乳糖酶在乳品中的应用

<正> 乳糖是牛乳中一种特有的双糖,由葡萄糖和半乳糖构成。乳糖的水解要通过乳糖酶水解乳糖的β半乳糖苷键,将乳糖转变成葡萄糖和半乳糖。 人体自身乳糖酶的缺乏并导致乳糖不耐受是一个世界性的问题,而在中国更是十分普遍的现象。它表现在不少人喝牛奶会有腹涨、消化不良或腹泻等不良反应。     

高转苷活性乳糖酶快速筛选方法的建立与初步应用

具有良好半乳糖基转移酶活性的乳糖酶是工业制备低聚半乳糖(galacto-oligosaccharides,GOS)的主要酶制剂。通过筛选获得了以GOS为唯一碳源生长良好,在乳糖-葡萄糖-半乳糖中生长不良的长双歧杆菌B1172,确立了其GOS-生物量相关关系,进一步基于GOS-生物量相关关系建立起乳糖酶转苷活性的高通量筛选方法。运用此方法,从菌种库中筛选获得了5株具有较高转苷活性的乳糖酶产生菌株,可为后续此酶的克隆与分子进化奠定基础。     

轮叶党参多糖的分离纯化及结构研究

目的:确定轮叶党参多糖组分1(CLPS1)结构,为轮叶党参多糖活性研究和天然植物多糖的开发提供依据。方法:经提取、分离纯化后获得组分CLPS1,利用气相色谱、红外光谱、核磁共振、高碘酸氧化、Smith降解和甲基化分析方法等确定CLPS1结构。结果:CLPS1比旋光度为右旋44°,总糖含量为97.6%,糖醛酸为13.18%;相对分子质量为91.7,CLPS1单糖组成为阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖醛酸、甘露糖,摩尔比为2.7∶3.4∶2.3∶1.1∶0.5。CLPS1中存在葡萄糖醛酸,分子中含有吡喃糖并且存在α-和β-构型。主链主要由阿拉伯糖和半乳糖组成,半乳糖和葡萄糖构成支链和主链的末端残基;半乳糖分支点糖残基是葡萄糖(1→4,6)、半乳糖(1→3,6);半乳糖有1→6、1→3,6、1→、1→3、1→4键型;葡萄糖有1→、1→4、1→4,6键型;阿拉伯糖为1→5键型,半乳糖醛酸为1→3键型。结论:CLPS1为一种结构复杂的酸性多糖。     

PMP柱前衍生化HPLC法测定黄秋葵多糖的单糖组成

采用1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮为柱前衍生化试剂,结合反相高效液相色谱法,建立同时测定黄秋葵多糖中8?种单糖组分的方法。采用InfinityLab Poroahell C18色谱柱为固定相,流动相为磷酸盐缓冲液（0.1?mol/L,pH?6.85）-乙腈（82∶18,V/V）,流速为1.0?mL/min,柱温25?℃,紫外检测器,波长250?nm。各单糖组分的线性范围较宽,相关系数均大于0.999,检出限为0.13～0.45?mg/kg,定量限为0.43～1.49?mg/kg,相对标准偏差小于5%,加标回收率为94.51%～106.44%。方法灵敏度高、准确性好、实用可靠,适用于黄秋葵多糖的单糖组分分析。同时测定从黄秋葵中顺序提取的热水浸提物（hot buffer soluble solution,HBSS）、螯合剂浸提物（chelating agent soluble solution,CHSS）和碱提物（dilute alkaline soluble solution,DASS）的单糖组成,确定其单糖组分的物质的量比。HBSS中,甘露糖∶鼠李糖∶葡萄糖醛酸∶半乳糖醛酸∶葡萄糖∶半乳糖∶阿拉伯糖=0.1∶7.0∶0.4∶5.8∶0.9∶14.6∶1.5;CHSS中,鼠李糖∶半乳糖醛酸∶半乳糖∶阿拉伯糖=4.7∶61.8∶9.6∶5.3;DASS中,甘露糖∶鼠李糖∶半乳糖醛酸∶葡萄糖∶半乳糖∶阿拉伯糖=9.5∶5.4∶1.3∶10.8∶2.4∶7.6。     

不同产地大花红景天多糖的单糖组成分析

通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术对不同产地大花红景天水提和碱提粗多糖的单糖组成及其比例进行分析。结果表明:西藏3个产地大花红景天水提粗多糖ST-Ⅰ、ST-Ⅱ、ST-Ⅲ均由鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖构成,摩尔比分别为:1∶2.86∶0.43∶2.12∶0.63、1∶2.81∶0.28∶1.72∶0.37、1∶3.37∶0.58∶2.36∶0.66;碱提粗多糖JT-Ⅰ、JT-Ⅱ由甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖构成,摩尔比分别为:1∶0.93∶2.90、1∶2.01∶2.92,JT-Ⅲ与其他两地相比,单糖组成有较大差异,由鼠李糖、岩藻糖、阿拉伯糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖,其摩尔比为5.60∶1.02∶13.20∶1∶9.27∶0.92。     

固定化乳糖酶制备低乳糖牛奶的研究进展

不同来源的β-半乳糖苷酶已经用于水解牛乳或乳清中的乳糖。酶水解乳糖的基本产物为葡萄糖和半乳糖。经水解后的乳糖增加了产品的甜度并使得牛乳适于那些患乳糖不耐症的人群。由于用游离乳糖酶会使牛奶掺入外来蛋白以及使用游离乳酶酶提高了生产成本,从而使乳糖酶的应用受到限制。将乳糖酶固定化后既可以重复使用,又能连续操作,且缩短了处理时间,从而明显降低了使用成本,因此对于乳糖酶的固定化受到了酶学专家的关注。本文简要介绍了乳糖和乳糖酶及其分类、乳糖酶的固定化方法及其应用,包括包埋法、交联法、吸附法、结合法及多种方法的混合使用及国内外的研究现状,并简要介绍了固定化乳糖酶的清洗。     

高效液相色谱法测定亚麻纤维果胶单糖衍生条件的优化

采用柱前衍生高效液相色谱法(HPLC),利用紫外检测器对亚麻纤维果胶单糖组成进行测定分析。亚麻纤维果胶经三氟乙酸(TFA)水解,以1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮(PMP)作为衍生化试剂进行柱前衍生。亚麻纤维果胶混合单糖衍生的最佳条件为:衍生时间30 min,衍生温度70℃,PMP与单糖物质的量比为5∶1,NaOH与单糖物质的量比为3∶1。在此条件下测定出亚麻纤维果胶由6种单糖组成,其物质的量比为甘露糖∶鼠李糖∶半乳糖醛酸∶葡萄糖∶半乳糖∶阿拉伯糖=2.95∶4.18∶24.72∶3.87∶10.84∶6.48。     

气相色谱法同时测定多糖中的中性糖、糖醛酸、氨基糖和唾液酸

采用甲醇解和硅烷衍生化,用气相色谱法同时测定样品中的中性糖、糖醛酸、N-乙酰氨基糖和唾液酸,取得了很好的效果。3种标准单糖混合物(包含阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖、岩藻糖、木糖、甘露糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、N-乙酰半乳糖、N-乙酰葡萄糖、5-乙酰唾液酸)和2种多糖样品(豆腐渣多糖DFP、鸡腿菇多糖F32)用1 mol/L盐酸甲醇在85℃反应18～24 h,碳酸银中和,加入乙酸酐室温暗处反应24 h,使氨基糖重新引入N-乙酰基,除银盐,干燥,加入硅烷化试剂[V(吡啶)∶V(六甲基二硅氨烷)∶V(三甲基氯硅烷)=5∶1∶1),室温放置30 min,最后用气相色谱进行分析。     

沙棘多糖分离纯化及抗氧化活性

分离纯化沙棘多糖（sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) polysaccharides,SBP）,并对其单糖组分、结构表征及体外抗氧化活性进行分析。通过水提醇沉、Sevag法除蛋白得到沙棘粗多糖,利用DEAE-52纤维素柱对其进行分离纯化得到中性多糖SBP-I和酸性多糖SBP-II、SBP-III 3 种组分。单糖组分结果表明,SBP-I由物质的量比为1.18∶1∶2.20∶32.17∶1.45的阿拉伯糖、木糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖及半乳糖组成;SBP-II由物质的量比为1∶0.28∶1.02∶0.20的木糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖及半乳糖组成;SBP-III由物质的量比为1∶2.15∶0.28的木糖、葡萄糖及半乳糖组成;红外光谱测定表明,3 种组分均具有多糖的特征吸收峰;体外抗氧化实验结果表明,粗多糖及3 种纯化多糖组分均具有较好的抗氧化性且随样品质量浓度的增加抗氧化活性也随之升高,抗氧化能力大小顺序为：VC＞SBP-III＞SBP-II＞SBP-I＞粗多糖。     

乳糖酶固定化研究进展

乳糖酶是一种重要的食品添加剂,能水解乳糖和生产低聚半乳糖,在乳品工业中有重要的研究利用价值。受复杂反应体系、反应条件的影响,乳糖酶在实际应用中稳定性和活性较差,制约了乳糖酶的应用。针对游离乳糖酶在工业应用中的不足,固定化乳糖酶技术应用而生。传统乳糖酶固定化技术仅仅侧重于乳糖酶的固定化,随着新材料、生物工程技术的发展,新兴乳糖酶固定化技术不仅能很好实现乳糖酶固定化,还能保持一定的应用活性,新兴乳糖酶固定化技术提升了乳糖酶在乳品工业中的应用,降低了低聚半乳糖和无乳糖牛奶的生产成本。本文对乳糖酶的特性、传统固定化技术、新兴固定化技术、固定化载体材料、固定化策略进行简要综述,并展望了乳糖酶固定化的发展前景,旨在为乳糖酶的固定化研究提供借鉴。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press