某500 kV线缆混合线路的故障定位方案

针对某500 kV线缆混合输电线路,通过现场实测其内部各段工频参数和波阻抗,分析其分布特性及行波在输电线的传播特性,发现各段工频参数极不均匀,且各段的零序补偿系数之间、波阻抗之间也相差较大;内部固有行波反射点较多,在线缆连接处反射系数较大.根据以上特点,提出分两步的两端阻抗法和分段两端行波法对该输电线路进行故障定位,并基于当前设备条件进行技术经济比较,对线缆混合输电线路推荐采用分段两端电流行波法,可以有效地提高了线缆混合线路故障测距精度.     

超高压电缆-架空线混合线路故障测寻方法

提出一种超高压电缆架空线混合线路故障测寻的新方法。首先利用有效的判据确定故障发生在电缆侧或架空线侧,然后利用故障区域首末端电压、电流突变量值递推算出故障点。经过简单的改进,该方法同样适用于更复杂的超高压架空线电缆架空线混合线路。新方法不要求双端数据同步,不受线路两端系统阻抗和过渡电阻的影响,不存在伪根判别问题,易于实现。仿真结果显示这种算法具有较高的测距精度和实用价值。     

Steady-state operating conditions of very long EHVAC cable lines: Two case studies

The paper deals with the operation of very long EHV AC cable lines in a well-developed bulk power system, by simulating two 400 kV-50 Hz single circuit cable lines, 80-100 km long, installed at different locations of the Italian transmission network, both standing alone and in parallel to an existing overhead line. The power transmission limits of the considered cable lines are assessed analytically, as well as the required amount of shunt compensation and its location, at line terminals or also at mid-line; a criterion for sizing mid-line shunt compensation is also proposed. In order to check theoretical analyses carried out by analytical formulas, AC load flow simulations of the transmission network with the hypothetical cable lines in place are evaluated, referring to severe loading conditions in both normal and post-contingency operation. Open-ended cable operation and shunt compensation contingencies are also addressed. Results show that power transmission limits due to cable ampacity and higher active power flows due to low cable reactance do not pose special constraints on the operation of the powerful network under examination. Appropriate shunt compensation minimizes the effects of surplus cable reactive power, allowing to operate long 400 kV-50 Hz cable lines (up to 100 km at least) with reactors at line terminals only. Moreover, if shunt compensation is installed also at mid-line, operating capabilities of the long cable lines are enhanced and losses reduced.     

基于线路参数估计的高压架空输电线路故障测距新算法

在现有的故障测距算法中,输电线路参数都是作为已知恒量参与运算,其准确性是影响测距精度的一个重要因素.文中提出一种基于线路参数估计的故障测距最小二乘算法,该算法无需已知准确的线路阻抗参数,无需增加硬件装置,利用现场双端故障录波装置提供的数据,在线估计出线路参数,同时计算出故障距离,从原理上克服了现场实际因素造成的线路参数不准确或变化对测距结果精度的影响.理论分析及仿真结果表明,该算法具有很高的测距精度.     

Fault location on a transmission line using synchronized Voltage measurements

Many methods for fault location using synchronized phasor measurement have been reported in literature. Most of these methods use voltage and current measurements at one or both ends of a transmission line. Accuracy of current measurement is limited by the accuracy of the current transformers (CT) used. This paper describes a fault-location method for transmission lines using only synchronized voltage measurements at both ends of the line, eliminating the inherent error due to CT. The method can be applied to transposed and untransposed lines. The method is tested using results from a steady state fault-analysis program and EMTP.     

无功配置对海上风电场输出海缆损耗的影响分析

基于海上风电场输电系统模型和海底电缆参数,分析了海上风电场无功补偿配置方法和海缆损耗的计算方法,建立了海上风电场输电系统简化模型,计算了不同规模、不同传输距离海上风电场采用两端补偿和陆上单端补偿两种方案时输出海缆导体损耗,得到了海缆导体损耗-风电场出力曲线。在风电场低出力水平及长距离传输时,两端补偿损耗更低,而在风电场高出力水平或短距离传输时,单端补偿损耗稍低一些。     

Fault location scheme for combined overhead line with underground power cable

This paper presents a fault location scheme for transmission systems consisting of an overhead line combined with an underground power cable. The algorithm requires phasor measurements data from one end of the transmission line and the synchronized measurements at the most far end of the power cable. Fault location is derived using distributed line model, modal transformation theory and Discrete Fourier Transform. The technique can be used on-line or off-line using the data stored in the digital fault recording apparatuses. The proposed scheme has the ability to locate the fault whether it is in the overhead line or in the underground power cable. In addition to, the proposed scheme gives an accurate estimation of the fault resistance at fault location. Extensive simulation studies carried out using MATLAB show that the proposed scheme provides a high accuracy in fault location under various fault conditions.     

A performance oriented impedance based fault location algorithm for series compensated transmission lines

This paper proposes a performance oriented fault location algorithm for series compensated transmission lines. The algorithm estimates the fault location based on the calculated fault voltage and current using two end measurements and line parameters. Fault location computations are carried out considering faults existed before or after the compensator location on the line. The calculated MOV impedance is the key factor in determining whether or not the fault is located in front of the compensator. A 380 kV transmission line with a series capacitor and an MOV has been tested for various fault types, fault locations and fault resistances. The results show that the algorithm accurately estimates the fault location for all cases.     

A new and accurate fault location algorithm for combined transmission lines using Adaptive Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System

This paper presents a new and accurate algorithm for locating faults in a combined overhead transmission line with underground power cable using Adaptive Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). The proposed method uses 10 ANFIS networks and consists of 3 stages, including fault type classification, faulty section detection and exact fault location. In the first part, an ANFIS is used to determine the fault type, applying four inputs, i.e., fundamental component of three phase currents and zero sequence current. Another ANFIS network is used to detect the faulty section, whether the fault is on the overhead line or on the underground cable. Other eight ANFIS networks are utilized to pinpoint the faults (two for each fault type). Four inputs, i.e., the dc component of the current, fundamental frequency of the voltage and current and the angle between them, are used to train the neuro-fuzzy inference systems in order to accurately locate the faults on each part of the combined line. The proposed method is evaluated under different fault conditions such as different fault locations, different fault inception angles and different fault resistances. Simulation results confirm that the proposed method can be used as an efficient means for accurate fault location on the combined transmission lines.     

利用双端不同步数据的高压输电线路故障测距实用算法及其实现

利用单侧电压电流工频分量的输电线路故障测距算法,进行双原系统的线路故障定位时,远端系统等值阻抗变化对测距精度的影响时我法克服的。中提出一种双电源系统的高压输电线路故障定位的实用算法,其特点为：（１）两端数据不必同占;（２）用于短、中等长度线路时,不需要迭代求解,即定位方程为一个算式;（３）不需要区分故障类型;（４）该方法适用于换位线路、不换位线路以及双回线路。     

An accurate fault location scheme for connected aged cable lines in double-fed systems

This paper presents an adaptive fault location scheme for aged power cables using synchronized phasor measurements from both ends of the cable. The proposed fault location scheme is derived using the two-terminal synchronized measurements incorporated with distributed line model, modal transformation theory and Discrete Fourier Transform. The proposed scheme has the ability to solve the problem of cable changing parameters, especially the change of the relative permittivity over its age and thus for the operating positive, negative, and zero-sequence capacitance changes. Extensive simulation studies are carried out using Alternative Transients Program ATP/EMTP. The simulation studies show that the proposed scheme provides a high accuracy in fault location calculations under various system and fault conditions. The results show that the proposed scheme responds very well to any fault insensitive to fault type, fault resistance, fault inception angle and system configuration. The proposed scheme solves the problem of aged cables with the change of the electric parameters. In addition to, it gives an accurate estimation of the fault resistance.     

高电缆化率对直流受端输电网谐波传递特性的影响

电缆线路占比增加将使直流受端输电网谐波传递特性发生改变。首先提出了电缆化率的概念,并推导出准确计及电缆化率的输电线路谐波模型,继而建立了计及电缆化率的交直流谐波经直流逆变站出线传递的谐波电压传递系数模型。最后,以上海宜华直流输电工程为例详细分析了在不同直流逆变站出线方式下电缆化率对直流受端输电网谐波相互传递特性的影响。研究结果表明：直流系统与受端输电网谐波相互传递特性受直流逆变站出线方式、线路参数、电缆化率及谐波频次制约;电缆化率增加会引起谐振频率左移,高频段谐波偏移程度更显著;所推导模型可根据线路实际参数、电缆化率定量分析谐波放大程度,作为未来受端输电网电缆线路规划及建设的重要依据。     

Nonuniform transmission tower model for lightning transient studies

This paper presents a new approach to model a transmission tower for lightning performance studies. It consists of representing each part of the tower by equivalent vertical and/or horizontal transmission lines as required. While horizontal line parameters are obtained from standard line formulas, specific expressions are derived for the parameters of vertical lines. Moreover, mutual coupling between any two parallel vertical transmission lines is taken into account. Transient waveforms obtained using the proposed method are compared with experimental data obtained using a reduced-scale model and field experiments. The agreement between simulated results and experimental measurements is satisfactory.     

分割导体内预置测温光纤的XLPE电缆及附件的研制及试验

电力电缆导体运行温度是电缆线路安全运行的重要参数。在电缆制造时,将测温光纤预置于电缆分割导体内,对其配套的电缆附件进行了初期的电气性能、光纤连接、引出的可操作性模拟试验。在预鉴定试验线路安装时,两段电缆导体内的光纤在连接盒的导体连接管外进行连接。在电缆线路两端户外终端（或GIS终端）处,将电缆分割导体内的预置光纤引出到终端外部与分布式光纤测温系统（DTS）的光纤连接。DTS通过预置于电缆分割导体内的测温光纤实现对电缆导体温度的在线监测。     

广域保护中基于能量守恒原理的母线及输电线差动保护

提出一种基于能量守恒原理的纵联差动保护,对线路两端或母线各端的有功功率进行比较,若各端功率的和超出整定值,则判定为区内故障。在典型400 kV输电系统模型上,运用MATLAB仿真软件对所提出的原理进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明,该方法比传统电流比率差动保护更加可靠且计算量小,因而可缩短动作时间。该方法能检测所有故障类型,适应于超高压远距离输电线路。     

地下隧道中电力电缆的线路阻抗矩阵相序阻抗矩阵和参数的分析

在研究电力电缆发生短路对周围通讯系统的危险影响时,短路电流的分布和入地电流系数的计算是至关重要的,这必然涉及线路阻抗,相序相抗和自互阻抗等参数,文章给出了电缆线芯不换位,金属护套交叉互联两端接地系统的线路阻抗矩阵,相序阻抗矩阵的直观表达式,分析了它们的一些性质,介绍了隧道中电缆参数的一种分析方法,即虚拟媒质法,应用该法可以方便地处理道空气区对其自互阻抗的影响,由于该法是数值方法,隧道横截面形状可以     

基于阻抗法的电力电缆高阻故障定位理论及试验

电力电缆的高阻故障的准确定位是一个比较困难的课题。本提出了基于阻抗法的变频电力电缆故障定位方法。该方法采胜频率比工频高的正弦电源,仅仅采集故障状态下故障相电缆单端的电压、电流信号。其原理是：电弧是电阻性的,因此流过故障点的电流和故障点两端的电压是同相位的,采集到线路首端的电流和故障点两端的电压是同相位的,采集到线路首端的电压与电流后,基于分布参数线路理论就可以求出沿线路各点的电压与电流,在故障点处电压与电流是同相位的。本正是利用这一点推导出故障定位方程。经过数字仿真试验和低压模拟实验证明,该方法是可行的,具有较高的定位精度。     

不换位输电线路产生的不对称问题及解决方法

在线路负荷较轻或系统黑启动的初始阶段,由不换位超高压输电线路参数不对称产生的负序电流可能导致发电机负序保护动作,引起发电机跳闸或阻止发电机并网运行而造成大面积停电,或损坏系统中的一些用电设备.文章利用三相潮流计算程序对不同输送功率和不同线路长度情况下的由输电线路参数不对称引起的负序电压和电流进行了计算和分析,并对通过合理设置线路串补元件及线路两端无源无功补偿元件参数来减小负序分量的方法的可行性进行了探讨.计算分析结果表明,该方法能够有效抑制由线路参数不对称产生的负序电流和电压.     

Power swing analysis in a future metropolitan electric power system on a contingent trip of cryogenic high-power cables

A cryogenic power cable is expected to be capable of carrying bulk power as a main transmission line in a future metropolitan electric power system. It is important to establish a strategy of how to sustain power supply when such a highly densified power supply route trips from the network due to contingency. It is proposed here that the bulk power transmitted by the cryogenic cable could be distributed into the parallel conventional transmission lines by suitable circuit breaker operations in the system. In this process, power-flow routes are forced to be changed with a remarkable modification in the system configuration. In this paper, the power swings associated with the large power-flow change following contingent faults are analyzed by means of a transient network analyzer. It is found that the proposed system modification could be realized without any harmful power swing if the parameters in generators as well as in control devices have conventional magnitudes. It is shown also by simulations that the margin to occurrence in an unstable power swing is left sufficient even if the parameters deviate somewhat from the present magnitudes.     

利用正序故障分量的双端量精确故障测距算法

为消除负荷电流和线路模型不准确给双端量故障测距带来的影响 ,本文提出一种基于分布参数线路模型的精确测距算法。算法以均匀传输线的波动方程 (长线方程 )为基础 ,利用线路两端电压、电流的正序故障分量以及线路正序参数直接计算故障距离。算法无需故障类型判别 ,不受系统阻抗、故障电阻、负荷电流以及分布电容的影响。基于EMTP的数字仿真结果验证了该算法的正确性和高精度