离子液体辅助液相沉淀法制备纳米La_2O_3

文章以碳酸镧为原料,以氢氧化钠为沉淀剂利用液相沉淀法在离子液体[Bz MIm]BF_4中制备出了纳米La_2O_3粉体。用透射电镜观察粒子的形貌和大小,用马尔文激光粒度分析仪测定粒径分布情况,用比表面仪测定粒子的比表面积。实验结果表明,纳米氧化镧的平均粒径随反应温度、反应物浓度、煅烧温度和时间的增加都呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。本实验过程中,当反应温度90℃,煅烧温度720℃,m([BzMIm]BF_4)/m(La(OH)_3)=2∶3,煅烧1.5 h时,制得的氧化镧粒径分布较均匀,团聚较少,大部分处于14~50 nm,呈长条状,其重量比表面积为53.793 m~2/g。     

超声波均匀沉淀法制备纳米氧化镧

采用尿素水解法,以氯化镧和尿素为原料制备纳米氧化镧,并且采用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）和差热-热重分析（TG—DTA）等手段对其产物进行了表征。研究了反应物浓度比、超声时间、煅烧温度以及分散剂溴化十六烷基三甲基铵（CTMAB）和硫酸铵的用量对制备氧化镧粒径的影响,并有效地解决了制备、干燥、煅烧前驱物时的团聚对氧化镧粒径的影响。实验结果表明,在适宜的尿素浓度、超声时间、煅烧温度以及分散剂（CTMAB）和硫酸铵的用量的条件下,可获得粒径均匀的纳米氧化镧,其平均粒径为15nm。XRD分析表明,合成的氧化镧属六方晶系。     

凝胶-燃烧法合成纳米晶SnO2粉体

通过金属硝酸盐（氧化剂）和柠檬酸（燃料）的凝胶－燃烧方法合成了纳米晶SnO2粉体，TG－DSC分析得知，凝胶的着火温度为250℃，采用XRD，TEM，BET及FTIR对粉体进行了表征；考察了着火温度、燃料用量和热处理温度对所获得的粉体特性的影响，研究结果表明，晶粒尺寸与颗粒尺寸随热处理温度的上升而增大；在柠檬酸与Sn^4 的摩尔比为6：1，热处理温度为600℃时制备的纳米晶SnO2粉体的平均晶粒尺寸为12m，平均颗粒尺寸为30nm，比表面积为20－28m^2/g。     

纳米二氧化锡粉体常压共沸蒸馏制备及表征

以四氯化锡为原料，以氨水为沉淀剂，采用溶胶-凝胶法在四氯化锡溶液浓度为0．2mol／L，终点pH=2．5，反应温度65℃，常压共沸蒸馏脱水后，500℃焙烧3h制备纳米二氧化锡粉体。用BET，FT—IR，TG—DSC。XRD和TEM等进行表征，表明所得的二氧化锡粉末比表面积为42．59m^2／g，最小平均粒径可至7．2nm，且无团聚存在。工艺原料价廉易得，工艺过程相对容易控制，设备简单，制得产品粒径小、均匀，环境污染小。     

纳米金红石型TiO2的制备研究

以TiCl4为原料,通过低温水热处理和高温煅烧两步法得到了金红石型TiO2纳米晶。利用XRD、TEM、BET和紫外一可见光光谱对不同反应条件下制得的样品进行了表征。结果表明,水热温度较高时所得到的前体煅烧后更有利于形成小粒径和高分散的TiO2纳米晶,并且有较高的比表面积。     

湿化学法制备α-Al2O3纳米粉

以分析纯硫酸铝铵和碳酸氢铵为原料,采用湿化学法制备单分散超细NH4Al2(OH)2CO3先驱沉淀物,在1100℃下灼烧得到平均粒径为20nm的α-Al2O3纳米粉体.对粉体进行了扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积(BET)、热重(TG)、差热(DTA)、粒度分布等表征,此法获得的粉体无明显团聚,粒度分布均匀,颗粒尺寸小,其煅烧温度比通常低100℃左右.     

炭吸附氨水沉淀法制备氧化钇纳米粒子及表征

采用炭吸附沉淀法制备氧化钇纳米粉体。探讨了炭黑的加入量对粉体比表面积的影响,得到最佳的炭黑加入量。分别采用XRD,TEM,BET和TG分析了不同温度下焙烧所得粉体的物相、颗粒度、分散性和比表面积以及前驱体热分解特性。结果表明,700℃焙烧的粉体呈现良好的分散状态,比表面积为101．2m^2／g,平均颗粒直径为8nm;随着烧结温度的升高,粉体的粒径逐渐增大。     

超细活性氧化铝的制备和表征

在强烈搅拌的条件下，用化学沉淀法制备，得到了纳米级的拟薄水铝石。然后在适当的条件下煅烧得到超细活性氧化铝。讨论了沉淀反应中溶液浓度、气体流量、反应终点pH对前驱体晶型的影响，以及前驱体晶体形态、煅烧温度和煅烧时间对氧化铝形态的影响。用XRD、TEM及BET对产品进行了表征，表明本方法可得到粒径小、比表面积较大的活性氧化铝。     

固相法合成纳米氧化镧

以六水氯化镧与氢氧化钠为反应物，在室温下通过固相化学反应首先合成前驱物氢氧化镧，经热分解得到纳米氧化镧。用透射电镜（TEM）和X射线衍射（XRD）对产物的组成、大小及形貌进行表征。结果表明：产物纳米氧化镧为球形结构，平均粒径为15nm，确定了固相反应制备纳米氧化镧的最佳工艺条件为：焙烧温度为750℃，焙烧时间为2．5h。并考察了加入表面活性剂对粒径大小和分散性的影响。加入0．5％（表面活性剂占总反应物质量分数）的表面活性剂聚乙二醇600可使粒子尺寸变小，分散性好，克服团聚现象。     

溶胶-凝胶-共沸蒸馏技术制备纳米SnO_2粉体

以SnCl4.5H2O为原料,NH3.H2O为沉淀剂,采用溶胶-凝胶-共沸蒸馏技术制备纳米SnO2粉体,实验考察了原料浓度、反应温度、反应终点pH值、干燥脱水方式、焙烧温度等工艺条件对纳米SnO2粉体粒径的影响,得出最佳工艺条件为:SnCl4溶液浓度为0.2mol/L,氨水浓度控制在8%~10%,终点pH值控制2.5,反应温度65℃,温度为500℃时焙烧3h。该制备工艺分别采用醇洗和共沸蒸馏两种脱水方式,将制备得到的粉末用BET、FT-IR、TG-DSC、XRD和TEM等进行表征,采用共沸蒸馏脱水工艺所得的SnO2粉末最小平均粒径可至7.2nm,且无团聚存在。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.