Effects of medium composition on production of 5-aminolevulinic acid by recombinant Escherichia coli

The recombinant Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) harboring hemA from Agrobacterium radiobacter, which was engineered in our previous work, was used for the extracellular production of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). The effects of various physiological factors, such as the concentrations of precursors (glycine, succinic acid and glucose) and the inhibitor 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase (levulinic acid), on the ALA accumulation in the fermentation broth were investigated in both shake flasks and a jar fermentor. Among these precursors, glycine exhibited the strongest ability to inhibit cell growth, while glucose mainly inhibited ALA formation. The optimum initial concentrations of glycine, succinic acid and glucose were found to be 2.0, 10.0 and 2.0 g/l, respectively. Levulinic acid (LA; 30 mM) was fed to the fermentation broth at the end of the exponential cell growth phase (about 8 h), and the intracellular activity of ALA dehydratase was efficaciously suppressed. Repeating the optimum composition of the medium in a stirred tank fermenter resulted in 1.49 g/l ALA. Furthermore, the fed batch of the precursors and inhibitor further increased ALA production up to 3.01 g/l.     

Production of biomass and extracellular 5-aminolevulinic acid by Rhodopseudomonas palustris KG31 under light and dark conditions using volatile fatty acid

Kinetic parameters for growth and extracellular 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) production of Rhodopseudomonas palustris KG31 under light and dark conditions in a medium containing volatile fatty acids (VFA) as the carbon sources were estimated using a Gompertz model. The lag phase for growth and the maximum specific growth rate under microaerobic-light cultivations were 7.29-12.49 h and 0.038-0.094 h(-1), respectively, whereas under aerobic-dark cultivations, they were 2.03-14.25 h and 0.016-0.022 h(-1), respectively. The lag phase for extracellular ALA production and the maximum specific extracellular ALA production rate under microaerobic-light cultivations (15.72-24.74 h and 0.222-0.299 h(-1), respectively) were better than those obtained under aerobic-dark cultivations (24.57-44.84 h and 0.103-0.215 h(-1), respectively). The biomass and the extracellular ALA yields of 39.66-56.25 gDCW/l/mol C, and 148.47-245.75 μM/mol C, respectively, under microaerobic-light cultivations were higher than of those obtained under aerobic-dark conditions. An enhancement of extracellular ALA production under aerobic-dark conditions revealed that the ALA yield was markedly increased 8-fold (48.36 μM) by the addition of 10mM succinate, 4.5mM glycine, and 15 mM levulinic acid (LA). By controlling dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH values, a maximum extracellular ALA yield of 66.38 μM was found. The degradation rate of ALA in the culture broth was closely related to the pH value.     

Effects of levulinic acid on 5-aminolevulinic acid production in heterotrophic cultures of Chlorella regularis YA-603

To investigate the effects of levulinic acid (LA) on extracellular 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) accumulation, a heterotrophic culture of Chlorella regularis YA-603 in basal medium containing 0 to 60 mM of LA was carried out. It was found that the extracellular and total ALA concentrations increased, while the chlorophyll (CHL) concentration was the same above initial LA concentrations of 30 mM, with an increasing initial LA concentration up to 50 mM. In the presence of an initial LA concentration of 60 mM, however, the specific growth rate decreased markedly. This suggested that excessive LA exerted a negative effect on ALA production because it also directly affected cellular growth. The relationship between the initial LA and total ALA concentrations mentioned above indicates that LA could promote the ALA-producing activity. Kinetic analysis revealed that an LA concentration of between 30 to 50 mM in the culture broth gave the maximum specific production rate of ALA ((q(ALA))max). When LA was added repeatedly to maintain this optimum range of LA concentration, (q(ALA))max could be maintained at a relatively high level for a longer period, and the maximum concentration of ALA reached 3.86 mM.     

不同光照、氮源对Serratia marcescens y2生长、产色素的影响

为研究Serratia marcescens y2产生灵菌红素的条件,用固体培养和分光光度法研究不同光照(白光照、黑暗;红、黄、蓝和绿光)、氮源(氯化铵、甘氨酸、硝酸钾、尿素、水解乳蛋白和酵母膏)对细菌生长量和色素产生的影响。结果表明：黑暗培养有利于细菌生长和色素产生;单色光中绿光照射细菌生长量最小,伴有较多色素溢出胞外,色素被氧化程度高,反之红光对生长量影响最小,色素溢出率最低,色素被氧化程度低,说明该菌产红色素吸收绿光最多,光氧化损伤细胞导致色素外溢。氮源中有机氮源均促进细菌生长,除酵母膏外有机氮均增加了细菌色素生产量,其中甘氨酸效果最好,与无机氮源相比,甘氨酸还促使该菌产生不同色素成分,说明甘氨酸能改变色素合成途径,促进色素产量和不同结构色素积累。     

5-氨基乙酰丙酸脱水酶缺失对大肠杆菌生长的影响

5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)脱水酶直接关系到ALA的积累,研究该酶突变对细胞的影响对生物法生产ALA具有重要意义,然而目前这方面认识比较混乱.本研究通过无痕敲除Ecoli MG1655菌株的ALA脱水酶的结构基因hemB,发现ALA脱水酶酶活大幅降低,且突变株生长受到极大的影响,但是仍然有10%的残余酶活支持细胞微弱且不...     

PRODUCTION of FLAVOR BYAMUTANT of YEAST

ABSTRACT. Strain CCU-N₁₆-18143 was derived with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) treatment three times from a wild strain of yeast CCU-16 as a mutant to produce more delicious and intense flavors for nutrient beverage from glucose medium. This mutant was identified by computer system as Saccharomyces sp. the optimal culture medium for the production of flavor is one liter of medium containing 100 g glucose, 12 g ammonium nitrate, 3 g yeast extract, 1 g magnesium sulfate, 1 g ammonium sulfate, 2 g potassium dihydrogen phosphate, pH: 3.5. the optimal culture conditions are: temperature: 30C; agitation: 150 rpm., 50 ml medium in 500-ml Hinton flask; incubation time: 96 h. the volatile flavor compounds in the culture medium were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. It was found that more volatile compounds were produced by mutant strain than wild strain. the content of isoamyl alcohol increased from 7.76 to 61.64%, whereas ethyl alcohol decreased from 85.25 to 5.77%.     

The role of ALA-S and ALA-D in regulating porphyrin biosynthesis in a normal and a HEM R+ mutant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Catabolite repression and derepression on δ-aminolevulinate synthase (ALA-S) and δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALA-D) in a normal yeast strain, D27, and its derived D27/C6 (HEM R⁺) were investigated. ALA-S and ALA-D activities and intracellular ALA (I-ALA) at different physiological states of the cells were measured. In YPD medium, under conditions of repression and when glucose was exhausted, both strains behaved identically as if the mutation was not expressed. In YPEt medium, however, both ALA-S and ALA-D activities were higher than in YPD, but the I-ALA content and the enzymic activity profiles shown by the two strains were quite different. It appears, therefore, that the mutation causes a deregulation of ALA-S, so that its activity is kept at a high level throughout the cell cycle. This would explain the increased levels of cytochromes present in the mutant. This mutation may affect some regulatory aspect of ALA formation and renders an ALA-S of high activity; moreover, this enzyme species seems to be more stable than in the normal strain.     

Inhibition of L-alanine uptake into bovine jejunal brush border membrane vesicles by L-amino acids

Jejunal epithelial cells from slaughtered Holstein cows were fractionated to obtain purified brush border membranes from which membrane vesicles were prepared for use in amino acid uptake studies. Uptake of alanine was determined by incubation of vesicles with a solution containing radiolabelled alanine, isolation of vesicles and accumulated alanine by filtration, and detection of accumulated alanine by liquid scintillation counting. Uptake studies were conducted under conditions shown to provide linear rates of accumulation. Sodium-dependent active transport was determined as the difference between uptake measured in the presence and absence of sodium in the extravesicular buffer. Inhibition of alanine uptake increased with increasing extra-vesicular inhibitor concentration until a plateau value was reached. Inhibition of sodium-dependent alanine uptake by 100 mM glycine was 72%; 25 mM isoleucine, valine, or methionine completely inhibited initial alanine uptake. These results indicate the existence of at least two sodium-dependent transport systems, one capable and one incapable of accepting glycine for transport. At concentrations designed to represent expected concentrations of free amino acids in intestinal digesta, several equimolar mixtures (.2 to 5 mM) of 20 amino acids inhibited alanine uptake, suggesting that significant interaction among amino acids for uptake may be occurring under in vivo conditions.     

Uptake of choline from salmon flesh and its conversion to glycine betaine in response to salt stress in Shewanella putrefaciens

When cultured in M63 minimal medium plus 0.6 M NaCl, the growth of Shewanella putrefaciens was strongly inhibited. The addition of an extract from smoked salmon to this medium restored the growth almost to the unstressed level. A comparison of the 13C NMR spectra of intracellular solutes extracted from S. putrefaciens cells cultured in both conditions revealed the accumulation of glycine betaine (GB) from the smoked salmon extract (SSE). Analysis of the osmoprotective properties of this extract for several strains of Escherichia coli (which differ from each other in their ability to accumulate GB (i) from the surrounding environment, and (ii) from its hydroxylated precursor choline), demonstrated the absence of GB in the SSE. From the overall results, we inferred that salt-stressed S. putrefaciens cells accumulated GB from choline present in the SSE. Furthermore, the use of [14C]-labeled betaines gave evidence that S. putrefaciens (i) oxidised choline to GB, (ii) accumulated GB as a non-metabolisable osmolyte (up to 1300 nmol (mg dw)(-1) when cultured in a medium containing 0.5 M NaCl and either 1 mM choline or 1 mM GB), and (iii) both choline and GB uptake activities were osmotically upregulated (both activities were increased more than 50-fold in media containing 0.4 to 0.6 M NaCl). In all, our results suggest that in salted smoked salmon, S. putrefaciens imports and oxidises choline, leading to the intracellular accumulation of GB.     

高产食用蛋白质产朊假丝酵母菌的选育及发酵条件优化

通过对产朊假丝酵母菌的紫外诱变,筛选蛋白质含量较高的可食用菌株。结果表明：在15W紫外线(30cm)处,照射120s,致死率为89%,得到蛋白质含量为33% 的诱变菌株,比诱变前的22.9% 提高了37.12%。对此菌种进行稳定性测试(传代10 次并进行蛋白质测定),性质稳定;对诱变后的发酵条件：碳源、氮源、培养温度和溶氧量(培养箱转速)进行优化,最终得到采用葡萄糖为碳源、硫酸铵和酵母浸膏粉的混合物为氮源、培养温度为32℃、转速为160r/min 时培养出的蛋白质含量及菌体生物量都在较高水平,蛋白质含量为37%。     

Streptococcus zooepidemicus H23生产透明质酸营养条件的优化

在发酵罐水平上研究了酵母粉用量、初糖浓度和碳氮比以及补加葡萄糖对Strepto coccuszoopeidemicusH2 3发酵生产透明质酸的影响。利用上述条件在 5L罐上进行发酵实验 ,16h时发酵液中透明质酸质量浓度为 4 83g/L。     

一株产CoQ10的类球红细菌分离鉴定及诱变选育

辅酶Q_(10)(CoQ_(10))是天然存在的抗氧化剂和细胞代谢激活剂,具有消除自由基、维持细胞膜通透性、提高机体免疫功能等多种生理作用。选育CoQ_(10)高产菌株并通过发酵法实现该功能化合物的高效合成具有重要价值。作者从污水处理厂的淤泥中分离纯化获得了一株CoQ_(10)高产菌株YLL-13,通过形态观察、生化特性分析及16S rDNA序列比对,鉴定为类球红细菌(Rhodobacter sphaeroides),命名为R. sphaeroides YLL-13。随后,以R. sphaeroides YLL-13为出发菌株,以维生素K3和4-羟基苯甲酸(p-hydroxybenzoic acid,pHBA)为复合筛选标记,通过亚硝基胍化学诱变,筛选高产突变菌株,并初步研究了其生产CoQ_(10)特性。结果显示,经诱变选育获取了一株遗传稳定的CoQ_(10)高产突变株R.sphaeroides YLL-13-T,其具有相对低类胡萝卜素合成、高生长速率和高CoQ_(10)积累特性。在所考察的发酵体系中,发酵120 h后突变菌株YLL-13-T的生物量、CoQ_(10)产量和CoQ_(10)产率达到83.5、1.04 g/L和12.46 mg/g,比出发菌株分别提高了12.3%、42.5%和23.6%,展现出良好的工业化应用前景。     

黏红酵母离子注入诱变及其发酵产生β- 胡萝卜素条件的研究

利用低能N+ 注入黏红酵母高压突变株G-39,经筛选获得高产β- 胡萝卜素的离子诱变株GL-5,其β- 胡萝卜素产量由出发菌株的9.64mg/L 提高到17.36mg/L,增加了80.08%。通过均匀设计试验法,初步确定了诱变株GL-5 的β- 胡萝卜素发酵最适条件(葡萄糖40g/L、蛋白胨30g/L、酵母膏10g/L、番茄汁3ml/L、核黄素0.5mg/L、初始pH6.0、摇瓶装量50ml/250ml、接种量50ml/L),使其β- 胡萝卜素产量进一步由17.36mg/L 提高到34.21mg/L,比对照增加了98.09%。这表明,离子诱变株GL-5 是一株优良的高产β- 胡萝卜素突变株,离子注入对该菌种具有良好的诱变效果。     

Biosynthesis of exopolysaccharide by a Bacillus licheniformis strain isolated from ropy cider

Listeria monocytogenes accumulates low molecular weight compounds (osmolytes, or compatible solutes) in response to chill stress. This response has been shown to be responsible, in part, for the chill tolerance of the species. Among the osmolytes tested to date, glycine betaine, gamma-butyrobetaine and carnitine display the strongest cryoprotective effect. These osmolytes are not synthesized in the cell and must be transported from the medium. In this study, the compatible solute accumulation profile of the food-borne pathogen L. monocytogenes was determined in balanced growth and stationary phase cultures grown in milk whey at 7 and 30 degrees C. In balanced growth cultures at 7 degrees C, glycine betaine (720 nmol/10(10) cfu) and carnitine (130 nmol/10(10) cfu) were the major osmolytes accumulated by wild-type L. monocytogenes 10403S, whereas carnitine (490 nmol/10(10) cfu) was the dominant osmolyte and glycine betaine was present in smaller amounts (270 nmol/10(10) cfu) in a mutant (L. monocytogenes LTG59) blocked in the major glycine betaine uptake system, glycine betaine porter II. In strain 10403S, glycine betaine and carnitine were present in eightfold and twofold excess at 7 degrees C compared to 30 degrees C; the respective ratios for strain LTG59 were 6 and 8. The intracellular concentration of osmolytes in stationary phase cultures at 7 degrees C was markedly reduced compared to that during balanced growth. Furthermore, at 4 degrees C, small but highly significant differences in growth were observed between strains. Strain LTG59 grew with a lag phase that was significantly longer, a generation time that was significantly greater and reached a final cell yield that was significantly lower than that of strain 10403S. The elevated accumulation of carnitine in the absence of glycine betaine porter II was insufficient to confer the magnitude of the cryoprotective effect displayed by the wild type.     

硫酸二乙酯化学诱变选育高核糖核酸酿酒酵母及培养基组成优化

该研究以酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）BY23为出发菌株,采用硫酸二乙酯（DES）对其进行化学诱变,筛选出一株生长性能好、胞内核糖核酸（RNA）含量高的突变株BY23-195,并以胞内RNA含量为评价指标,通过单因素及正交试验对其糖蜜培养基成分进行优化。结果表明：突变株BY23-195生长性能较好,在酵母浸出粉胨葡萄糖（YEPD）培养基中,RNA含量较出发菌株BY23提高了18.85%。最优糖蜜培养基组分为糖蜜（糖度调至12 °Bx）、酵母浸粉5%、硫酸铵0.05%、磷酸二氢钾0.05%、硫酸亚铁0.05%、硫酸锌0.10%。在此最优培养基组成下,突变株BY23-195胞内其RNA含量达到16.01%,较优化前（13.66%）提高了17.20%。     

Ammonia accumulation in culture broth by the novel nitrogen-fixing bacterium, Lysobacter sp. E4

This is the first report that Lysobacter fixes nitrogen under free-living conditions, as shown by its ability to grow on nitrogen-free medium and accumulate relatively high amounts of ammonia in the culture broth. Growth of the E4 Lysobacter strain, isolated in a screen for nitrogen-fixing and ammonia-producing bacteria, resulted in higher ammonia accumulation (0.53 mM ammonium ion concentration) in media containing glucose rather than other tested carbon sources. The optimum glucose concentration was 0.30% at an initial medium pH of 7.0 and incubation temperature of 30 °C. From time-course experiments, when the glucose in the culture was exhausted, ammonia began to be accumulated, and maximum ammonia accumulation (∼ 1.60 mM) was reached after 8 days of incubation. Ammonia accumulation by this strain required molybdenum, manganese, and iron.     

Growth of Lactococcus lactis strains at low water activity: correlation with the ability to accumulate glycine betaine

Lactococcus lactis strains were divided into two groups based on their ability to grow in the presence of an upper limit of either 2% w/v NaCl (sensitive) or 4% w/v NaCl (tolerant). Growth inhibition of NaCl tolerant strains was substantially relieved by glycine betaine which was accumulated in significant amounts when growing at low water activities (a(w)). Very little accumulation of glycine betaine occurred during growth of the NaCl sensitive strains. The NaCl tolerant strains had substantial levels of glycine betaine transport activity in vitro, whereas the NaCl sensitive strains had little or no such activity. A low a(w) sensitive mutant of L. lactis subsp. cremoris MG1363 (NaCl tolerant) was isolated following ISS1 insertional mutagenesis. This mutant was inhibited at an a(w) of 0.988 produced by addition of 2% w/v NaCl or the equivalent glucose concentration (0.58 M). The mutant did not accumulate glycine betaine when growing at low a(w), and did not transport glycine betaine when assayed in vitro.     

Effect of Culture Variables on Mycelial Arachidonic acid Production by Mortierella alpina

Effect of culture conditions on biomass, lipid, and arachidonic acid production was investigated in the oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina CBS 528.72 under shake flask conditions. Several factors have been found to affect the biomass buildup and lipogenesis in this fungus, complicated by the fact that different strains demonstrate varying optimization conditions. Growth, lipid accumulation, and arachidonic acid production in the strain investigated were influenced by media, pH, temperature, carbon source, nitrogen source, etc. The results indicated that the most effective medium for growth and arachidonic acid production was glucose yeast extract medium. The optimum pH and temperature were found to be 6.5 and 28°C, respectively. On the same weight basis, glucose was the most efficient carbon source for biomass and lipid production in this fungal strain which yielded 6.8 g/L dry biomass and 40.2% (w/w) total lipid after 7 days of cultivation. Maximum arachidonic acid (ARA) production of 40.41% achieved in rhamnose-containing media was not concomitant with higher biomass and lipid yields. Efficacy of organic carbon sources, viz, yeast extract and peptone over inorganic sources like sodium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, etc, was established in the present study. M. alpina CBS 528.72 grown in peptone acquired the highest lipid content (42.0% (w/w)). However, the ARA content (28.74%) proved to be significantly less than that grown in yeast extract (35.28%). Furthermore, it was found that the biomass and ARA production declined drastically in a medium with vegetable oils as the sole carbon source but triggered the lipogenic pathway leading to higher accumulation of total lipids. Under the ideal conditions mentioned above, the maximum biomass, total lipid, and arachidonic acid production were 6.8 g/L, 41.6%, and 35.28% total fatty acid, respectively, in shake flask system.     

混合糖发酵产油脂酵母菌的筛选

对6株产油脂酵母利用葡萄糖、木糖及不同比例混合糖(葡萄糖与木糖)发酵的菌体生长和产油特性进行研究,筛选到一株能够转化混合糖的高产油脂酵母JM-D.该菌株在混合糖比例为3∶1的条件下发酵120h,菌体油脂含量可达23.38％,油脂产量可达2.7g/L;菌体油脂中饱和脂肪酸含量占脂肪酸总量的49.2％;混合糖比葡萄糖更容易被转化生成饱和脂肪酸含量较多的油脂.     

Inhibitory effect of mineral ion accumulation on high density growth of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus

A fed-batch operation for high density cultivation of Sulfolobus solfataricus (DSM 1617) in a bench-top fermentor using a feed medium composed of glucose and yeast extract was investigated. The highest maximal cell density obtained in controlled fed-batch cultures was 21.7 g/l. Although higher yeast extract concentrations in the medium favored greater cell biomass yield, cell growth ceased with low cell densities. It was observed that large amounts of inorganic ions, such as sulfate, ammonium, potassium and phosphate ions, were accumulated in the culture broth at higher yeast extract concentrations. This was due to either the addition of the titrant or feeding of yeast extract during cultivation. Fed-batch cultures with additional mineral salts in the feed medium showed much lower cell biomass, indicating that accumulation of inorganic ions has a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of S. solfataricus. Inhibition of cell growth by the presence of mineral ions was further confirmed by the batch culture experiments. Some plausible mechanisms which can account for the growth inhibition at higher mineral ion concentrations have been suggested.