WEAP21—A Demand-, Priority-, and Preference-Driven Water Planning Model

Abstract

The Water Evaluation and Planning Version 21 (WEAP21) Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) model seamlessly integrates water supplies generated through watershed-scale hydrologic processes with a water management model driven by water demands and environmental requirements and is governed by the natural watershed and physical network of reservoirs, canals, and diversions. This version (WEAP21) extends the previous WEAP model by introducing the concept of demand priorities and supply preferences, which are used in a linear programming heuristic to solve the water allocation problem as an alternative to multi-criteria weighting or rule-based logic approaches. WEAP21 introduces a transparent set of model objects and procedures that can be used to analyze a full range of issues faced by water planners through a scenario-based approach. These issues include climate variability and change, watershed condition, anticipated demands, ecosystem needs, the regulatory environment, operational objectives, and available infrastructure.     

Integrated Water Resources Management in Polrud Irrigation System

Water is needed in all aspects of life and is vital to its social, economical and environmental dimensions. Having a key role in sustainable development, water management requires an integrated approach. Irrigation Water shortage promotes the development of innovative management and supply enhancement models. Effective water management requires a comprehensive consideration of all related aspects, e.g., technical, social, environmental, institutional, political and financial. Then the conventional methods of cost-benefit analysis and single-objective models have changed to multi-objective models. The rising of population in Iran puts significant pressure on authorities and infrastructures to provide water. Without improvement in water management, Irrigation demand will continue to increase, water supplies will diminish and the population pressure will decay infrastructure. This paper describes compromise programming to solve multi-criteria decision making in irrigation planning for Polrud project in the North of Iran. The important objectives of project are: regulation of reliable water at the demand time, improving rice and tea production, domestic water supply, environmental needs as well as reducing social conflicts. After execution of the model, results show the optimum decision for crops pattern and extents of allocated water to each area. This study is a successful implementation of IWRM in irrigation planning.     

Water supplies for cities and industry

This paper discusses the two public water supply systems in Japan, for domestic and industrial use. Looking first at domestic supplies, it is found that more than 92% of the population benefited from public water services in 1982, the great majority relying on municipal systems. The proportion of demand met from surface water had reached 68% by 1982, and was set to continue rising, partly for reasons of groundwater conservation. Water quality must meet extensive legal standards. Industrial water requirements are met by a variety of systems, including municipal waterworks, recycled water and private supplies; public industrial waterworks play a relatively small part. The paper concludes by outlining the major problems of water supply that Japan must address.     

Intermittent Water Supply under Water Scarcity Situations

Abstract

This paper describes the recently developed ‘Guidelines for the design and control of intermittent water distribution systems’. These guidelines outline a new approach to the design of urban water distribution systems for developing countries in order to maintain adequate and equitable supplies under the common conditions of water resource shortage. The guidelines are novel in that they recognise the reality of intermittent supply and hence provide new methods of analysis and design, appropriate for such systems. Design objectives specifically tailored to intermittent systems are developed and drive the design process. These objectives are expressed in terms of equity in supply, adequate pressure at water connections and duration or time of supply that are convenient to the consumers. The modifications required to model such systems have been incorporated into a new network analysis simulation tool coupled with an optimal design tool.     

The Gujarat State-Wide Water Supply Grid: a step towards water security

Gujarat is one of India's economic powerhouses, but its geographical conditions mean that most of the state's districts face water deficits. In 2002, emergency arrangements to meet water shortages were replaced with a longer-term strategy: the construction and management of the State-Wide Water Supply Grid. This scheme moves towards connecting 47 million people to safe, potable water supplies. It has also positioned Gujarat as a pioneer in India in terms of moving towards water security and conservation, a policy choice that has boosted economic growth and made important strides towards human development.     

湖州市创建全国水生态文明城市建设试点探索

通过分析浙江省湖州市水生态基础条件,提出了创建全国水生态文明城市建设试点的总体思路、措施和目标任务。通过落实最严格的水资源管理制度,创新三项水生态管理机制,实施四大水生态百亿工程,建成六大水生态文明建设目标体系,打造"清水入太湖、活水兴百业、秀水绕千村、净水润万家"的"中国清丽水乡"。     

Operation Policies through Dynamic Programming and Genetic Algorithms,for a Reservoir with Irrigation and Water Supply Uses

Water Resources Management - In this study, operation policies were obtained for a reservoir in Michoacán, Mexico, used for irrigation and domestic water supplies. The main purpose of these...     

Economic Costs of Sustaining Water Supplies: Findings from the Rio Grande

Water claims in many of the world??s arid basins exceed reliable supplies. Water demands for irrigation, urban use, the environment, and energy continue to grow, while supplies remain constrained by unsustainable use, drought and impacts of climate change. For example, policymakers in North America??s Upper Rio Grande Basin face the challenge of designing plans for allocating the basin??s water supplies efficiently and fairly to support current uses and current environments. Managers also seek resilient institutions that can ensure adequate supplies for future generations. This paper addresses those challenges by designing and applying an integrated basin-scale framework that accounts for the basin??s most important hydrologic, economic, and institutional constraints. Its unique contribution is a quantitative analysis of three policies for addressing long term goals for the basin??s reservoirs and aquifers: (1) no sustainability for water stocks, (2) sustaining water stocks, and (3) renewing water stocks. It identifies water use and allocation trajectories over time that result from each of these three plans. Findings show that it is hydrologically and institutionally feasible to manage the basin??s water supplies sustainably. The economic cost of protecting the sustainability of the basin??s water stocks can be achieved at 6?C11 percent of the basin??s average annual total economic value of water over a 20?year time horizon.     

The Use of System Dynamics Model to Enhance Integrated Resources Planning Implementation

Elsinore Valley Municipal Water District (EVMWD), like many other water agencies in southern California, relies heavily on imported water supply. The uncertainty associated with reliable imported water supplies due to drought conditions and climate change, and the increasing cost of imported water are areas of concern for EVMWD. Considering these conditions, EVMWD, which serves one of the fastest growing regions within Riverside County, embarked upon the development of its first Integrated Resources Plan (IRP) – a long term strategy for providing reliable water supplies to its growing customer base. The IRP’s evaluation methodology consists of three steps: Identification of potential water supply projects, project evaluation, and recommendation of a water supply portfolio comprised of the specific projects. A System Dynamics (SD) Water Resources Decision Support System (WRDSS) was used to evaluate different scenarios and examine EVMWD’s vulnerability to risks such as water supply shortage, and changes to water quality and/or water demand projections. Even though SD has been extensively applied to many water resources planning modeling efforts, based on our literature review, there is not a documented case of SD modeling applied to an IRP project. The recommended water supply portfolio represents the most cost effective option. It meets the forecasted long term deficit and provides the best reliability while providing good quality water supplies to EVMWD’s customers. The recommended water supply portfolio will be implemented using an adaptive management approach to adjust to changing conditions, coupled with long-range resource management policies that optimize water supply and storage assets in times of both drought and surplus.     

Watershed monitoring and modelling and USA regulatory compliance.

The aim of the Columbus program was to implement a comprehensive watershed monitoring-network including water chemistry, aquatic biology and alternative sensors to establish water environment health and methods for determining future restoration progress and early warning for protection of drinking water supplies. The program was implemented to comply with USA regulatory requirements including Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) rules of the Clean Water Act (CWA) and Source Water Assessment and Protection (SWAP) rules under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). The USEPA Office of Research and Development and the Water Environment Research Foundation provided quality assurance oversight. The results obtained demonstrated that significant wet weather data is necessary to establish relationships between land use, water chemistry, aquatic biology and sensor data. These measurements and relationships formed the basis for calibrating the US EPA BASINS Model, prioritizing watershed health and determination of compliance with water quality standards. Conclusions specify priorities of cost-effective drainage system controls that attenuate stormwater flows and capture flushed pollutants. A network of permanent long-term real-time monitoring using combination of continuous sensor measurements, water column sampling and aquatic biology surveys and a regional organization is prescribed to protect drinking water supplies and measure progress towards water quality targets.     

Synthesizing Environmental Flow Needs Data for Water Management in a Water‐Scarce State: The Arizona Environmental Water Demands Database

Water rights for environmental flows are not universal, and oftentimes, legal tools used to incorporate the environment into water management only require new users to consider their impact. It can be difficult to include the needs of riparian and aquatic ecosystems in new plans when relevant information is not always available, especially when other existing uses already outstrip available supplies. There is a need for easily accessible and understandable science on the water requirements for riparian and aquatic species, so managers can make informed decisions about whether or not to include riparian and aquatic species in their community's water management future. In this paper, we describe the current understanding of the link between hydrology and Arizona's riparian and aquatic ecosystems through the creation of a geospatial Environmental Water Demands database that can be used to determine the water needs to maintain habitat. Analysis of 121 studies reveals that there are very few analyses of the surface water and groundwater requirements for intermittent or ephemeral river systems, and there are only limited generalizable data for aquatic species. Except for a few species, such as Cottonwood (Populous fremontii) and Willow (Salix gooddingii), few data are available on the flow requirements for vegetation. The Environmental Water Demands database can be used to identify critical geographic and topical knowledge gaps where further research is needed, as well as serve as a single place for water and land managers to assess and use the most currently available information to make more informed management decisions and recommendations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

山西省灌溉用水定额编制方法及其成果

根据水利部《编制灌溉用水定额》的大纲要求,结合山西省自然、地理、气候等情况,采用典型调研的方式,将山西省分为6个区,选取21个典型县为调查对象,以调查典型县现状灌溉用水定额为基础,以当地灌溉水可利用量为控制条件,采取自下而上、层层平衡的方法,制定了全省6个分区、7种主要作物的灌溉用水定额.经专家评审,认为该成果符合山西省的实际情况,对山西省节水灌溉事业的发展有重要指导作用.     

Novel Leakage Detection and Localization Method Based on Line Spectrum Pair and Cubic Interpolation Search

Water Resources Management - Leakage detection in water distribution systems (WDS) is critical to ensuring the security of urban water supplies. Acoustic detection methods have been used for...     

精心组织 严格把关 为东北四省区节水增粮行动项目顺利实施提供水资源保障

为保障东北四省区节水增粮行动项目顺利实施,做到项目规模布局与水资源条件相匹配,必须将水资源论证作为项目审批实施的前置条件,科学合理地确定各项目区的发展目标和合理布局。在对节水增粮行动项目水资源论证审批重点环节进行梳理的基础上,总结了水资源论证取得的成效和经验,针对项目的管护机制、监督管理提出了明确思路。     

California's Task Force evaluation of issues confronting water reuse.

Water reclamation and reuse have been occurring in California for over a century. The state is arid and semi-arid in large regions and must rely on a variety of water supplies to meet its water demands. Reclaimed water is a potential source to meet a significant portion of new demands expected by 2030. However, there are issues of public health and water quality regulation, cost, public acceptance, institutional and other barriers that must be addressed. The California State Legislature adopted legislation in 2001 to convene the Recycled Water Task Force to advise the state on the opportunities for using reclaimed water in a broad spectrum of applications and in identifying impediments and constraints to increasing the use of reclaimed water. The processes for conducting the Task Force are described to illustrate the actions that were intended to increase the credibility of the Task Force. The recommendations of the Task Force are summarized.     

Governance Conditions for Improving Quality Drinking Water Resources: the Need for Enhancing Connectivity

Realising the water quality objectives of the European Water Framework Directive have appeared to stagnate over the last decade all across Europe because of their highly complex nature. In literature, governance approaches tend to be regarded as the best way of dealing with complex water issues, but so far little empirical evidence has been reported on this perspective in regard to water quality issues and thus identifying relevant interventions for both policy makers and other stakeholders. In this paper we have analysed how conditions of governance contribute to the realisation of water quality objectives at different types of drinking water resources in the Netherlands. The water quality challenges at these resources, nitrates, pesticides, industrial chemicals and pharmaceuticals, can be recognized in other European countries as well. The analysis demonstrates the importance to enhance connectivity between institutional levels and upstream regions based upon the characteristics of the water system and driving forces for water quality and thus involve the actors that have the authority and the means to take effective measures. The two other important conditions of governance approaches for water quality improvement which were identified are the use of joint fact-finding to gain a shared perception of risks, and the use of explicit decision-making and close monitoring of outcomes (re. water quality improvement).     

苏州市主要河湖水生态现状调查分析

水生态建设是当今城市发展所面临的重要问题。结合苏州市水生态系统特点、水生态保护目标分布及敏感生态问题确定河湖生态调查指标,据此调查分析苏州市具有代表性的主要河湖存在的水生态问题,并提出相应改善水环境现状的对策。     

控制长江口北支咸潮倒灌支持南水北调

对上海市原水供应的形势和长江口咸潮入侵的态势进行分析.结果表明,在枯水季节,长江口水源地易受咸潮入侵影响,入侵路径为南支咸潮直接入侵和北支咸潮倒灌间接入侵(水文测验数据表明,后者影响较大);南水北调工程尤其是东线工程建成后,在枯水季节运行将减小长江口径流量,降低长江口水位,从而加剧咸潮入侵长江口水源地.为了既保护长江口南支河段淡水资源,又支持南水北调工程上马,上海市水务局已立项对控制北支咸潮倒灌的工程措施以及合理调度和配置长江水资源的非工程措施进行专题研究.     

Water Demand Management in Singapore: Involving the Public

Water demand management requires the implementation of instruments and strategies that consider pricing, mandatory water conservation requirements and the engagement of the public and private sectors as well as of the society at large. In the case of Singapore, water is treated as an economic good. It is priced to recover the full costs of production and to reflect the scarcity of the resource and the high cost of developing additional water sources. Within a framework for water conservation, public education, information and awareness instruments have played a very important part in making the public appreciate the importance of conserving the resource. This paper analyses the water demand strategies that have been developed in the city-state, with emphasis on education efforts and on the results obtained in terms of water conservation. Lessons learnt from this study can provide very useful experiences for cities in developed and developing countries on the type of policies that could be successful in reducing consumption as well as in providing alternative supplies of water for both the domestic and the industrial sectors They also provide useful insights on the different ways to make the public realise the importance of using water sustainably for its long-term conservation even when immediate access to clean water may not be an issue.     

Optimization of Retention Ponds to Improve the Drainage System Elasticity for Water-Energy Nexus

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the optimization of retention ponds for energy production by a low-head hydropower converter towards smart water grids and new flood adaptation solutions. Flood drainage systems are infrastructures essential in urban areas to control floods, which include retention ponds that can be used as innovative solutions adapted to climate changes and smart water grids to produce energy in a near future and to improve the drainage system elasticity. A catchment-scale water/energy management model is used for designing solutions by defining the characteristics of the urban area and the hydropower converters. The study area is based on Alcântara zone, in a district of Lisbon, a specific down-town zone close to the Tagus river, which has the backwater sea tidal influence. A solution based on the catchment of this area for extreme values of runoff induced by a significant climate changes event in these last years is analysed and then optimized in terms of energy production for different characteristic parameters. Finally, results are shown and discussed to reveal the most suitable solutions.