汽轮机抽汽疏水管焊缝开裂原因分析

某电厂汽轮机二级抽汽疏水管在运行过程中于焊缝处发生开裂。采用宏观分析、化学成分分析、金相检验、扫描电镜分析等方法对疏水管焊缝开裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:由于该疏水管直管和弯管对接焊后未进行去应力焊后热处理,焊缝处残余应力较高;在焊接残余应力、工作应力及氯离子的共同作用下,疏水管焊缝内壁萌生裂纹,裂纹由管内壁向外壁不断扩展,最终导致疏水管发生应力腐蚀开裂。     

安全阀配对法兰焊口裂纹产生原因分析

某集气装置原料气放空安全阀配对法兰焊口处出现裂纹,通过宏观以及微观检验、化学成分分析、力学性能测试等方法对裂纹产生的原因进行了分析。结果表明：该裂纹为硫化物应力腐蚀开裂所致,焊接工艺不当或焊后冷却速度过快导致焊接接头区域出现硫化物应力腐蚀开裂敏感性组织是该焊口产生裂纹的主要原因。     

给水管座开裂原因分析

锅炉锅筒的给水管座与锅筒在焊接和消除应力热处理后经探伤检查发现沿焊缝有环向裂纹,并扩展至给水管座的内壁形成纵向裂纹。采用化学成分分析、宏观和微观检验以及力学性能分析等方法对给水管座的裂纹产生原因进行了分析。结果表明：由于焊接工艺规范控制不当,未及时进行消氢处理,焊件的碳当量提高具有明显的淬硬倾向,焊接结构和较大的焊件厚度引起拘束应力等综合作用产生了延迟裂纹。     

汽轮机油管断裂分析

某汽轮机油箱在试车时油管破裂。对破裂油管进行了宏、微观分析。分析结果表明,油管的化学成分、显微组织和力学性能均符合标准要求,根据断口的宏、微观形貌,认为油管焊接后未及时消除焊接应力．产生了淬硬裂纹;在焊接应力及结构拘束应力等作用下,裂纹不新扩展,最终导致油管疲劳破坏。     

Q355钢板对接接头裂纹扩展所致焊接残余应力重分布研究

目的 定量研究裂纹扩展导致的焊接残余应力重分布效应,得到残余应力随裂纹扩展的变化规律。方法 首先采用盲孔法测试了Q355钢板对接接头的初始残余应力;其次利用线切割技术模拟了平行以及垂直于焊缝的裂纹扩展情况,并测试了裂纹扩展导致的残余应力变化量;最后根据测试数据提出了残余应力释放量Δσ与裂纹长度a之间的函数关系式,进一步得到了基于裂纹扩展的应力重分布计算公式。结果 Q355钢板对接焊的焊缝区纵向(沿焊缝方向)存在较大的残余拉应力,拉应力峰值出现在焊趾处,为屈服强度的1.13倍。焊缝区横向存在梯度较大、拉压交替变化的残余应力,压应力峰值出现在焊趾处,大小为52.6 MPa,拉应力峰值出现在距焊缝中心线17 mm处,大小为63.5 MPa。裂纹扩展能显著释放残余拉应力:裂纹沿焊缝中心扩展,横向残余拉应力峰值降低了45.8%;裂纹沿垂直于焊缝方向扩展,焊趾处的拉应力峰值降低了63.3%。结论 裂纹扩展会显著影响焊接构件的残余应力分布,根据实测数据提出的裂纹扩展应力重分布计算公式能够较好地反映残余应力重分布情况。     

汽轮机末级叶片断裂原因分析

某机组低压末级叶片在运行过程中发生断裂。采用化学成分分析、力学性能检测和显微组织检验及用X射线法分析叶片的残余应力等方法对断裂叶片进行了分析。结果表明：疲劳裂纹起源于一个机械缺口,裂纹源在交变应力和残余应力的共同作用下不断扩展,导致叶片疲劳断裂。     

某电厂水冷壁管泄漏原因分析

某电厂超临界锅炉水冷壁管在运行过程中发生泄漏。通过宏观观察、化学成分分析、金相检验、力学性能试验、扫描电镜及能谱分析等方法对管子的泄漏原因进行了分析。结果表明:水冷壁管对接焊缝中存在结晶裂纹,该结晶裂纹在管内压应力和焊接残余应力的作用下不断扩展,形成穿透管壁的横向裂纹,最终导致水冷壁管泄漏。     

直缝埋弧焊钢管背弯不合格原因分析

采用化学成分分析、力学性能测试、金相检验以及断口分析等方法对某批直缝埋弧焊钢管背弯不合格的原因进行了分析。结果表明:埋弧焊钢管背弯热区裂纹的形成是由于钢板在轧制过程中钢板边部次表层存在钙铝硅酸盐夹杂物,在焊接过程中,该处在热应力作用下萌生裂纹并扩展,形成断续出现的应力裂纹。     

压力机摇杆轴断裂分析

采用化学成分、金相检查、粗晶试验、力学性能等试验方法对摇杆轴断口的裂纹进行了分析.结果表明,轴的焊缝中存在气孔、夹渣、未熔合、冷裂纹等焊接缺陷,成为应力集中的发源地,产生数个疲劳裂纹源,大大降低了焊缝金属的疲劳强度,这些裂纹在工作应力的作用下快速扩展,当实际工作应力超过材料的疲劳极限时,导致摇杆轴疲劳断裂.     

甲酸钠尾气吸收塔失效分析

采用扫描电镜观察、力学性能检测、化学成分分析和残余应力测定等方法系统分析了甲酸钠尾气吸收塔发生泄漏的原因。结果表明：泄漏部位的腐蚀产物含有钠、氯等元素,同时泄漏部位存在残余应力偏高问题,在不断遭受腐蚀和工作应力的共同作用下产生应力腐蚀开裂,最终导致设备的失效。     

Investigation of In Situ and Conventional Post‐Weld Heat Treatments on Dual‐Laser‐Beam‐Welded γ‐TiAl‐Based Alloy

This paper describes a way to improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of welding seams by in situ and conventional post‐weld heat treatments for laser beam welding of the Ti–45Al–5Nb–0.2C–0.2B alloy. The seams are crack‐free with reduced longitudinal residual stress and higher elongation to fraction after post‐weld heat treatment. The welding zone consists of α₂ after welding, transforms to a massive γ during in situ post‐weld heat treatment, and finally forms a convoluted microstructure after conventional heating. The phase composition across the welding zone is discussed.     

船体外板装配焊接裂纹分析

某船体尾部外板装配焊接后出现一条贯穿于焊缝和母材的裂纹,通过对船板原材料进行理化性能检验和裂纹断面进行宏、微观检查,对船体外板裂纹产生的原因进行了分析。结果表明:船体外板开裂主要是由于焊接顺序及焊接措施不当,导致船板强制装配拘束应力大,焊缝中存在较多焊接缺陷,从而使得裂纹在两条焊缝交接处的高应力区萌生并延伸扩展至母材区。     

锅筒斜拉杆焊接接头失效原因分析

通过现场勘查及资料查阅,利用宏观检查、无损检测、金相检验、力学性能试验、化学成分分析、扫描电镜分析、电子能谱分析对锅炉缺陷试样的外观、裂纹状况、金相组织、强度、硬度、冲击韧性、塑性、化学元素含量、高倍显微形貌、裂口晶粒能谱等状况进行了分析。结果表明,这是一起罕见的低碳钢由于非金属硅元素含量超标,形成非金属夹杂物,导致焊接时在热影响区发生纵向热裂纹的质量事故。     

盘架管路弯管断裂原因分析

通过断口分析、化学成分分析和金相检验等方法对某盘架管路弯管的断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:该盘架管路在生产过程中因非正常使用工具校形导致弯管根部存在较大的残余应力;另外,工具校形在弯管表面产生的机械损伤形成了应力集中,促进了裂纹的萌生;加之弯管焊缝热影响区晶粒粗大降低了该处材料的疲劳强度;上述因素综合作用最终导致弯管在耐久振动试验中于焊接热影响区的机械损伤处发生疲劳断裂。     

换热器汽包封头泄漏原因分析

在检修雏护换热器汽包时发现汽包封头泄漏，在汽包封头的阀盖角焊缝处出现裂纹，裂纹平行于焊缝。采用宏观形貌分析、化学成分分析、金相检验、显微硬度测定、能谱分析以及应力分析等方法对泄漏处进行了分析。结果表明，汽包中水质含有较高浓度的碱性元素和氧、硫、氧等强腐蚀性元素，又在焊接残余应力的作用下发生应力腐蚀开裂，最后导致汽包封头产生泄漏。     

Microstructure and residual stress distributions in friction stir welding of dissimilar aluminium alloys

The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of welding heat input and postweld natural aging on residual stress, microstructure, and precipitation distribution in different zones of dissimilar friction stir welding of 8 mm thick plates of AA6082-T6 and AA7075-T6. It was found that atomic diffusion occurs at the interface of the materials in the stir zone of the joints. Transmission electron microscopic investigations showed that reprecipitation of fine Guinier–Preston zone, β′, and η′ precipitates resulted in increased micro-hardness in the SZ after natural aging. An increase in welding heat input resulted in decreased maximum tensile residual stress and increased size of the tensile residual stress region. Natural aging within the SZ and thermo-mechanical affected zone resulted in 15–20 MPa reduction of the residual stress in these zones.     

Effects of welding residual stresses on fatigue crack growth behaviour in butt welds of a pipeline steel

In the present test the fatigue crack growth rate in the parent plate, weld and cross-bond regions was measured and the results were correlated with the stress intensity range ΔK and the effective stress intensity range ΔK_eff. It is indicated that the welding residual stresses strongly affect the crack growth rate. For the weld metal and cross-bond compact tension specimens in which crack growth is along the weld line the fatigue crack growth rate increases as the crack grows. However, for the T compact tension specimen in which crack growth is perpendicular to the weld line at a constant value of applied ΔK the crack growth rate initially decreases as the crack grows. Particularly, at a low constant value of applied ΔK the crack growth rate obviously decreases and the crack fails to grow after short crack growth. When the crack grows to intersect the welded zone, the fatigue crack growth rate gradually increases as the crack grows further. It is clear that the effect of welding residual stresses on the crack growth rate is related to the position of the crack and its orientation with respect to the weld line. Finally, the models of welding residual stress redistribution in the compact tension specimens with the growing crack and its influence on the fatigue crack closure are discussed. It appears that for a butt-welded joint one of the crack closure mechanisms may be considered by the bend or rotation deformation of crack faces due to the welding residual stress redistribution as the fatigue crack grows in the welded joint.     

Effects of microstructure and residual stress on fatigue crack growth of stainless steel narrow gap welds

The effects of weld microstructure and residual stress distribution on the fatigue crack growth rate of stainless steel narrow gap welds were investigated. Stainless steel pipes were joined by the automated narrow gap welding process typical to nuclear piping systems. The weld fusion zone showed cellular–dendritic structures with ferrite islands in an austenitic matrix. Residual stress analysis showed large tensile stress in the inner-weld region and compressive stress in the middle of the weld. Tensile properties and the fatigue crack growth rate were measured along and across the weld thickness direction. Tensile tests showed higher strength in the weld fusion zone and the heat affected zone compared to the base metal. Within the weld fusion zone, strength was greater in the inner weld than outer weld region. Fatigue crack growth rates were several times greater in the inner weld than the outer weld region. The spatial variation of the mechanical properties is discussed in view of weld microstructure, especially dendrite orientation, and in view of the residual stress variation within the weld fusion zone. It is thought that the higher crack growth rate in the inner-weld region could be related to the large tensile residual stress despite the tortuous fatigue crack growth path.     

16MnD5钢板焊接件热影响区开裂原因分析

采用化学成分分析、低倍检验、金相检验、显微硬度测试等方法对16MnD5低合金高强度钢板焊接件热影响区开裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明:裂纹起始于热影响区粗晶区,裂纹以沿晶和穿晶混合方式扩展,为以残余应力和母材淬硬倾向为主因的冷裂纹。     

Ti2AlNb合金电子束焊接头残余应力及变形的数值模拟

目的 研究平板对接电子束焊接过程中Ti2AlNb合金接头的残余应力及变形规律。方法 采用高斯圆柱体和高斯面组合热源模型模拟了6.6 mm厚的Ti2AlNb合金平板对接电子束焊过程,对比研究了高焊速高束流和低焊速低束流2种工艺参数下焊接接头的残余应力和变形分布规律,并用小孔法测量了焊缝中心及距焊缝中心10 mm位置的残余应力值。结果 在高焊速高束流参数下,获得了熔池体积小、熔池宽度窄(为3.62 mm)、深宽比高的焊缝;在该参数下焊缝横截面上的高应力集中区(应力在900 MPa以上)尺寸较小,其宽度仅为低焊速低束流参数下的89%;同时,在高焊速高束流参数下,焊缝法向变形最大值为0.79 mm,低于低焊速低束流参数下的0.82 mm;模拟计算所得残余应力与实测值的误差在5.64%以内。结论 高束流高焊速工艺具有热输入小、热量集中、加工效率高的特点,有助于获得高应力集中区域小、深宽比高、变形小的焊缝,比低束流低焊速工艺更具优势。