活塞裙部型线对流体动力润滑特性的影响

从活塞裙相对于气缸壁面变速润滑运动的状态出发，建立了雷诺方程，再以椭圆-双曲面表达热态时活塞裙部型面的形状，以解析式模拟裙部表面和气缸壁面之间的油膜分布，在最小油膜厚度不能小于气缸壁面和裙部表面的粗糙度的前提下，用有限元方法解雷诺方程，得出分布的油膜压力。并用油膜压力合力与侧压力是否平衡来判断裙部型面的设计是否合适。在计算过程中还发现中凸点附近的曲率半径不能过小。     

二甲醚发动机活塞二阶运动-润滑耦合模型建立及数值分析

通过改造潍柴WP6发动机的供油、燃烧系统,开发出一台二甲醚发动机。试验采集二甲醚发动机燃烧参数,针对活塞运动和润滑分析,建立活塞裙部系统以及由曲轴、连杆、活塞组成的多体系统的耦合润滑模型。基于拉格朗日乘子法建立多体动力学方程,并采用有限单元法对润滑模型进行求解。将耦合计算结果与实验对比,验证模型准确性。根据现有二甲醚发动机活塞裙部的结构参数,研究不同活塞结构参数对敲缸及润滑的影响。结果表明,活塞间隙越小时,活塞二阶运动的空间越小,导致敲缸现象减弱,磨损降低,但较小的间隙会产生比较高的油膜剪切力,微凸体表面接触也会加剧,引起较大的摩擦力及摩擦功耗;活塞裙桶形面最高点的位置也会影响活塞裙-缸套系统的运动和润滑特性;桶形面与活塞销中心的距离越小越容易满足力与力矩平衡条件,有利于降低敲缸以及摩擦损耗。     

A new numerical analysis for piston skirt–liner system lubrication considering the effects of connecting rod inertia

A new numerical analysis for the piston skirt is conducted to consider the effects of the connecting rod inertia on the piston skirt–liner system lubrication. The piston dynamics, the oil film and the friction loss of the system are analyzed and compared with one earlier model that has been adopted widely. The results on a gasoline engine show that the connecting rod inertia does have some influence on the system lubrication as well as the piston dynamics, especially when engine runs at high speeds.     

基于Pro/E的活塞裙部中凸变椭圆型面设计

随着汽车发动机不断向高速、高负荷发展,活塞裙部形状、精度对发动机工作性能有着关键的影响。在分析活塞裙部中凸变椭圆型面的特点及设计规律基础上,探讨建立了活塞裙部廓形数学模型。随着计算机辅助设计技术的快速发展在Pro/E环境下实现精确活塞裙部设计,进而完成活塞精确造型,为提高活塞后续CAE/CAM工作精度奠定基础。实例表明:方法通用性和精度较高,可以缩短产品的设计周期,提高企业市场竞争力,具有较好的工程应用价值。     

Thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication analysis of piston skirt considering oil film inertia effect

Influence of oil film inertia forces on thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication performances of a piston skirt is analyzed, based on a proposed Reynolds lubrication equation for the consideration of oil film inertia force effects. Further, a scheme to solve the inertia effects is given. The numerical results show that oil film inertia forces can result in increments in film pressure and temperature, hydrodynamic friction force and load capacity, deformation, and transverse displacements of the piston skirt. Moreover, the influences are obvious for a big reduced Reynolds number. Therefore, oil film inertia force effects on thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication performances of a piston skirt in a high speed internal combustion engine should be considered.     

增压条件下活塞的动压润滑分析

根据流体动力润滑理论与活塞动力学方程建立的分析模型，依据发动机燃气压力的变化，计算了增压前后的活塞裙部最小润滑油膜厚度和摩擦力。结果表明，发动机增压后，主推力边和次推力边的最小润滑油膜厚度分别变小，裙部的摩擦力和摩擦功耗增大。因增压后活塞润滑能力降低，并且摩擦功耗增加，会对整机的可靠性产生影响，这些都应当在增压改进设计时予以重视。     

Transient elastohydrodynamic lubrication film thickness in sliding and rolling line contacts

The contact behavior between cam and follower is greatly influenced by the kinematics and dynamics of the whole valve train system. This is the reason that both shape and thickness of the fluid film in the contact gap are mainly determined by applied loads and relative contact speeds as well as the curvatures of contacting elements. Most of the studies about lubricant film behavior between cam and follower have been performed without a consideration of transient effects in the contact gap. For the computational difficulties of transient effects, most contact conditions such as relative contacting speeds have been regarded as quasi-steady state during the whole operating cycle. In this work, in order to obtain stable convergence, a multigrid multi-level method is used for the computation of load capacity in the lubricant film. Nonlinear valve spring dynamics are also considered in the same way as Hanachi’s. From the computational results, transient EHL film thicknesses under the conditions of different contact geometries are computed for a pushrod type valve train system during an engine cycle. Several results show the squeeze film effect, which is generally not found with conventional EHL computations of the cam and follower contact. The results are also compared with those by the Dowson-Hamrock (D-H) formula, which does not consider the dynamic film effect. Without the dynamic film effect as in D-H’s formula, the minimum film thickness is highly dependent on the entraining lubricant velocity, whereas the minimum film thickness including the squeeze film effect is dependent on the applied load.     

表面粗糙度和润滑油黏度对活塞裙-缸套摩擦副润滑性能的影响

以一多缸内燃机为对象,研究表面粗糙度和润滑油黏度对活塞裙-缸套摩擦副润滑性能的影响。建立活塞二阶运动方程与平均Reynolds方程相结合的活塞裙-缸套摩擦副润滑分析模型。活塞二阶运动方程采用Broyden方法求解,应用有限差分法进行活塞裙-缸套摩擦副的润滑分析。结果表明,表面粗糙度对活塞裙-缸套摩擦副润滑性能影响不明显,而随润滑油黏度增加,活塞裙-缸套摩擦副的最小油膜厚度、摩擦力和摩擦功率增加,最大油膜压力在进气和排气行程随润滑油黏度变化比较明显,在其他行程变化较小。     

应用RIM-FOS测量柴油机缸套-活塞环油膜厚度的可行性分析

提出了一种应用反射式强度调制型光纤传感器(RIM-FOS)测量柴油机缸套-活塞环油膜厚度的新方法。介绍了反射式强度调制型光纤传感器的结构和工作原理,并给出了应用RIM-FOS检测柴油机缸套-活塞环油膜厚度的可行性分析和检测装置的设计概要。     

内燃机活塞表面瞬态温度传感器的研制

针对内燃机活塞表面温度变化迅速的特点,研制了一种瞬态温度传感器用于测量活塞表面温度。采用直流脉冲磁控溅射的方法将NiCr薄膜直接溅射沉积在高温烧结后嵌有NiCr、NiSi丝的陶瓷元件端面,NiCr薄膜外侧溅射Si3N4保护膜。传感器外壁选用带螺纹的304不锈钢作为铠装套筒。采用自行研制的薄膜热电偶静动态标定系统对所研制的瞬态温度传感器进行标定,结果表明:所研制的传感器在50~400℃范围内具有良好的线性和热稳定性,其塞贝克系数在39~41μV/K之间,非线性误差小于0.34%,重复性好;热接点薄膜厚度为355nm时,传感器的响应时间为41.7μs,且响应时间随着薄膜厚度的增大而增加;该瞬态温度传感器可以满足曲轴转速为1800r/min的内燃机活塞表面瞬态温度测试的需求。     

Analytical Investigation on the Effect of Multigrade Oil in Piston Ring Lubrication

The use of multigrade oil in engine lubrication is being advocated to consumers to minimize viscosity-temperature effect. However, its effect on piston ring-liner contact has not been fully ascertained. In this work, an attempt has been made to evaluate the friction behavior of multigrade oil in piston ring lubrication. The theoretical model developed by the authors predicts thinner oil films as a result of introduction of multigrade oil in the hydrodynamic zone and a larger piston travel distance near the TDC region in the compression-power stroke cycle without any appreciable film thickness. The multigrade oils are known to offer elasticity, and this is also considered in the analysis to evaluate film thickness.     

Calculation of mixed lubrication at piston ring and cylinder liner interface

This paper reports on the theoretical analysis of mixed lubrication for the piston ring. The analytical model is presented by using the average flow and asperity contact model. The cyclic variations of the nominal minimum oil film thickness are obtained by numerical iterative method. The total friction is calculated by using the hydrodynamic and asperity contact theory. The effects of the roughness height, pattern, and engine speed on the nominal minimum film thickness, friction force, and frictional power losses are investigated. As the roughness height increases, the nominal oil film thickness and total friction force increase. Also, the effect of the surface roughness on the boundary friction is dominant at low engine speed and high asperity height. The longitudinal roughness pattern shows lower mean oil film pressure and thinner oil film thickness compared to the case of the isotropic and transverse roughness patterns.     

Friction model of a marine diesel engine piston assembly

In modern marine diesel engines, power output and in-cylinder firing pressures are constantly increasing, leading to higher friction in engine components and especially in the piston assembly. A good understanding of the friction contributions of the various engine components is needed, if mechanical efficiency is to be improved. A friction model for the engine piston assembly has been developed and is presented in this paper. The model, based on lubrication theory, considers the detailed engine geometry and the complete lubricant action, and thus can be applied to a wide range of engines. In detail, the analysis takes into account the friction components of compression rings, oil control rings, piston skirt and gudgeon pin of the engine piston assembly. The model was applied to a four-stroke (medium speed) marine diesel engine and the effect of engine speed and load on friction was examined and compared with results from other semi-empirical models. The engine friction was predicted at constant rotational speed (generator operation) and variable rotational speed (propulsion operation).     

Piston Assembly Design for Improved Thermal-Tribological Performance

The tribological system in the piston assembly of an internal combustion engine includes contacts at interfaces of piston/piston ring/cylinder liner, piston skirt/cylinder wall, and piston/piston pin/ connecting rod. The thermal and tribological properties of the piston, piston rings, and cylinder wall are critical to the life and quality of the engine. Severe wear and scuffing failure, especially at the ring/ring groove and ring/liner interfaces, may present a major problem if the piston temperature is too high. Temperature considerations for the piston often limit the effort to increase the engine power.

A new engine piston incorporating the heat pipe cooling technology has been developed for reducing the piston temperature, especially in the ring land and along the piston wall. The current work aims at investigating the effect of reciprocating heat pipes on heat conduction in the piston, and thus the tribological behavior of the piston assembly. Due to the high thermal conductance of the reciprocating heat pipe, a considerably large amount of combustion heat, which is conventionally conducted through the piston wall, is transferred through heat pipes. This new design will result in a lower temperature on the piston wall and a reasonably low temperature distribution in the piston.     

NEW METHOD TO MEASURE PISTON SKIRT DIMENSIONS

The measurement of the middle-convex and varying ellipse profile of a piston skirt is a key technology because of its complex profile and high precision. Generally, a piston is measured on special device after it is machined. High accuracy can be achieved through this off-line measurement, but the result diverges from the actual dimension. Therefore, a no-contact in-site measurement system is proposed. A laser displacement meter is used to measure the profile of the piston skirt. A computer connected to the meter is used to process the measured data. A regression analysis method is used to process the ellipse section data. The method of moving average is used to process the middle-convex curve data. By vising the given system, high measurement accuracy can be gained, and the production requirement is met.     

活塞加工技术现状分析与研究

活塞是内燃机的关键零件,为保证活塞在热变形下不被卡死,必须将活塞裙部在冷态下制成某种特定的形状,也就是说中凸变椭圆活塞将逐步替代传统的圆柱体活塞。本文根据活塞的结构特点,对其加工工艺进行了分析,并对活塞的加工方法进行了研究比较,最后对现有活塞加工技术的不足进行了总结。     

基于280ZJB组合式活塞裙部的摩擦特性研究

在组合式活塞裙部摩擦学和动力学已有研究的基础上,建立适用于大功率机车组合式活塞裙部的二阶运动和动力润滑耦合模型,并在Matlab环境下,编写了耦合模型的计算方法,研究各项参数变化对组合式活塞裙部摩擦特性和动力学行为的影响。结果表明,润滑油动力黏度、发动机转速、活塞销偏置对活塞裙部的摩擦特性有重要影响。     

Low viscosity shear heating in piston skirts EHL in the low initial engine start up speeds

Absence of elastohydrodynamic lubricating (EHL) film causes piston wear in low speed cold initial engine start up, while shearing of low viscosity lubricant in few cycles affects its load carrying capacity. Shear heating effects are incorporated in 2-D hydrodynamic and EHL model by solving 2-D heat equation. EHL pressures are calculated using inverse solution technique. Comparative analysis is based on viscous dissipation coupled with piston motion, changes in pressure, film thickness and viscosity. This study suggests that the increase in temperature varies with speed to affect piston eccentricities, viscosity and film thickness. This optimizes low start up speed for a few engine cycles.     

活塞环-缸套二维润滑特性的研究

基于二维平均流量模型和微凸体接触模型，研究了活塞环的二维润滑特性，并考虑了活塞系统偏摆、润滑油粘度变化及表面粗糙度等因素的影响。通过计算获得了活塞环－缸套间油膜厚度的二维分布。结果表明，油膜厚度沿周向是不均匀的。本文还对活塞环开口位置及偏摆的影响做了定量的分析。