小水电开发与生态环境保护的有机结合分析

小水电站的开发建设对于我国偏远地区的供电和改善山区生活环境有着重要的意义,但是也存在一些问题。我国目前的小水电站开发相对较为完善,有着较先进的发电技术和管理能力,结合实践探讨我国小水电站开发与生态环境保护现状,针对目前存在的生态问题,给出详细的影响分析,阐明发展小水电站的现实意义。     

黄河小峡水电站导流明渠右侧边坡坡顶拉裂缝成因分析与处理

导流明渠右侧边坡坡顶拉裂缝是小峡水电站工程主要问题之一,其稳定与否直接关系到泄洪闸工程安全运行.采用削方减载等措施对边坡进行处理,通过一年多的运行实践证明是合理可靠的.     

新农村建设中农村生态环境保护对策研究

农村生态环境是影响农村发展的重要因素,其质量决定农村未来的可持续发展.在新农村建设过程中,必须解决好农村生态环境保护问题.对当前农村生态环境的问题现状和原因进行分析,提出解决农村生态环境问题的对策和措施.     

基于MATLAB—管四机水电站小波动稳定分析

以清远水电站为例,基于水电站管道系统布置特点,构建了水轮机调节系统状态空间模型,利用MATLAB求解微分方程,采用现代控制理论的状态空间法对一管四机、带上下游调压室的水电站进行小波动过渡过程计算,并与TOPsys非线性模型的计算结果进行比较.结果表明,该方法具有较好的计算精度、有效可行.     

小水电开发与生态环境保护

小水电的开发利用对我国农村经济社会的发展和生态环境的改善具有巨大的作用，但同时也存在些负面影响。文章结合开发实践，对小水电开发和生态环境保护问题作了扼要分析，并提出了减少或消除小水电开发对生态环境负面影响的对策。     

小水电站增效扩容的径流和水能计算方法及应用

针对2011年全国性小水电站增效扩容项目文件中对老旧水电站更新改造的要求,在开展农村水电改造设计过程中,遵循《小型水电站水文计算规范》和《小水电水能设计规程》的规定,总结了有实测径流资料、引用相邻或相似流域水文资料、无径流实测资料三种条件下小水电站的水文径流和水能计算方法,并结合三座电站运行多年的统计数据进行核算或反推,求出拟改造条件下水电站水能指标,以此判断设计电站是否满足电量计算的增效扩容潜力不低于10%的要求。     

洋河滩水电站增效扩容改造技术方案及效益分析

针对洋河滩水电站竖井贯流水轮发电机组老化、效率偏低等问题,提出了立轴定浆式、卧式两种机组更新改造技术方案,并通过比选获得了较优的技术方案,提高了发电出力和效率,进而计算了改造后的效益,同时给出了增效扩容的辅助技术措施,对农村小水电站增效扩容及同类电站改造具有借鉴意义。     

农村水电站更新改造行业管理机制体系的研究

通过调研对行业管理实践进行了总结,采用经济机制设计理论对实践中的方法进行理论化和系统化提升,形成针对浙江省农村水电站更新改造的行业管理运作机制体系.结果表明,以机构和职能能力建设为基础、以安全生产管理机制为核心、以项目建设管理机制为监督、以行业协会管理机制为协调、结合国情和省情的该体系具有实际可操作性,是农村水电站更新改造领域中的创新.     

水电站地面厂房结构的动力分析与设计优化

针对大中型水电站地面厂房振动特性分析复核和抗震设计,以地处高地震区的某水电站地面厂房为例,利用有限单元法建立数值模型,分析了厂房结构的整体动力特性.因厂房上部为单层框架结构,刚度相对较低,本文重点分析了其自振特性和与机组振源的共振复核,对以动态优化设计为目标的结构修改进行了探讨,并就机墩结构的刚度和强度进行了计算分析和振幅复核.最后对厂房结构的抗震问题进行了研究,所得结论可为大中型水电站地面厂房结构的抗振设计提供有益参考.     

改造农村小水电站的几种方式

浙江省的小水电发展已初具规模,到1988年底已建小水电站3815处,总装机容量703412千瓦,年发电量17亿千瓦时。小水电的发展为解决山区农村的用电、缓和农村能源的紧缺、发展山区经济起到了积极作用。由于我省小水电的建设起步较早,一批五十年代和六十年代建成的小水电站机电设备已     

基于粗糙集—模糊理论的水电工程多维社会影响因素识别与评价

大型水电工程开发会对社会经济发展及环境等产生多维度的影响,对多维影响因素的科学识别与评价是水电工程可持续发展的关键.从社会经济、环境、安全、公平四个维度构建水电工程综合评价指标体系,以Y水电站为例,综合统计水电工程社会评价问卷数据,运用粗糙集理论和模糊综合评价法对多维水电工程社会影响进行综合评价.结果 表明,构建的评价...     

Resource analysis of the Chinese society 1980–2002 based on exergy—Part 2: Renewable energy sources and forest

This second part is the continuation of the first part on fossil fuels and energy minerals. The major renewable energy sources and forest products entering the Chinese society from 1980 to 2002, including sunlight, wind power, tidal power, wave power, geothermal power and heating, biomass, hydroelectric resource and forestry products, are calculated and analyzed in detail in this paper. The solar exergy inputs from solar photovoltaics and solar collectors, including water heater, solar oven and solar building, are calculated and discussed. The development of the wind power plant is presented. Major tidal power plants, which are still working, are addressed. Wave power devices and plants are introduced. Geothermal resources, mainly for power generation and heating, associated with distribution, are depicted. The utilization of biomass, embracing firewood, straw and biogas, which served as the main obtainable local resources for private consumption and production in the rural areas, is illustrated. Development of hydroelectric resources as complement to scarce fossil fuels is represented, of which the small hydropower project adapted for rural areas is emphasized. Finally, forest products from timber forest and economic forest are presented, with the forestation, reproducing, tending areas and sum of odd forestation trees being manifested.     

尼洋河流域水电梯级开发对生态环境质量影响的分析评价

结合尼洋河流域实际情况选取了8个环境影响因子,利用灰色GM(1,1)模型分别对有无梯级水电开发流域生态环境变化进行了预测和综合评价,得到尼洋河水电梯级开发对生态环境可能影响的结论为:梯级水电开发对流域生态环境状况有一定影响;流域梯级水电开发,使年平均流量相对于无梯级开发时减少,对森林面积的影响较小;对鱼类资源数量的影响是有利的;梯级水电开发对保护鱼类种类的影响是不利的;年输沙量明显减少。     

Achieving global environmental benefits through local development of clean energy? The case of small hilly hydel in India

Energy and development are closely intertwined. Yet, increasing fossil fuel-based energy consumption contributes significantly to environmental problems both locally and globally. This article explores the interlinkages between local livelihood and environmental benefits from the provision of energy to remote rural households through small hydropower development. The analysis is based on research carried out around a large development project designed to assist the Government of India in the optimum utilization of small hydropower resources in the Himalayan and sub-Himalayan regions. There are about 100,000 villages in India that are not connected to electricity supply, many of them in the hilly regions with ample hydropower potential. The project aimed to demonstrate the utility of and options for providing electricity to such villages through clean mini-hydro. The article addresses the nature of the impacts of the demonstration small hydel schemes on the local communities, to what extent they translate into environmental benefits both locally and globally, and the perceptions and participation of the local communities in these small hydro schemes. The study explores the impacts of the schemes on financial capital, natural capital, social capital, physical capital, human capital, and gender equity in the local communities. It further provides a discussion on the links between local and global environmental benefits. Overall, it is found that the schemes’ impacts both on the local communities and the environment are mostly marginally positive or neutral, although achieving clearly demonstrable benefits would require major upscaling of the effort involving broader changes than possible under this project. Furthermore, it is argued that some of the assumptions behind the project design were faulty. Involvement of the local communities and direct livelihood benefits to them are essential for the long-term sustainability of the small hydro schemes. The discussion and conclusions are intended to provide guidance to programmes and projects that aim to promote environmentally sound energy in the rural areas of developing countries.     

Towards green rural energy in Yunnan, China

Yunnan is one of the less developed provinces in China, but has abundant energy resources, and is an ideal destination for tourists around the world due to its perfect climate and unique sightseeing resorts. However, energy consumption in rural households relies mainly on straw (12.15%), firewood (41%), and coal (38.5%). This pattern of energy consumption has been imposing pressure on the environment, water resources and soil in recent years with the rapid growth of Yunnan’s economy. This paper reports the achievements in Yunnan’s rural energy development in the past two decades. Issues of the greatest concern and interest, which are unfavorable for further development of rural energy, have been identified, and a new proposal of developing green rural energy in Yunnan is suggested based on its economy and resource conditions. The proposal addresses the development of biogas, small hydropower and solar energy, which are abundant in Yunnan. It is estimated that the new program will annually bring direct benefits of about 5 billion yuan to farmers by 2010, and the indirect benefits, such as those from tourism due to the improvement of the environment resulting from the use of green rural energy, will be enormous. It is believed that the program will speed up rural economic growth through the integrated utilization of rural energy.     

基于AHP-Fuzzy法的绿色小水电综合评价

绿色小水电是目前我国小水电发展的主要方向,对绿色小水电进行综合评价具有重要的现实意义。从环境、经济、社会和管理等方面出发,建立绿色小水电的综合评价指标体系,采用层次分析法(AHP)计算各评价指标的权重,运用模糊综合评价法(Fuzzy)进行绿色等级评判,进而基于AHP-Fuzzy法建立了绿色小水电综合评价模型,并运用该模型对河南省牛王滩水电站进行综合评价,验证了评价模型的可行性。     

亟需全面准确理解习近平生态文明思想、科学整治小水电

在全国上下积极推动碳中和目标的背景下,作为绿色电源的小水电却在陕西秦岭、贵州赤水河等部分地区正面临着"一刀切拆除"的危机.长江经济带小水电整治实践表明,小水电整治的正确方向是整改,而不是强制拆除.为避免矫枉过正,影响大局,本文分析了小水电"一刀切拆除"对生态环境保护、经济社会发展、碳中和目标实现等方面将产生的负面影响,...     

Application of geographical information system to site selection of small run-of-river hydropower project by considering engineering/economic/environmental criteria and social impact

In the process of site selection of a small run-of-river hydropower project in Thailand, some problems are addressed as follows: the accessibility of the possible sites which are mostly located in rural and mountainous areas, the large amount of data required, and the lack of participation of the local people living nearby. In order to cope with these problems, this study proposes a new method to select feasible sites of small run-of-river hydropower projects by using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. A combination of engineering, economic, and environmental criteria, as well as social impact is employed in this study. The selected study area is the upper Nan river basin situated in the north of Thailand. For the engineering criteria, the project locations are found by GIS in visual basic platform, and then economic evaluations of the selected projects are performed. Next, the environmental parameters are used to rank the projects by total weighted scores. Finally, a social impact study at the potential sites is conducted based on the public participation process, i.e. questionnaire survey and focus group discussions. The applicability of the proposed method is verified by the results of site selection of the small hydropower projects located on the Nan river basin in Thailand. This case study can be the model for the process of site selection of similar projects.     

A benchmark for life cycle air emissions and life cycle impact assessment of hydrokinetic energy extraction using life cycle assessment

As the demand for renewable energy increases, it becomes important to critically examine the environmental impacts of renewable energy production. Often, the approach has been trial and error in renewable energy with respect to its impact on the environment. Hydrokinetic Energy Extraction (HEE) has been seen as a potentially “benign” form of renewable hydropower. This paper provides a benchmark for initial measurement of HEE environmental impacts, since negative outcomes have been present with previously assumed “benign” renewable hydropower. A Gorlov system was used to represent a HEE system. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was utilized to compare the environmental impacts of HEE with small hydropower, coal, natural gas and nuclear power. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) criteria air emissions were quantified and compared over the life cycle of the systems. Life cycle air emissions were used in combination with TRACI to compare the systems. The Gorlov system was found to have the lowest life cycle impact with a system lifetime comparison, and did compare closely with small hydropower.     

重庆市巫溪县小水电开发生态环境影响及保护措施探析

分析了巫溪县、黑水河、龙水及大宁河流域梯级电站等项目开发过程中生态环境影响,提出,巫溪县小水电开发项目环评中应注意的生态环境问题及保护措施。