建筑能耗模拟的校验方法及其应用

总结了建筑能耗模拟的校验方法与步骤,并将其应用于某建筑的能耗分析。采用Visual DOE4.0建立了建筑能耗基本模型,比较了模拟结果与实际能耗数据,对模型进行了调整和校验,直至误差符合相关标准。用经过校验的基本模型分析了该建筑的能耗构成,并模拟分析了三种节能措施的节能效果。     

Whole building energy simulation and energy saving potential analysis of a large public building

This article explores how to use EnergyPlus to construct models to accurately simulate complex building systems as well as the inter-relationships among sub-systems such as heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), lighting and service hot water systems. The energy consumption and cost of a large public building are simulated and calculated for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification using EnergyPlus. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) baseline model is constructed according to ASHRAE 90.1 standard and the comparison of annual energy consumption between ASHRAE baseline model and proposed model is carried out. Moreover, an energy efficiency (EE) model is built based on the design model. Meanwhile, other energy conservation measures (ECMs) such as daylighting dimming and occupant sensors are considered. The simulation results show 4.7% electricity consumption decrease but 6.9% gas consumption increase of the EE model compared to ASHRAE baseline model. In summary, the annual energy cost of the EE model is reduced by 7.75%.     

济南地区某办公楼能耗模拟与节能研究

如今,办公建筑已成为社会的主要建筑类型。办公建筑也随之成为了能耗大户,如何对办公建筑降低能耗成为如今的必要思考。本文选取济南地区某一办公建筑,利用DeST软件对其能耗进行模拟,并与参照建筑进行对比,得到济南地区办公建筑降低能耗的实用规律,为今后办公建筑降低能耗,节能减排提供参考。     

Diagnostic test cases for verifying surface heat transfer algorithms and boundary conditions in building energy simulation programs

Verification and validation are crucial in developing and implementing models. Although there are standards to test energy simulation software, this article describes an additional set of eight test cases that are a combination of analytical cases and numerical cases for solid conduction heat transfer. These tests focus on diagnosing and verifying conductive heat transfer algorithms and boundary conditions in building envelopes or fabrics. As an example, EnergyPlus versions 5, 6 and 7 are tested using these eight test cases. The test cases were useful for detecting several bugs in the code. The authors recommend these test cases as useful complements to existing verification test cases for building envelopes.     

建筑能耗模拟课程体验式教学研究

为解决研究生建筑能耗模拟教学中或偏重理论知识讲述,或偏重软件操作实践的问题,选择一些难度适中、易于手算的建筑能耗计算方法,让学生自己动手将其程序化并应用于模拟分析。以体验方式构建理论与实践的桥梁,深化学生对模拟技术的理解,使学生在夯实理论知识的基础上,具备解决实践问题的能力。     

Trial application of ASHRAE 1051-RP: calibration method for building energy simulation

ASHRAE research project 1051-RP generated a method to improve the process of calibrating whole building energy simulation models based on monthly utility data. The approach, using manual generation of simulation model variations, was applied to a 12,000 m² high-performance, dual energy, cold climate building. This led to 27 models that met the ASHRAE Guideline 14 monthly goodness-of-fit criteria for electricity, but had fit values for gas that were about 5–7 times the normalized mean bias error (NMBE) acceptance threshold. Five models met the criteria for natural gas and had acceptable coefficient of variation of the root-mean-square error for electricity, but NMBE was about 100% too high. Use of finer interval monitored data yielded a model with electrical NMBE about 60% above the acceptance threshold, and gas use about 200% above. Hourly analysis of the thermal energy demand on the plant showed wide discrepancies with the estimates on an hourly and half daily basis.     

Improving direct solar shading calculations within building energy simulation tools

The calculation of the shadows that building environment, building elements or shading devices may cast on the building envelope, plays a key role in load calculations and building energy simulation. Algorithms for solar shading calculations have direct repercussions on the accuracy of the results and the computational times of building simulation tools. This paper presents an improved method for direct solar shading calculations based on the projection of every polygon on a unique receiving surface and incorporates recent and high efficient algorithms to solve polygon intersections. Firstly, the method is shortly described. Secondly, it is validated by comparisons with other methods, experimental results and European standards. Then, a comparison test between the proposed and conventional methods is presented to assess computational speed improvement. Finally, the main advantages of the proposed method are discussed.     

绿色建筑与建筑节能

绿色建筑的一个非常重要的方面,就是要在建筑的全生命周期内消耗最少的资源,其中节约建筑物的使用能耗又是重点.本文讨论绿色建筑和建筑节能的关系.     

在图书馆建筑中体现人文思想

新世纪的图书馆建筑应体现时代特征,在注重现代化设计的同时应把人文思想渗透在图书馆建筑的各个方面,包括选址、室内布局、功能设计、馆内和馆外的环境设计都应贯彻人文思想。这是现代图书馆建筑设计的新趋势。     

An instructional design for building energy simulation e-learning: an interdisciplinary approach

This article describes the development of a new instructional design (ISD) to promote building energy simulation (BES) education. The study is based upon education fundamentals combined with computer-based learning and hypermedia to enable the development of a BES-based distance learning system. Some cognitive tools are established such as: (i) an interdisciplinary knowledge tree of BES that can be used by professionals with different backgrounds; (ii) a hypermedia navigational aid to understand the simulation software, called the BES tool graphic organizer; (iii) a concept map with an overview of building energy performance and (iv) a cooperative problem-based learning (CPBL) environment. Furthermore, the paper also brings an analysis of the students’ comprehension – from a course applied across Brazil – by means of concept network graphs from text mining provided by the CPBL environment, showing a significant potential to develop interdisciplinary e-learning related to building energy efficiency.     

建筑能耗分析用逐日气象数学模型的建立

为给建筑能耗分析工作提供可靠依据。选取长春市１０年（１９７８￣１９８７）的６项逐日气象参数,建立了东北地区的６维疏系数混合回归模型。经检验,由该模型模拟得出的气象参数反映了实测值所具有的规律和特性。     

建筑环境与能源应用工程专业建筑节能课程建设与思考

随着大气污染与建筑用能剧增,人们对建筑节能技术需要日益迫切。在建筑环境与能源应用工程专业颁布新专业规范这一背景下,根据建筑节能课程特点,注重与新专业课程体系的融合与专业人才的培养,从教材设计、理论教学、课程设计等角度,提出新的建设内容和教学方法。教学内容上追求多样化、丰富化、国际化,结合课程设计、调查实践、数值模拟等方式,力争让学生在实践中加深对理论的认识,拓展学生综合能力;教学形式上引入新兴的"翻转课堂"教学,具有一定的教学实践基础,以期为建筑节能课程的开展与建设提供参考。     

建立适应建筑节能的暖通空调设计机制

列举了我国设计机制不适应建筑节能需求的现象。提出了在规划设计中应用综合资源规划(IRP)方法、建立各专业参与的会商制度、将建筑模拟技术用于设计阶段的能耗权衡、建立全程优化调整机制,以及采用基于性能的设计合同等方法,以进一步提高我国暖通空调节能设计水平。     

建筑节能与建筑设计中的新能源利用

针对当前国内外建筑节能状况进行了简要介绍,从建筑节能的途径入手,探讨了建筑节能的具体措施,提出一种依赖太阳能供暖的建筑物构思,并作了具体阐述,对促进建筑节能工作的深入开展具有积极意义。     

对建筑节能的思考

针对推广建筑节能的必要性,分析了建筑节能推广过程中存在的一些阻力因素,并结合我国国情,从政策和技术两个方面对我国建筑节能的发展方向和措施进行了有益的探索,以确保建筑节能的顺利进行。     

Coupling indoor airflow,HVAC, control and building envelope heat transfer in the Modelica Buildings library

This paper describes a coupled dynamic simulation of an indoor environment with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, controls and building envelope heat transfer. The coupled simulation can be used for the design and control of ventilation systems with stratified air distributions. Those systems are commonly used to reduce building energy consumption while improving the indoor environment quality. The indoor environment was simulated using the fast fluid dynamics (FFD) simulation programme. The building fabric heat transfer, HVAC and control system were modelled using the Modelica Buildings library. After presenting the concept, the mathematical algorithm and the implementation of the coupled simulation were introduced. The coupled FFD–Modelica simulation was then evaluated using three examples of room ventilation with complex flow distributions with and without feedback control. Further research and development needs were also discussed.     

建筑节能设计浅谈

通过对建筑节能的重要性,以及我国目前在建筑节能方面的落后状况的描述,显示了我国目前在建筑节能方面的紧迫性。通过对我国目前在建筑节能方面存在的问题和目前建筑节能设计方法现状的分析,提出了初步的建筑节能设计步骤,以供参考。     

建筑环境与能源应用工程专业虚拟仿真实验教学的实践探索

以风系统平衡调试虚拟仿真实验为例,对虚拟仿真实验在建筑环境与能源应用工程专业本科实验教学中的应用进行了探索。结果表明,尽管虚拟仿真实验可以弥补常规实验在设备、场地、教学经费等方面的不足,具有实验资源丰富,成本低、效率高、可扩展性强等特点,但虚拟仿真实验在实施过程中也存在一些问题。在实验平台开发、实验内容设定、过程实施以及成绩评定等方面,应考虑与专业本科教学实际以及传统实验相关内容相结合,使虚拟实验和常规实验优势互补,从而达到提高实验教学水平和教学效果的目的。     

节能建材中对太阳能的利用

简要描述了近年来节能建材领域对太阳能利用的现状和发展,重点介绍了太阳能热水器、太阳能光伏发电建材和太阳能光敏化建材在建筑中的应用,以供参考。     

气象参数对成都地区办公建筑能耗的影响及预测

气象参数是影响建筑热环境和供暖空调能耗的主要因素之一。基于成都地区1971—2000年共30a的历史观测数据,生成了建筑能耗模拟软件EnergyPlus所需要的逐时气象数据文件。比较分析了该地区30a干球温度、太阳辐射等各气象参数月均值的变化,模拟分析了该地区建筑的采暖、制冷及总能耗,利用多元回归建立了建筑能耗与气象参数之间的关系式,并检验了该关系式的准确性。结果表明:成都地区办公建筑能耗变化与各气象参数没有呈现明显的规律性;建筑月总能耗与各气象参数呈纯二次多项式关系,月采暖能耗、月制冷能耗与各气象参数呈交叉二项式关系;建筑月能耗回归模型能够较准确地预测建筑月能耗与各气象参数的关系,且月采暖能耗和月制冷能耗回归模型预测的准确性优于月总能耗模型。