几种接收机在MIMO信道下的性能比较

多入多出（MIMO）无线信道具有空间复用增益和分集增益特性,因此MIMO系统和单入单出（SISO）无线系统相比能够获得更高的频谱效率。本文在不同天线组合下分析了几种MIMO空时信号处理算法的性能,仿真结果和理论分析表明：空间复用增益和分集增益不能同时获得最大,因此在设计MIMO通信系统时可根据实际情况选择天线数,即不仅考虑系统抵抗信道衰落的分集增益,还要考虑能够提供更高的数据传输速率,通过折衷考虑空间复杂增益和分集增益,从更全面的观点评估系统的性能。     

MIMO系统中分集增益和空间复用增益的折衷关系

论文导出了分集增益与空间复用增益间的最佳折衷关系式。该关系式为阶梯递减右连续函数,阶梯数等于接收天线数目。分集增益的取值与分组长度有关,只有当分组长度不小于发射天线数目时才能获得满分集增益。折衷关系表明,采用合适的空时编码可以同时获得分集增益和空间复用增益,但是两种增益不能同时达到最大。由最佳折衷关系可以推测一定空间复用增益时可得到的最大分集增益,以及一定分集增益时能获得的最大空间复用增益。     

基于网络编码的分布式天线系统性能分析

文章针对多输入多输出（MIMO）系统在移动终端实现上的限制,提出分布式天线系统（DAS）的解决方案来获得空间分集增益。采用DAS模型,通过使用一个具有网络编码解码运算能力的辅助天线增强用户与基站间的通信,探讨基于网络编码的天线分集增益。分析比较无辅助天线系统、简单DAS和基于网络编码的DAS中断概率性能后,理论分析和计算机仿真结果表明,相比简单DAS,基于网络编码的DAS节约硬件成本并提高了频谱利用率;系统中断概率平均降低0．0164,可获得更大的分集增益。     

瑞利衰落时MIMO无线通信系统分集性能分析

针对多输入多输出（MIMO）无线通信系统提高系统性能的同时增加了系统的复杂度，提出了基于最大特征值传输的分集解决方案，在天线数量一定的情况下最大可能的提高系统的分集增益。对单输入多输出和多输入多输出的情况进行了数学分析，推导出了系统性能的变化范围，并且对分析的结果进行了数值仿真。     

WIBRO系统中基于SM-STBC的自适应天线分组算法

在多天线系统中,采用空间复用空时块码(STBC,space-time block code)可以在空间复用增益和分集增益之间达到很好的性能折中.文中提出一种应用在无线宽带系统中,基于空间复用STBC的自适应天线分组算法.该算法可以自适应地将天线进行分组,在组内采用STBC分集方案,组间采用空间复用方案.优化分组既能在每个子载波上基于最小SNR最大化准则来进行,也可在整个频带上使用平均互信息最大化准则来确定.仿真结果表明,我们提出的两种自适应天线分组方法都可以有效地改善系统的性能.     

第三代移动通信系统中的发送分集技术

发送分集技术简单来说就是发送端利用多天线结构对发送信号引入空间分集。利用反馈的信道状态信息，可以使系统在获得分集增益的同时，又获得额外天线增益。本文介绍了第三代移动通信中的发送分集技术。     

基于空时编码的MB-OFDM超宽带通信系统

基于MB-OFDM（多带正交频分复用）超宽带通信系统上，采用了两种特殊的空时（频）编码结构来改善系统性能。仿真结果表明，在修正的S-V信道模型下，该系统增大了传输速率，基于空时分组编码（STBC）结构的超宽带系统在低信噪比情况下可以获得较好的分集增益，而基于预编码的空时频编码（STFC）的超宽带系统的BER性能比单天线系统的BER性能更加优异．     

基于最大比合并的MIMO分集系统递增天线选择算法

MIMO分集系统天线选择技术可以在不增加系统射频链路的情况下,达到与全天线几乎相同的分集增益.针对发送端采用最大比发送,接收端采用最大比合并的MIMO分集系统,提出了一种递增天线选择方法,每次增加一根天线,并使得它与已选出的天线结合起来具有最大的信噪比增益.相对于对所有可用天线集进行遍历的最优算法,它减小了需要搜索的范围和每次搜索的计算量,降低了复杂度;相对于功控天线选择算法,它考虑了新增天线与已选出天线集之间的相关性,改善了性能.仿真结果表明,在误比特率、信道容量和信噪比增益方面,此算法和最优算法性能相近,且不随可用天线数和选出天线数的改变而改变.     

正交空时分组码在瑞利衰落信道中的性能估计

根据Alamouti最大似然译码方法，给出了在正交空时分组码传输的衰落信道条件下接收机输出瞬时信噪比的一般表达式，分析了瑞利衰落信道条件下引入正交空时分组码的多天线系统的符号差错性能，研究表明采用正交空时码传输信号，增加发送天线数量和接收天线数量都可以得到更大的分集增益；在接受天线数量一定的情况下，增加发送天线的数量可以带来更大的分集增益，但当发送天线数量增加到一定程度后，再增加发送天线数量就不能带来明显的分集改善了。     

分布式MIMO数字阵列雷达阵元优化配置

为了合理分配相参增益和空间分集增益在分布式多输入多输出(MIMO)数字阵列雷达系统中的比重,研究了其阵元的优化配置问题。首先,根据MIMO雷达信号模型将阵元配置问题转化为目标散射系数矩阵的分块划分问题;然后,依据子块内信号相参处理,子块间信号非相参处理的方式推导了似然比检测器;最后,分别从检测概率最大、探测距离最远和总的阵元数最少三个方面给出了阵元优化配置的表达式并进行了仿真分析。研究结果表明:应首先利用相参增益将回波信噪比提高到一定值后才能利用空间分集增益;分置接收天线比分置发射天线牺牲的相参增益少;当检测概率大于0.8时,分置两个收发共用的相控阵天线可使系统阵元总数最少,否则无需天线分置。     

On the performance of using multiple transmit and receive antennas in pulse-based ultrawideband systems

This paper presents an analytical expression for the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the pulse position modulated (PPM) signal in an ultrawideband (UWB) channel with multiple transmit and receive antennas. A generalized fading channel model that can capture the cluster property and the highly dense multipath effect of the UWB channel is considered. Through simulations, it is demonstrated that the derived analytical model can accurately estimate the mean and variance properties of the pulse-based UWB signals in a frequency-selective fading channel. Furthermore, the authors investigate to what extent the performance of the PPM-based UWB system can be further enhanced by exploiting the advantage of multiple transmit antennas or receive antennas. Numerical results show that using multiple transmit antennas in the UWB channel can improve the system performance in the manner of reducing signal variations. However, because of already possessing rich diversity inherently in the UWB channel, using multiple transmit antennas does not provide diversity gain in the strict sense [i.e., improving the slope of bit error rate (BER) versus SNR] but can possibly reduce the required fingers of the RAKE receiver for the UWB channel. Furthermore, because multiple receive antennas can provide higher antenna array combining gain, the multiple receive antennas technique can be used to improve the coverage performance for the UWB system, which is crucial for a UWB system due to the low transmission power operation.     

多径信道下基于空时分组码的发送分集技术

文章在多径信道下,提出了一种基于RAKE接收机的空时分组编码(STBC)方案.该方案将空时分组编码(STBC)与RAKE接收机的多径叠加相干检测的方法相结合,从而可以在频率选择性衰落信道下采用多发射天线实现发送分集.此方案获得的分集增益与由采用相同数量接收天线的最大比接收合并(MRRC)方案得到的接收分集增益接近,能够较大地提高传榆系统的可靠性.     

The diversity gain of transmit diversity in wireless systems withRayleigh fading

In this paper, we study the ability of transmit diversity to provide diversity benefit to a receiver in a Rayleigh fading environment. With transmit diversity, multiple antennas transmit delayed versions of a signal to create frequency-selective fading at a single antenna at the receiver, which uses equalization to obtain diversity gain against fading. We use Monte Carlo simulation to study transmit diversity for the case of independent Rayleigh fading from each transmit antenna to the receive antenna and maximum likelihood sequence estimation for equalization at the receiver. Our results show that transmit diversity with M transmit antennas provides a diversity gain within 0.1 dB of that with M receive antennas for any number of antennas. Thus, we can obtain the same diversity benefit at the remotes and base stations using multiple base-station antennas only     

Combined array processing and space-time coding

The information capacity of wireless communication systems may be increased dramatically by employing multiple transmit and receive antennas. The goal of system design is to exploit this capacity in a practical way. An effective approach to increasing data rate over wireless channels is to employ space-time coding techniques appropriate to multiple transmit antennas. These space-time codes introduce temporal and spatial correlation into signals transmitted from different antennas, so as to provide diversity at the receiver, and coding gain over an uncoded system. For large number of transmit antennas and at high bandwidth efficiencies, the receiver may become too complex whenever correlation across transmit antennas is introduced. This paper dramatically reduces encoding and decoding complexity by partitioning antennas at the transmitter into small groups, and using individual space-time codes, called the component codes, to transmit information from each group of antennas. At the receiver, an individual space-time code is decoded by a novel linear processing technique that suppresses signals transmitted by other groups of antennas by treating them as interference. A simple receiver structure is derived that provides diversity and coding gain over uncoded systems. This combination of array processing at the receiver and coding techniques for multiple transmit antennas can provide reliable and very high data rate communication over narrowband wireless channels. A refinement of this basic structure gives rise to a multilayered space-time architecture that both generalizes and improves upon the layered space-time architecture proposed by Foschini (see Bell Labs Tech. J., vol.1, no.2, 1996)     

多天线无线数据通信系统中多用户分集的研究

研究当接收天线不少于发送天线时多输入多输出(MIMO)系统的多用户分集能力。首先从理论上分析了发送天线个数等于1和2时最大似然接收和迫零接收系统的平均吞吐量和调度增益,以及仿真分析了发送天线个数大于2时系统性能。理论分析和仿真表明：在多用户的MIMO系统中,接收的平均信噪比、用户个数、收发天线个数、接收机的结构等对于多用户分集有很大的影响。当发送天线个数为1时,接收天线较少(1,2,3)和平均信噪比为．10dB时调度增益很大,但调度增益随着天线个数和发送功率增大急剧下降。和最大似然接收相比,迫零接收具有更大的多用户分集增益,因此迫零接收机的吞吐量可以很容易超过最大似然接收机。     

Performance of maximal ratio transmission with two receive antennas

Maximal ratio transmission is a transmit beamforming technique where multiple antennas are used both for transmission and reception. It can effectively increase the diversity order without modifying the receiver. In this letter, an expression for the probability of error of maximal ratio transmission is derived for the special case of two receive antennas and multiple transmit antennas.     

A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications

This paper presents a simple two-branch transmit diversity scheme. Using two transmit antennas and one receive antenna the scheme provides the same diversity order as maximal-ratio receiver combining (MRRC) with one transmit antenna, and two receive antennas. It is also shown that the scheme may easily be generalized to two transmit antennas and M receive antennas to provide a diversity order of 2M. The new scheme does not require any bandwidth expansion or any feedback from the receiver to the transmitter and its computation complexity is similar to MRRC     

一种基于分集技术的空时码传输方法

根据分集技术的特点,对以往经典的传输方法进行了改进,提出了一种新的传输方法。在发射端,分成M组天线,每组包含Ti（i=1,2,…,M）根天线,不同组的天线利用不同的频率发射相同的或不同的信息,从而获得发射分集增益和复用增益。在接收端,分成M组天线,每组天线包含Ri（i=1,2,…,M）根天线,每组接收天线负责接收发射端同一组发射天线发射的信息,从而获得接收分集增益,即采用＂多对多＂的传输方式。仿真结果表明：文中方法与典型的传输方法相比,可大大加快传输速率和接收端的译码的速度。同时,在发射端,可以采用正交极化天线,降低了接收端之间的干扰,从而进一步提高了系统的性能。     

基于Schmidt正交化的多天线选择复用

该文从提高信道传输有效性的角度,提出了一种新的多天线选择发送策略--贪婪搜索(GS)法,使用这种方法挑选出使容量最大化的发送天线组合作为传输信号的天线。此法在结合注水(waterfilling)法进行天线功率分配的情况下,与理想的全天线注水法相比,可以减小发射机的复杂度,在独立信道下传输容量略有损失,在相关信道下可以提高传输容量,并且所付出的代价是仅需要对信道矩阵进行Schmidt正交化变换。这种方法一般用于信道矩阵列不满秩,即发送端天线数大于接收端天线数,发送端已知信道矩阵的情况(与注水法结合)或者接收端已知信道矩阵的情况(等功率分配)。     

Performance analysis of uplink spatial multiplexing MIMO MT‐CDMA over multipath fading channels

In this paper, we consider multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) multi‐tone code division multiple access (MT‐CDMA) uplink transmission over multipath fading channels. The zero‐forcing vertical Bell Laboratories layered space‐time architecture (ZF V‐BLAST) algorithm and maximum ratio combining scheme are applied at the receiver. The average bit error rate (BER) expression is derived provided that the number of receive antennas is not less than that of transmit antennas. The BER expression is verified by simulations. Numerical results show that the numbers of transmit and receive antennas have significant effects on the BER performance of the considered system. Spatial and path diversity show different capabilities to improve the BER performance. The MIMO MT‐CDMA system based on the ZF V‐BLAST algorithm is capable of achieving a better BER performance and a higher capacity than the conventional MT‐CDMA system. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.