A harmonised approach for identifying core foods for total diet studies

Total diet studies (TDS) are used to gather information on chemical substances in food, thereby facilitating risk assessments and health monitoring. Candidate foods for inclusion in a TDS should represent a large part of a typical diet to estimate accurately the exposure of a population and/or specific population groups. There are currently no harmonised guidelines for the selection of foods in a TDS, and so the aim of this study was to explore the possibility of generating a harmonised approach to be used across Europe. Summary statistics data from the European Food Safety Authority’s (EFSA) Comprehensive Food Consumption Database were used in this research, which provided data from national food consumption surveys in Europe. The chosen methodology for the selection of foods was based on the weight of food consumed and consumer rate. Using the available data, 59 TDS food lists were created, representing over 51 000 people across 17 countries and seven population groups. All TDS food lists represented > 85% of the populations’ diets (85.9–96.3%), while the number of foods in the TDS food lists ranged from 15 to 102. Comparison of the TDS food lists indicated that the most commonly consumed foods included wheat bread and rolls, pastries and cakes, tomatoes, apples, bananas, and chicken, while cow’s milk, tap water and orange juice were the most commonly consumed beverages across Europe. This work was complete to support EFSA and other institutions in the development of harmonised TDS into the future.     

总膳食研究在人群膳食暴露评估中的应用

本文通过介绍总膳食研究实施的方法步骤,阐明其在食品安全风险评估中,尤其是在人群膳食暴露评估中的应用进展。     

Assessment of infant exposure to food chemicals: the French Total Diet Study design

As part of the previous French Total Diet Studies (TDS) focusing on exposure to food chemicals in the population aged 3 years and older, the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) launched a specific TDS on infants to complete its overall chemical food safety programme for the general population. More than 500 chemical substances were analysed in food products consumed by children under 3 years old, including nutrients, several endocrine disruptors resulting from human activities (polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins and furans, brominated flame retardants, perfluoroalkyl acids, pesticide residues, etc.) or migrating from food contact materials such as bisphenol A or phthalates, but also natural substances such as mycotoxins, phytoestrogens and steroids. To obtain a representative and general view of infant food consumption, food items were selected based on results of a national consumption survey conducted specifically on this population. Moreover, a specific study on food was conducted on 429 households to determine which home-cooking practices are employed to prepare food consumed by infants. Overall, the targeted chemical substances were analysed in more than 450 food samples, representing the purchase and home-cooking practices of over 5500 food products. Foods included common foods such as vegetables, fruit or cakes as well as specific infant foods such as infant formula or jarred baby food. The sampling plan covered over 80% of the total diet. Specificities in infant food consumption and habits were therefore considered to define this first infant TDS. This study, conducted on a large scale and focusing on a particularly sensitive population, will provide accurate information on the dietary exposure of children under 3 years to food chemicals, especially endocrine disruptors, and will be particularly useful for risk assessment analysis under the remit of ANSES’ expert committees.     

Dietary exposure to pesticide residues in Yaoundé: The Cameroonian total diet study

Dietary exposure to pesticide residues was assessed in Yaoundé, Cameroon, using the total diet study (TDS) method. Sixty-three composite samples, representative of the foods as consumed in Yaoundé, were collected, prepared, and analysed for residues of pesticides including organochlorine, organophosphorous, and pyrethroids. A multi-residue method was used with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.005mgkg^?1. Additional analyses were performed for dithiocarbamates (LOD=0.050mgkg^?1), glyphosate (LOD=0.005mgkg^?1) and chlordecone (LOD=0.0008mgkg^?1) on certain composites samples. The overall contamination was low with 37 out of 46 pesticides below the LOD in all samples. The estimated upper bound (for values less than the LOD equal the LOD; and values less than the LOQ equal the LOQ) of the mean dietary exposures ranged from 0.24% (cypermethrin) to 3.03% (pirimiphos-methyl) of the acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) for pesticides for which at least one analysis was greater than the LOD. This study suggests a low dietary exposure to pesticide residues in Yaoundé.     

Assessment of dietary exposure to annatto (E160b), nitrites (E249-250), sulphites (E220-228) and tartaric acid (E334) in the French population: the second French total diet study

The results of the assessment of the dietary exposure to annatto, nitrites, tartaric acid and sulphites within the framework of the second French total diet study (TDS) are reported. These 4 additives were selected from the Bemrah et al. study [Bemrah N, Leblanc JC, Volatier JL. 2008. Assessment of dietary exposure in the French population to 13 selected food colours, preservatives, antioxidants, stabilizers, emulsifiers and sweeteners. Food Addit Contam B. 1(1):2–14] on 13 food additives which identified a possible health risk for annatto, sulphites and nitrites and a lack of data for tartaric acid. Among the composite samples selected for the whole TDS, 524 were analysed for additives (a sample was analysed for a given additive when it was identified as a major contributor for this additive only): 130 for tartaric acid, 135 for nitrites, 59 for annatto and 200 for sulphites. Estimated concentrations (minimum lower bound to maximum upper bound) vary nationally from 0 to 9?mg/kg for annatto, 0 to 420?mg/kg for tartaric acid, 0 to 108?mg/kg for sulphites and 0 to 3.4?mg/kg for nitrites. Based on the analytical results, the dietary exposure was calculated for adults and children, separately, using lower bound and upper bound assumptions. The European ADIs for these 4 additives were not exceeded except for the dietary exposure for sulphites among 2.9% of the adult population, where the major contributors were alcoholic drinks and especially wine under both hypotheses (lower and upper bound).     

中国总膳食研究三十年之演变

总膳食研究是世界卫生组织极力推荐成员国评估某个国家和地区在不同人群组对于膳食中化学危害物暴露量和营养素摄入量的最经济、有效、可靠的方法。中共中央和国务院于2019年5月9日发布《关于深化改革加强食品安全工作的意见》将开展总膳食研究作为实施风险评估和标准制定专项行动的基础性工作,来完善风险评估基础数据库。本文从中国总膳食研究的意义、启动、发展与定型的历史演变过程解读这30年的发展历程,并对其在食品安全暴露科学中的作用进行述评。     

Establishing a food list for a Total Diet Study: how does food consumption of specific subpopulations need to be considered?

A Total Diet Study (TDS) consists of selecting, collecting and analysing commonly consumed foods to obtain concentration data of different chemical compounds in foods as eaten. A TDS food list summarises the most consumed foods and represents the dietary habits of the general population of the country under study. The work reported here investigated whether TDS food lists that were initially designed for the whole population of the country under study also sufficiently cover the dietary pattern of specific subpopulations that are extra vulnerable for certain contaminants. The work was performed using data of three European countries: the Czech Republic, France and the UK. Each national food consumption database was combined with the corresponding national TDS food list (containing 336, 212 and 119 food items for the Czech Republic, France and the UK, respectively). The data were aggregated on the highest level of hierarchy of FoodEx-1, a pan-European food classification system, including 20 main FoodEx-1 groups. For the group ‘milk and dairy products’, the coverage of the consumption by the food list was investigated for more refined subgroups. For each food group or subgroup and country, the average percentage of coverage of the diet by the national TDS food list was calculated for different subpopulations, including children versus adults, women versus men, vegetarians versus non-vegetarians, and women of child-bearing age versus older women. The average diet of the different subpopulations was sufficiently covered by the food list of the Czech Republic and France. For the UK the average coverage was low due to a different food-coding approach and because food lists were not derived directly from national food consumption data. At the level of the 20 main food groups, differences between the subpopulations with respect to the average coverage of consumption by the TDS food list were minimal. The differences were more pronounced when looking in detail at the coverage of the dairy consumption. TDS food lists based on the mean consumption of the general population are also applicable to study the chemical exposure of different subpopulations, e.g. children, women of child-bearing age and vegetarians. This lowers the effort when performing a TDS.     

Estimated dietary exposure to principal food mycotoxins from The First French Total Diet Study

This study reports estimates on dietary exposure from the first French Total Diet Study (FTDS) and compares these estimates with both existing tolerable daily intakes for these toxins and the intakes calculated during previous French studies. To estimate the dietary exposure of the French population to the principal mycotoxins in the French diet (as consumed), 456 composite samples were prepared from 2280 individual samples and analysed for aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins and patulin. Average and high percentile intakes were calculated taking account of different eating patterns for adults, children and vegetarians. The results showed that contaminant levels observed in the foods examined 'as consumed' complied fully with current European legislation. However, particular attention needs to be paid to the exposure of specific population groups, such as children and vegans/macrobiotics, who could be exposed to certain mycotoxins in quantities that exceed the tolerable or weekly daily intake levels. This observation is particularly relevant with respect to ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. For these mycotoxins, cereals and cereal products were the main contributors to high exposure.     

上海市居民面制品中铝暴露的概率评估

目的 了解上海市居民面制品中铝的暴露水平,评估上海市面制品铝污染的健康风险.方法 对上海市面制品铝含量进行监测,结合上海市居民面制品摄入量调查,采用世界卫生组织( WHO)/联合国粮食与农业组织(FAO)的《食品中化学物风险评估的原则和方法》推荐的概率评估法,进行上海市居民面制品中铝的暴露评估.结果 上海市居民平均每周从面制品中摄入铝3.51 mg/kg BW,为暂定的每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)的3.51倍;其中＜3岁的婴幼儿、3 ～17岁儿童青少年、≥18岁成人、孕妇平均每周从面制品中摄入铝分别为5.93、3.30、1.80、1.78 mg/kg BW,分别为PTWI的5.93、3.30、1.80、1.78倍.上海市居民每周从面制品中摄入铝P90为8.26 mg/kg BW,为PTWI的8.26倍;其中＜3岁的婴幼儿、3～17岁儿童青少年、≥18岁成人、孕妇每周从面制品中摄入铝P90分别为13.86、7.68、4.23、4.12 mg/kg BW,分别为PTWI的13.86、7.68、4.23、4.12倍.结论 上海市居民从面制品中摄入铝的量已大大超过PTWI,存在很大的风险,其中以婴幼儿风险最大、儿童青少年次之.     

Dietary exposure to cadmium of Shenzhen adult residents from a total diet study

Cadmium (Cd) contamination has become a public health concern in recent decades. The aim of the present study was to assess the contribution of dietary Cd exposure and its health risk among Shenzhen adult residents using the Total Diet Study (TDS) approach. Cd was determined in 13 food groups using 276 individual samples by ICP-MS. The major food contributors to Cd exposure of Shenzhen adult residents were ‘Vegetables’ (32.6% of the total exposure), ‘Rice and its products’ (19.2% of the total exposure) and ‘Fish, seafood and shellfish’ (18.5% of the total exposure). The mean and the 95th percentile dietary exposure to Cd of Shenzhen adults were 9.9 and 13 μg kg^?1 bw month^?1, respectively. The dietary exposures of all individual age-gender population subgroups were below the provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI = 25 μg kg^?1 bw month^?1), so the health risk of Cd dietary exposure of Shenzhen adults is considered to be low, but still, cadmium pollution should be strictly controlled and monitored continuously due to an exceptionally long biological half-life of cadmium.     

非职业人群膳食镉暴露评估研究进展

本文概述了人群镉暴露的主要途径、膳食镉暴露的主要食物、国内外不同地区人群膳食镉暴露水平等方面的研究进展,为进行人群膳食镉暴露危害的风险评估提供参考依据。     

杭州市居民主要膳食镉暴露评估

目的通过分析2011—2013年杭州市主要食品中镉污染水平及居民膳食消费量,评估杭州市居民镉暴露的安全性。方法对各类食品中镉含量进行检测,并结合2010年杭州市居民膳食营养调查中各类食物消费量数据,获得杭州市居民膳食中镉的实际摄入量,对居民由膳食摄入的镉进行安全性评估。结果 10大类食品1 010份食品样品中镉的总检出率为73.76%(745/1 010),总超标率为5.12%(41/801)。大米、小麦及猪内脏均检出镉,检出率为100%,乳制品检出率最低(29.03%,27/93),超标食品主要是大米、水产品、猪肾、蛋类、蔬菜及食用菌。按照食品消费量的均值估算,杭州市居民每月10大类主要食品的镉暴露量为22.61μg/kg BW,未超过每月耐受摄入量(PTMI)为25μg/kg BW,镉的安全限值MOS=1.11。贡献率最大的3类食品分别为大米(64.16%)、蔬菜(15.28%)及水产品(14.48%)。结论杭州市主要食品对居民膳食镉的平均贡献水平未超过PTMI值,MOS1,居民膳食镉暴露水平总体上安全,由于杭州市居民大米的消费量较大且大米对居民膳食镉贡献率最高,监管部门应对大米的镉污染问题予以重视。     

济南市居民主要膳食镉含量监测及暴露评估

了解济南市居民主要膳食镉污染现状,评估镉暴露风险。方法 2011—2012年对济南市小麦、大米、水产品、畜禽、蔬菜、蛋和乳制品中的镉含量进行监测,应用点评估方法,以山东省居民食物标准人平均消费量数据和JECFA 2010年制定的镉的暂定每月耐受摄入量(PTMI)25 μg/kg BW为参数,对济南市居民膳食镉暴露水平进行评估。结果 共监测食品样品441份,镉平均含量为49.39 μg/kg,P50和P95镉含量分别为13.40和118.20 μg/kg,总检出率为90.02%,总超标率为0.91%。小麦、大米和蔬菜均检出镉,乳制品镉检出率最低;水产品镉含量最高,镉平均含量为206.43 μg/kg。济南市居民主要膳食镉毎月平均暴露量为8.83 μg/kg BW,占PTMI的35.32%。镉贡献率较高的食品为水产品、小麦和蔬菜,贡献率分别为46.43%、32.62%和9.51%,三类食品对居民膳食镉暴露贡献了80%以上。结论 济南市居民膳食镉暴露水平位于安全限值以内,通过膳食摄入镉没有明显风险,但对头足类、贝壳类水产品应引起重视。     

Dietary exposure to furan of the Austrian population

ABSTRACT

In the period from 2007 to 2017 furan levels of foods were analysed by the Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety. Based on these analytical data and the Austrian consumption data the dietary exposure of children and adults to furan was estimated by using a deterministic approach. For the adult population the mean and 95^th percentile dietary exposures to furan were estimated at 0.31 µg/kg bodyweight per day and at 0.72 µg/kg bodyweight per day, respectively. The mean dietary exposure of children was estimated at 0.18 µg/kg bodyweight per day and is thus only about half as high as for Austrian adults. At the 95^th percentile the dietary exposure of children was estimated at 0.49 µg/kg bodyweight per day. The main contributor to the total dietary exposure for adults is coffee followed by convenience products and for children the main contributors are grain products as well as convenience products, bread and snacks. Based on the BMDL₁₀ of 0.064 mg/kg bodyweight per day for the development of cholangiofibrosis, the MOE-calculation revealed that the current levels of dietary exposure to furan are of concern for Austrian adult high consumers. The MOE-calculation, based on the BMDL₁₀ of 1.31 mg/kg bodyweight per day for the development of hepatocellular adenomas, indicated a health concern for Austrian children and adults.     

广西居民重金属镉膳食摄入水平及其健康风险评估

目的 分析食品中镉的污染水平,对广西居民主要膳食中镉的健康风险进行评估。方法 对2013—2018年39类食品中的镉含量进行统计分析,结合居民食物消费数据,参考镉的暂定每月可耐受摄入量(PTMI),采用简单分布评估法对广西居民主要膳食中镉的暴露进行评估。结果 39类食品中镉的平均含量为0.086 mg/kg,检出率和超标率分别为67.37%(17 025/25 271)和5.68%(1 435/25 271)。藻类食品中镉的平均含量最高,为0.769 mg/kg。大米是居民膳食中镉的主要来源,贡献率为52.57%。居民膳食中镉的月平均摄入量为30.62 μg/kg BW,为PTMI的122.48%。结论 广西居民膳食中镉的暴露水平较高,应引起重视。大米是南方地区的主粮且其对居民膳食中镉贡献率最高,应加强对大米镉污染从农田到餐桌全环节的研究,从源头控制污染。     

欧美和日本等国食品包装材料膳食暴露评估方法的比较分析

本文介绍了美国、欧盟、日本和加拿大在开展食品包装材料暴露评估时采用方法的原理、所需资料和计算过程,并对各种方法的覆盖面、实用性、难易程度等方面进行了比较,分析各自优缺点,为建立适合于我国国情的食品包装材料暴露评估方法,制修订食品包装材料安全标准提供科学依据,同时为食品包装材料风险评估机构、监管部门以及相关行业、企业开展相关研究工作提供参考.     

我国居民指示性多氯联苯膳食暴露分析

目的 通过开展第六次中国总膳食研究,获取我国代表性膳食样品中指示性多氯联苯（mPCBs）含量,开展我国居民对mPCBs的膳食暴露评估及时间变化趋势分析。方法 采用同位素稀释技术-高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱（HRGC-HRMS）对全国代表性混合膳食样品中的mPCBs进行测定,以点评估方法对以标准人所代表的我国居民膳食暴露mPCBs开展评估工作。结果 膳食样品中mPCBs普遍检出,不同膳食样品的污染物含量不同,动物性膳食中含量显著高于植物性膳食,其中谷类含量最低（2.8 pg/g?湿质量（fw）,几何均数）,水产类含量最高（118.2 pg/g?fw,几何均数）。我国居民mPCBs膳食摄入量为0.25［0.11,0.62］ ng/kg?BW?d（几何平均数±几何均数标准差）。与第四次和第五次中国总膳食研究结果相比,我国居民膳食暴露水平显著下降（P<0.05）。结论 mPCBs虽在我国膳食样品中普遍检出,但我国居民膳食暴露水平持续下降,与欧美国家相关研究结果相比,我国居民膳食暴露处较低水平。