both electrodeposition processes require nucleation overpotential. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy data indicated that the composition of the Pd–Ag alloys could be varied by deposition potential and concentrations of Pd(II) and Ag(I) in the solution. The Pd content in the deposited Pd–Ag alloy increased with decreasing deposition potential and the Pd mole fraction in the plating bath. At potentials where the deposition of both Pd and Ag was mass-transport limited, the Pd/Ag ratio in the electrodeposited alloys was slightly less than the Pd(II)/Ag(I) ratio in the ionic liquid due to the smaller diffusion coefficient of Pd(II). Scanning electron micrographs of the electrodeposits showed that in general, the Pd–Ag alloys were nodular and become more compact upon increasing the temperature up to 120 °C.     

Optimization of pulsed electrodeposition of aluminum from AlCl3-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid

In this study, Al was electrodeposited on a platinum substrate at room temperature from an ionic liquid bath of EMIC containing AlCl₃ using potentiostatic polarization (PP), galvanostatic polarization (GP), monopolar current pulse polarization (MCP) and bipolar current pulse polarization (BCP). Transition of current or potential during galvanostatic or pulse polarization revealed that the initial stage of the deposition process was controlled by a nucleation process depending on the polarization condition. For example, the average size of Al deposits decreased with increasing current density in the case of GP. FE-SEM observation showed that dense and compact Al deposits with a smooth surface were obtained by the current pulse method. Roughness factor evaluated from electrochemical impedance measurement confirmed the smooth surface of these deposits. Adhesion strength of Al deposits was greatly improved using BCP in which an anodic pulse was combined with a cathodic pulse for electrodeposition. In this study, the optimal parameters for BCP were found to be I_C = −16.0 mA cm⁻², I_A = 1.0 mA cm⁻², r_C (duty ratio) = 0.5, and f = 2 Hz. The mechanisms of electrodeposition by these three methods are discussed.     

N-乙基-N-丁基吗啉离子液体的合成及性能

以吗啉、溴乙烷、溴代正丁烷为原料三步法合成了N-乙基-N-丁基吗啉四氟硼酸盐离子液体,中间体(a)产率94.1%,(b)产率90.7%,离子液体产率87.6%。这种具有吗啉阳离子的离子液体用质谱、红外光谱、元素分析、核磁共振和热重分析等手段进行了表征,并对产物的溶解性及形成双水相体系条件进行了考察,结果表明:产物在极性溶剂里具有较好的溶解性,当离子液体的质量浓度为345~440 g/L、KH2PO4质量浓度85~95 g/L、溶液酸度4.5~6.0时,形成上下相体积比接近1的双水相体系,性质稳定。     

溴化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑离子液体合成反应动力学研究

由N-甲基咪唑和溴代正丁烷合成了溴化1-正丁基-3-甲基咪唑离子液体,通过测定反应物浓度随时间的变化,采用微分法绘制反应动力学曲线,研究了反应动力学特征和反应的热效应。