不同脂肪来源婴儿配方乳粉与母乳脂质组成的差异分析

研究4 种不同脂肪来源的婴儿配方乳粉与母乳在总脂肪酸、sn-2位脂肪酸及甘油三酯上的脂质组成差异。结果表明,从样品中共检测出27 种脂肪酸及87 种甘油三酯,与母乳相比,4 种婴儿配方乳粉含有更多的饱和脂肪酸,较少的多不饱和脂肪酸,且母乳中超过70%的饱和脂肪酸酯化在甘油三酯的sn-2位,而4 种婴儿配方乳粉甘油三酯sn-2位更多的被不饱和脂肪酸占据,尤其是植物油基IF1和IF2,sn-2位不饱和脂肪酸高达80%。在甘油三酯组成方面,母乳中1-油酸-2-棕榈酸-3-亚油酸甘油三酯、1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯及一些中长链甘油三酯显著高于4 种婴儿配方乳粉（P＜0.05）,而婴儿配方乳粉含有更多的三油酸甘油三酯、1-油酸-2,3-二亚油酸甘油三酯及一些中链甘油三酯（P＜0.05）,并且脂肪来源的不同会显著影响婴儿配方乳粉的脂质组成,同为植物油基的IF1和IF2具有更相似的甘油三酯、脂肪酸组成及分布,并与添加了乳脂成分的IF3和IF4形成明显区分,且牛乳/植物油混合基婴儿配方乳粉在整体脂质组成上更加接近母乳。最后,基于多变量分析,发现共有16 种甘油三酯可用于区分人乳和婴儿配方奶粉。本研究结果有助于研发更接近人乳的婴儿配方乳粉。     

Technical note: Estimation of milk fatty acid yield from milk fat data

Most publications reporting milk fatty acid (FA) yields estimate these yields from milk fat yields and a coefficient estimating the proportion of FA in milk fat. The most widely used coefficient is, in fact, the proportion of fatty acyl radicals (i.e., FA from which the OH group has been removed) in milk triglycerides, equivalent to a mean proportion of 88% FA in milk fat. From a metabolic point of view, because the digestive flows and mammary FA uptake consist of nonesterified FA, it is more logical to estimate the FA proportion rather than the fatty acyl proportion in milk fat. From 588 milk FA profiles, we estimated a mean proportion of 94.4% FA in milk triglycerides. Moreover, when the other milk lipid classes (phospholipids, diglycerides, etc.) were taken into account, the proportion of FA in milk total lipids was estimated at 93.3%, almost independently of the milk FA profile. The use of this coefficient to estimate the secretion of milk FA on the basis of milk fat yield data is more physiologically relevant for milk FA secretion studies.     

Milk triglycerides from dairy cows abomasally infused with increasing amounts of high-oleic sunflower fatty acids

The triglyceride composition of milk fat largely determines the manufacturing characteristics of products containing milk fat. Increasing oleic acid content of milk fat might be desirable for human nutrition and also for butter and whipping cream, among other product applications. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of increasing intestinally available oleic acid (provided via abomasal infusion) on the profile of milk triglycerides. A control and 4 increasing doses of free fatty acids from high oleic sunflower oil (HOSFA) were infused into the abomasum of 4 lactating dairy cows in a changeover experimental design with periods of 7 d. Treatments were (1) control (no fatty acids infused), (2) HOSFA (250 g/d), (3) HOSFA (500 g/d), (4) HOSFA (750 g/d), and (5) HOSFA (1,000 g/d). All treatments included meat solubles and Tween 80 as emulsifiers. Infusion of HOSFA increased oleic acid and decreased short- and medium-chain fatty acids in milk fat. Statistical analysis of results showed linear changes in most of the milk triglycerides analyzed. The most significant changes as the result of increasing HOSFA infusion were a decrease in triglycerides with saturated fatty acids (butyrin-caprylin-palmitin, butyrin-laurin-olein, butyrin-myristin-palmitin, butyrin-palmitin-palmitin, caproin-myristin-palmitin, butyrin-palmitin-stearin, caproin-palmitin-palmitin) and an increase in dioleyl triglycerides (with butyric, lauric, myristic and palmitic acids) and triolein. The synthesis of triglyceride is position-specific and does not follow a random distribution model.     

Feeding hydrogenated fatty acids and triglycerides to lactating dairy cows

Effects of feeding hydrogenated tallow fatty acids and triglycerides to lactating dairy cows were studied using five primiparous Holstein cows in a 5 x 5 Latin square design. A control diet with no supplemental fat and diets containing either hydrogenated tallow fatty acids or triglycerides at 2 and 5% levels were fed for ad libitum intake. Diets were isonitrogenous but not isocaloric. Each treatment period consisted of 28 d; the last 14 d were used for data collection. Fat-supplemented diets had no effects on DM intake, milk fat percentage, milk protein percentage, and BW compared with the control diet. Energy intake and milk yields were higher for cows fed fat-supplemented diets. Adding fatty acids to diets increased milk fat percentage above that in milk from cows fed triglyceride diets. Apparent digestibilities of DM and OM were lowered by the addition of fat, mainly in response to fatty acid additions. Feeding fatty acids reduced ash digestibility compared with feeding triglycerides, and NDF digestibility also tended to be lower for cows fed fatty acid diets. Fat addition to diets reduced fatty acid digestibility; digestibility of added fat averaged 37.7%. Although of similar saturation, the triglyceride supplement was more ruminally inert than the fatty acid supplement. Esterification and degree of saturation are features of importance when processing tallow for use in ruminant diets.     

基于荧光漂白恢复技术检测乳脂肪球膜上生物分子的流动性北大核心CSCD

为了推动乳制品的精准评价,采用高分辨率激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)结合多荧光探针技术观察乳脂肪球的微观结构,并利用荧光漂白恢复技术(fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, FRAP)定量检测母乳、牛乳、羊乳中乳脂肪球膜上生物分子的流动性。结果表明:3种乳的微观结构基本一致,均出现了新月区,证明了新月区是局部磷脂富集区;乳脂肪球中甘油三酯和水溶性蛋白质的动态分子比例较高,极性脂质和磷脂酰胆碱的动态分子比例较为接近,鞘磷脂的动态分子比例最差;牛乳中甘油三酯的流动性慢于母乳和羊乳,母乳中极性脂的流动性最慢。FRAP可以直观地表征乳脂肪球膜上生物分子的流动性,可为乳状液中膜界面的生化特性研究提供新的方法。     

母乳中1,3-二不饱和脂肪酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯的组成及其功能特性研究进展

1,3-二不饱和脂肪酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯（UPU）是指甘油骨架的sn-1、sn-3位连接不饱和脂肪酸、sn-2位连接棕榈酸的一类甘油三酯的总称,其在母乳脂肪中含量最高,可为婴儿提供更加均衡的脂肪酸和甘油三酯,对婴儿生长发育有特殊的生理功能。为对开发新型母乳结构脂肪提供理论支持,系统介绍了不同国家、地区母乳脂肪中3种sn-2棕榈酸甘油三酯UPU、UPS、SPS的含量,我国成熟期母乳中UPU的组成和含量,从降低婴儿粪便硬度、促进脂肪和矿物质吸收、保护肠道健康,提供更多种类、比例更稳定均衡的脂肪酸等方面,论述了UPU的功能作用及其消化和吸收特性,另外对比了市售营养强化剂OPO与母乳中UPU组成的差异,通过分析提出LC-MS方法更适合婴儿配方奶粉中OPO含量的测定。     

Composition and distribution of fatty acids in triglycerides from goat infant formulas with milk fat

Most infant formulas use vegetable oils in place of milk fat to provide an overall fatty acid profile similar to that of breast milk. Vegetable oils have 5 to 20% saturated fatty acids in the sn-2 position of triglycerides unless they are modified by interesterification. Interesterification is increasingly used for the fat for infant formulas to raise the level of saturated fatty acids in the sn-2 position to 40 to 60%. The objective of this study was to verify an alternative approach to providing the appropriate fatty acid profile, including in the sn-2 position, for a goat infant formula. In this method, 55% of total fat was made from goat milk fat and 45% from a mixture of unmodified high oleic sunflower, canola, and sunflower oils in a ratio of 44:30:26. The fatty acid profile was measured by gas-liquid chromatography and the relative percentage of fatty acids in the sn-2 position of triglycerides was measured via partial deacylation with Grignard reagent using trimethylsilyl derivatives of monoacylglycerols. Mixing goat milk fat with vegetable oils produced a formula with a profile of essential fatty acids and a ratio of linoleic:α-linolenic fatty acids within the required interval of 5 to 15:1 recommended for infant formula. The proportion of palmitic acid in the sn-2 position was 31%.     

Sn-2位富含棕榈酸甘油三酯的酶法制备研究

以棕榈硬脂为原料,以非专一性脂肪酶Novozym 435作催化剂,将棕榈酸作为酰基供体与棕榈硬脂进行酸解反应,制备Sn-2位富含棕榈酸的甘油三酯,为下一步制备母乳脂肪替代油脂提供原料。首先,通过单因素实验确定了各因素的范围,再应用Box-Behnken中心组合实验设计建立二次多项数学模型,进行响应面分析。结果表明,当棕榈酸与棕榈硬脂质量比1.09∶1,反应时间9.9h,反应温度54.7℃,加酶量21.9%时,反应所得甘油三酯中Sn-2位棕榈酸可达到60.59%,可满足下一步制备母乳脂肪替代油脂的要求。      

Comparison of bovine milk fat and vegetable fat for infant formula: Implications for infant health

Fat is an important component of human milk and infant formula (IF), delivering half of the energy a baby needs. Nowadays, mostly vegetable fats are used in IFs; however, the use of bovine milk fat in formulas is currently increasing. Bovine milk fat contains a composition of fatty acids and lipid components different from those of vegetable fats. We have compared the lipid profile of human and bovine milk with infant formulas with different fat sources. Furthermore, current knowledge of how infant digestion, absorption, metabolic responses, gut immunity, microbiota and/or cognition is affected by dietary fat is reviewed. The possible opportunities and drawbacks of the application of bovine milk fat in infant nutrition are described. Future perspectives for the development of IF containing bovine milk fat and future research directions are highlighted.     

Digestive utilization of goat and cow milk fat in malabsorption syndrome.

We studied the effects of goat and cow milk fat on the digestive utilization of this nutrient and on some of the biochemical parameters that are related to the metabolisim of lipids, using rats with a resection of 50% of the distal small intestine and control animals (transected). The fat content in all the diets was 10% but the lipid quality was varied: the standard diet was based on olive oil, while the other two diets included fat obtained from lyophilized goat milk and cow milk, respectively. The digestive utilization of the fat was lower in the resected animals than in the transected ones for all three diets studied. In both resected and transected animals. the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of the fat was greater with the standard diet (olive oil) than with diets whose fat content was provided by goat or cow milk. The digestive utilization of the fat was greater in the transected and resected rats receiving a diet of goat's milk (rich in medium-chain triglycerides) than those given a cow-milk-based diet and more closely approached the values obtained for olive oil. The consumption of goat milk reduced levels of cholesterol while levels of triglycerides, HDL, GOT and GPT remained with in the normal ranges, for both transected and resected animals. The advantageous effect of goat milk on the metabolisim of lipids with respect to cow milk suggests that the former should be included in the diet in eases of malabsorption snydrome.     

Application of kokum (Garcinia indica) fat as cocoa butter improver in chocolate

Although cocoa butter (CB) is an ideal fat for use in chocolate, it softens with heat and is not suitable for use in warm climates. CB extenders or improvers, preferably from stearic acid‐rich fats, are good candidates to increase the heat‐resistance property of CB and chocolate. In the present investigation, one such fat, kokum, is used as an improver to increase the hardness of chocolate. Kokum fat is added in various proportions replacing CB in dark and milk chocolate formulations and its effects on rheology, hardness and triglyceride composition were studied. The results revealed that up to 5% kokum fat addition by weight of the product did not significantly affect the plastic viscosity or yield stress of milk or dark chocolate. Hardness of both dark and milk chocolate increased with increase in addition of kokum fat. The solids fat content at and above 30 °C increased with increase in level of kokum fat with CB, especially at and above 15%. These physical properties are due to increase in 2‐oleodistearin triglycerides with addition of kokum fat with CB. The results revealed that kokum fat could be used up to 5% by wt of the product to increase the heat‐resistance property of chocolate so that it can be used in warm climates. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Crystallization behavior of milk fat obtained from linseed-fed cows

Milk with an increased content of unsaturated fatty acids was obtained by incorporating 60% of extruded linseed into the concentrate of cows. Two groups of Holstein cows (3 animals/group) were fed a concentrate (control or linseed enriched) together with the same roughage diet (ad libitum). After an adaptation period of 3 wk, evening and morning milk samples were collected every 7 d for 3 wk. Milk was decreamed and anhydrous milk fat (AMF) was isolated from the fat fraction by using the Bureau of Dairy Industries method. The objective of this study was to investigate if the crystallization mechanism of milk fat changed when the content of unsaturated fatty acids was increased. Therefore, the crystallization behavior of a milk fat enriched with unsaturated fatty acids was compared with that of a control milk fat. Nonisothermal crystallization was investigated with differential scanning calorimetry, and 1-step and 2-step isothermal crystallization behaviors were investigated using pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry, and x-ray diffraction. A higher content of unsaturated fatty acids in AMF resulted in an increased proportion of low melting triglycerides. These triglycerides lowered the solid fat content profile, particularly at refrigerator temperatures. Furthermore, they induced some changes in the crystallization and melting behaviors of milk fat compared with a control AMF, although no fundamental changes in the crystallization mechanism could be revealed. Even though a lower melting point could be observed for milk fat with a higher content of unsaturated fatty acids, a similar degree of supercooling was needed to initiate crystallization, resulting in a shift in onset temperature of crystallization toward lower temperatures. In addition, slower crystallization kinetics were measured, such as a lower nucleation rate and longer induction times, although crystallization occurred in a similar polymorphic crystal lattice. During melting, a shift in offset temperature toward lower temperatures could be observed for the 3 melting fractions of AMF in addition to a higher proportion of low melting triglycerides. These results demonstrate that a higher content of unsaturated fatty acids has some effect on the crystallization behavior of milk fat. This knowledge could be used to produce dairy products of similar or superior quality compared with conventional products by intervening in the production process of dairy products.     

母乳脂中微量成分的研究进展

母乳脂是母乳的重要组成部分,除提供婴儿生长发育所需一半以上的能量来源外,还含有多种生物活性成分。目前的研究主要聚焦于母乳脂中脂肪酸、甘油三酯等主要成分,对母乳脂的微量成分研究较少。为深化对母乳脂中微量成分及其功能的认识,为纯母乳喂养婴儿提供更为全面的营养建议,并为婴儿配方奶粉的升级制造提供更多参考,综述了母乳脂中磷脂、脂溶性维生素、胆固醇等微量成分的种类、含量和营养学功能。母乳脂对婴儿的发育有着重要的生物学功能,包括帮助婴儿建立免疫功能,维持大脑和骨骼发育等。     

巧克力用脂肪替代品——类可可脂

<正> 巧克力产品的质量,如软硬度、口感细腻度、风味特性等,主要取决于其配料成分的质量及加工工艺的优化程度。作为巧克力产品的主要成分,可可脂和乳脂的种类及功能特性是重要的生产及质量指标。基本上,可可脂和乳脂都是取自天然的原材料,在不同的季节、产地来源所得的质量均会有所不同,要保持产品质量稳定一致,对巧克力生产商来说无疑是一项大挑战。 为了解决这个难题,食品配料及添加剂生产商一直致力于研究开发各     

HPLC and GLC analysis of the triglyceride composition of bovine, ovine and caprine milk fat

A total of 116 molecular species of triglycerides were identified in milk fat using a combination of HPLC and GLC. Triglyceride composition was predicted from the random composition, which was calculated on the basis of the mole fractions of the main fatty acids making up the total triglyceride fraction. The qualitative composition of the milk fat was similar in cows', ewes' and goats' milk. In all three milks the partition number of the main triglycerides was 46, but the proportions of the triglycerides with partition numbers of 34, 38, 42, and 48 exhibited substantial differences among the milks of the three species.     

Lipopolysaccharide inhibits triglyceride synthesis in dairy cow mammary epithelial cells by upregulating miR-27a-3p,which targets the PPARG gene

The fat content of milk determines the quality of milk, and triglycerides are the major components of milk fat. Milk fat synthesis is regulated by many factors. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been shown to inhibit milk fat synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells, but research on the underlying mechanisms has been limited. MicroRNA (miRNA) are involved in many physiological processes, but there have been few studies on their regulation in milk fat synthesis. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether LPS upregulates miR-27a-3p, which targets PPARG, thereby inhibiting the synthesis of triglycerides in a dairy cow mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T). After LPS stimulation of MAC-T cells, PPARG gene expression and milk fat synthesis were inhibited. TargetScan software was used to predict miRNA targeting PPARG, and miR-27a-3p was selected as a candidate. A dual luciferase reporter assay further confirmed the targeting connection between miR-27a-3p and the PPARG gene. To investigate the functions of miR-27a-3p, miR-27a-3p mimic and inhibitors were transfected into MAC-T cells. The mRNA and protein levels of PPAR-γ were negatively correlated with the expression of miR-27a-3p. Lipid droplet accumulation and triglyceride synthesis were also negatively correlated with miR-27a-3p expression. Inhibition of miR-27a-3p partially reversed the LPS-induced decreases in PPARG expression and milk fat synthesis. In summary, our results reveal that LPS can inhibit MAC-T cell milk fat synthesis by upregulating miR-27a-3p, which targets the PPARG gene.     

我国母乳脂肪和婴儿配方奶粉油脂研究现状

婴儿最理想的食品是母乳。我国对母乳脂肪的研究主要聚焦于母乳脂肪酸的分析研究,以及关注母乳中长链多不饱和脂肪酸(如AA和DHA)对婴儿健康的影响。国内婴儿配方奶粉油脂目前的设计也限于模仿母乳脂肪酸含量,而没有充分注意到母乳脂肪酸在甘三酯中的位置分布对婴儿消化吸收的重要影响,也没有注意到母乳中含有的脂肪酶能更好地促进消化吸收。综述了近年来国内外母乳脂肪和婴儿配方奶粉油脂研究现状,试图给婴儿配方奶粉企业提供一些参考。     

Effect of inclusion of different forms of dietary fatty acid on the yield and composition of cow's milk

In addition to a control diet, lactating cows were offered saturated fatty acid mixtures in three forms, free acids, free triglycerides and protected triglycerides, i.e. triglyceride encapsulated within a protein matrix which was cross linked by exposure to formaldehyde. Relative to the control diet, all three supplements increased milk yield. However, only the free fatty acids gave rise to increased yields of the three major milk components. The free fat and the protected fat caused significant increases only in the lactose yield. The different effects of the supplements on the yield of milk fat are suggested to be due to the types of long chain acid reaching the mammary gland rather than to any change in rumen activity. Changes in the concentrations of the soluble multivalent ionic constituents of the milks were consistent with this conclusion.     

Effect of the size and interface composition of milk fat globules on their in vitro digestion by the human pancreatic lipase: Native versus homogenized milk fat globules

Although the bioavailability of dietary lipids is of primary importance in human nutrition and health, the mechanisms involved in lipid digestion are not fully understood and are of growing interest. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the size of milk fat globules and of the composition of their interface on the activity of the human pancreatic lipase (PL). Native milk fat globules of various sizes covered by their biological membrane (MFGM) and homogenized fat globules of various sizes covered by milk proteins were prepared from whole milk and underwent lipolysis by the human PL with colipase and bile salts. A lag phase preceding the hydrolysis of milk TAG occurred with all native milk fat globules samples but not with homogenized milk samples. The kinetic parameters of human PL were determined by measuring the enzyme activity either after the lag phase for native milk fat globules samples or immediately after the addition of the enzyme for homogenized milk samples. The catalytic efficiency of human PL is 4.6-fold higher on small (1.8 μm) than large (6.7 μm) native milk fat globules, related to a 3.6-fold larger available surface. Despite the 25-fold larger available surface, milk TAG from homogenized milk are only 2-fold better hydrolyzed compared to native milk fat globules, as a possible result of a less favourable interface covered by milk proteins. The potential mechanisms involved in native vs. homogenized milk fat globules digestion by the human PL are discussed. Our study highlights the crucial role of the MFGM in the efficient digestion of milk fat globules and brings new insight for the design of dairy products and infant formulas.     

Cholesterol content and lipid composition of low fat dairy products

The lipid composition of different products obtained from the same raw milk was investigated. The cholesterol content of skim milk (0.05% total fat) and butter milk (0.57% total fat) lipids was 4.20% and 1.31%, respectively, while raw milk lipids and butter fat contained 0.34% or 0.30%, respectively. As the cholesterol content of these low fat milk products increases with decreasing fat content, equations were derived to estimate the fat-related cholesterol content from the value analysed in butter fat. In contrast to the fat-related cholesterol content, the product-related content is still relatively small in skim and butter milk. Their fat-related cholesterol content was found to be influenced by drying. The high content of phospholipids in skim and butter milk led to considerable changes in the fatty acid composition and affected the detection of foreign fat by butyric acid as well as by triglycerides. Skim and butter milk lipids contained only 2.41% or 2.33% butyric acid, respectively, instead of 3.36% found in raw milk lipids. Further, the overlap of phospholipids as well as cholesterol with the gas chromatographic triglyceride pattern resulted in calculated foreign fat contents of more than 20%.