氢气冷却和输送系统改造总结

分析原氢气冷却和输送系统存在的问题,通过改造湿热氢气冷却脱水系统及氢气输送设备的节能及自动控制,降低氢中含水量以满足后序工艺要求,避免设备、管线腐蚀,实现氢气稳定输送,确保合成系统安全可靠运行。     

微波用于高粘原油脱水的研究

文章分析了微波破乳的机理,并以脱水率为考查依据,采用正交设计的方法对影响稠油微波脱水的主要因素,即原油含水量、微波辐射时间、微波功率进行了系统研究。结果表明,原油含水量为影响稠油微波脱水的主要因素,含水量越高,脱水率越大。另外,微波辐射时间与辐射功率对脱水率也存在着一定的影响。对于实验所用的稠油,当微波辐射功率为420 W,辐射时间为120 s,原油含水量为80%时,稠油脱水率最高,达到93.88%。     

高压高频脉冲电脱水性能影响因素的实验研究

通过高压高频脉冲电脱水单因素和正交实验,对脱水过程中各因素对脱水性能的影响进行深入的研究。单因素实验结果表明,脱水电压增大,水滴间的聚结作用力随之增加,当超过临界值后,会发生电分散现象,脱水效率随之降低;当脉冲频率与水滴固有频率相近时,水滴的振动和变形程度最高,聚结效果较好。乳状液初始含水量较低或较高,均不利于脱水的进行,高压高频脉冲半绝缘电脱水可有效地避免占空比过大、含水量过高而导致的短路及垮电场等事故的发生。正交实验结果表明,高频脉冲电脱水的脱水电压、电场频率、占空比以及乳状液初始含水量均存在最优值,实际应用中应充分考虑脱水效果与脱水能耗间的关系,以达到高效低耗的脱水要求。     

1,3-丙二醇发酵液蒸发脱水的工艺模拟

1,3-丙二醇(PDO)发酵液中PDO浓度7%~10%,水含量82%~85%,PDO分离提取各工序中蒸发脱水能耗最大、PDO损失率最大。本文利用Aspen Plus软件对PDO发酵液蒸发脱水过程进行了模拟,研究了操作压力与蒸发脱水终点浓缩液中水含量对蒸发脱水过程中PDO收率的影响,比较了并流、逆流和错流多效蒸发流程进行PDO发酵液脱水的优缺点。研究结果表明,PDO发酵液蒸发脱水过程中PDO损失率随浓缩液中水含量降低和操作压力增大而增大,PDO发酵液在操作压力分别为5k Pa、100k Pa、150k Pa的3种条件下蒸发脱水至浓缩液含水量为30%时,PDO损失分别为4.63%、20.04%和24.78%,PDO发酵液在3种不同操作压力条件下浓缩至浓缩液含水量为12.5%时,PDO损失分别增大到23.68%、76.62%和84.95%;并流蒸发流程PDO收率最高,浓缩液含水量30%,PDO收率97.73%,蒸发1t水消耗0.354t蒸汽。     

微波化学法原油破乳脱水工艺的优化

对原油乳状液分别采用热化学法及微波热化学法进行了破乳脱水实验。对于本实验所用含水量为78%的1#原油乳状液,采用热化学方法时,破乳剂的用量为100 mg/L,加热温度为65℃,加热9 min后,可脱水约为96.2%;而采用微波化学法时,破乳剂的用量为50 mg/L,辐射时间为10 s,沉降时间为2 min,可脱水约为94.9%。提出了原油乳状液脱水的工艺为对原油乳状液采用二次脱水处理,首先采用微波化学法,再对一次脱水后的上层原油乳状液采用加热法。对1#原油乳状液,一次微波辐射脱水后,上层油的含水量在18%左右;对上层油进行加热二次脱水后,原油的含水率小于0.3%,可得到合格原油。     

“泥水一体化”污泥处理处置技术研究

介绍了一套集化学调理、机械脱水、热干化、堆肥一体化的污泥处理处置技术,能将污泥的含水率从95%~97%的一次性降到55%以下,体积减小45%,污泥含固量增加低于10%。实现了源头控制污泥的含水量,为污泥的后续处理处置创造有利条件。     

改造氢气处理工艺提高氢气质量

配合烧碱产能由3万t/a扩建到6万和t/a,对氢气处理工艺进行改进.将30 m2碳钢材质的氢气盐水预热器改成130m2不锈钢列管换热器;加大原有2台Ф800×5500氢气冷却洗涤塔的进出口管径,并增加1台Ф1200×6000的氢气洗涤塔作为Ⅰ段洗涤冷却;去掉氢气水冷却器.改造后,在达到扩能目的的同时,保证了氢气中含水量少、纯度高、质量好.     

油田含油污泥脱水技术研究

目前,油田及炼厂产生的含油污泥均含有较高的水分,这些水分将会降低含油污泥的资源利用价值并增加后续的处理费用。本论文以辽河油田含油污泥为研究对象,采用车用废润滑油置换脱水技术对含油污泥进行脱水处理。含油污泥的废油置换脱水实验结果表明:废油温度160℃,脱水时间15min,圆柱形含油污泥样品的直径为2cm是较为适宜的废油置换脱水条件。经废油置换脱水处理后的含油污泥,其含水量可从原来的32.51%降至痕迹,热值由原来的7,787k J/kg升至17,083k J/kg,热值增加1倍以上。     

工业污水处理装置污泥的利用

A/O法工业污水处理装置失去活性的污泥经压滤机压滤脱水后因含水量较高,且由于污泥中水分大部分以结晶水的形式存在,难以自然蒸发或晾晒,黏度较高,压滤后的污泥难以处理,产生二次污染。经技术改造后,一级压滤的基础上增加了二次压滤,并通过添加固化剂、石灰粉等药剂,将结晶水分解为游离水并进一步脱水后,污泥含水量由90%以上下降到60%左右,且污泥黏度降低,易于自然蒸发和晾晒,并具有一定的发热量,可直接掺入锅炉燃料煤中燃烧,彻底解决了污泥带来的二次污染。     

渗透汽化回收制药废液中异丙醇

通过渗透汽化脱水浓缩试验降低回收异丙醇的水分量以使回收异丙醇套用于生产。采用HPDA真空渗透汽化膜进行回收异丙醇脱水浓缩生产试验,渗透汽化膜处理后的异丙醇含水量降到0.5%以下,并且没有引入新杂质,结果表明渗透汽化处理后的异丙醇含水量符合生产要求,套用于生产不影响产品质量。     

耐火材料与洁净钢的关系

从化学热力学分析讨论了耐火氧化物及复合氧化物与钢液中平衡氧含量的关系 ,钢液中氧含量与氧势的关系 ,耐火氧化物与钢中硫含量 ,耐火氧化物及结合剂与钢中磷含量 ,耐火材料中残余水分及有机结合剂与钢中氢含量的关系 ,以及炼超低碳钢时的碳污染等问题。     

接骨木多糖的理化性质分析

以接骨木叶为原料,脱脂后,采用水提醇沉法来提取多糖,采用双氧水脱色,木瓜蛋白酶法-三氯乙酸正丁醇联合法进行除蛋白,得到接骨木精多糖。对接骨木多糖的含水量、灰分含量、糖含量、蛋白质含量等理化性质进行分析。结果为:接骨木多糖的蛋白质含量为5.38%,多糖含量为33.62%,水分含量为12.56%,灰分含量为1.7%。     

Effect of Moisture in Furnace Atmosphere on Hydrogen Defects in Glass-Coated Steel

Water vapor, present in a furnace atmosphere during the firing of glass-coated steel, was evaluated as a source of defect-producing hydrogen. Glass-coating compositions having different fish-scaling tendencies were fired on carbon steel coupons in specially designed laboratory apparatus. The furnace-atmosphere dew point was varied from -90° to +120°F through the use of H₂₀ and D₂O. The residual hydrogen and/or deuterium of the coated steel was extracted and measured with a mass spectrometer. Results indicated that moisture in the furnace atmosphere was the greatest source of defect-producing hydrogen in glass-coated steel. Iron oxide on the surface of the steel decreased hydrogen absorption during firing. The iron oxide solubility of a glass-coating composition was indicated to be related to the fish-scaling tendency of the fired coating.     

Effect of moisture content in uncured adhesive on static strength of bonded galvanized DP600 steel joints

Experiments to characterize the effect of moisture content in uncured adhesive on static strength of bonded galvanized DP600 steel joints were conducted. Prior to adhesive curing, the adhesive and galvanized steel coupons were pre-exposed to 96% relative humidity at 40 °C (i.e., open-faced exposure). It was found that the exposure of adhesive and steel sheets in hot humid environment decreases the quasi-static strength of adhesive-bonded galvanized DP600 steel joints by as much as 96% after 1008 h of exposure. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of quasi-static tensile tested specimens and moisture absorption testing of bulk adhesive revealed that static strength degradation is mainly due to the plasticization and micro-cracking of adhesive and zinc oxidation by the water vapor.     

CAUSE OF DEFECTS IN ENAMEL FIRED ON CAST IRON AT TEMPERATURES ABOVE 725°C., I*

A previous investigation on enameling cast iron is continued. Various wet-process enamels were fired at temperatures above 725 °C. (1335°F.). Blistering and pinholing, even at high temperatures, were found to be caused principally by hydrogen contained in the iron and not by carbon oxides. If carbon oxides form, they do not occur in sufficient quantities to deface the enamels. Dehydrogenized cast iron may be fired as high as 790°C. (1455°F.) with a direct application of sheet-steel white cover coat and at 840°C. (1545°F.) with sheet-steel ground coat without incurring defacement. The moisture content of certain constituents in wet-process enamels at higher temperatures causes an important gas effusion by reacting with the metal. The characteristics of the behavior of hydrogen in cast iron during enameling are compared with those of hydrogen in steel.     

氯磺酸装置的技术改造

由于排管冷却器泄漏和原料氯化氢气体水分含量偏高,氯磺酸装置产量不达标,产品质量差。在改造过程中,对排管冷却器进行维修,以克服冲刷腐蚀和消除遗留的泄漏因素;更换填料减小系统阻力;增设1座浓硫酸干燥塔,控制氯化氢气体w(H2O)为0．06％～0．07％,改造后,系统基本能满负荷运行,产品w(HSO3Cl)由95％左右提高到97．61％。     

钢渣及电石渣与废弃混凝土固化储存CO_2基本参数研究

对钢渣、电石渣、废弃混凝土等固体废弃物碳酸化固化储存温室气体二氧化碳(CO2)进行研究。实验从固体废弃物颗粒粒径、水分添加量等因素,考察碳酸化固化储存二氧化碳(CO2)的效果,并利用XRD、FTIR和SEM对反应机理进行分析。结果表明,固体废弃物颗粒粒径越小,二氧化碳(CO2)固化效率越高。水分添加量过低或过高均不利于碳酸化反应的进行,适宜的水分添加量为4kg/kg。XRD和FTIR分析表明,固体废弃物中的大量的CH、硅酸三钙(C3S)和氧化钙(CaO)转化为碳酸钙(CaCO3),以达到固化储存二氧化碳(CO2)的效果。SEM实验结果表明,经碳酸化处理后固体废弃物颗粒表面生成颗粒状的晶体物质。电石渣,钢渣及废弃混凝土对二氧化碳(CO2)固化效率分别为81%,76%和49%;每千克电石渣,钢渣及废弃混凝土分别可以固化二氧化碳(CO2)气体0.094kg,0.088kg及0.057kg。     

内蒙古霍林河褐煤热力初步改质研究

针对褐煤水分高、易风化破碎、氧化自燃、利用率低等问题,采用热力脱水方法对内蒙古霍林河褐煤进行了实验室改质研究,分析了改质温度、停留时间、原煤粒径对褐煤改质效果的影响。结果表明:改质温度、停留时间对褐煤改质效果影响显著,原煤粒径对褐煤改质影响不明显,当处理温度为300℃,停留时间为20 min时,褐煤改质效果最好;此时,褐煤Mad降低了79.75%,H含量增加了153%,O含量降低了62.47%,C含量提高了72.46%,N含量增加了26.09%,Qgr,ad增加了108.50%,Qnet,M增加了161.86%;褐煤改质过程明显降低了煤中Mad和O含量,并使C含量和发热量大幅提高,改质效果明显,这将为褐煤热力改质的应用奠定基础。     

Low-nitrogen coal as a carburizer in the production of special steels

Residual elements in the batch have a considerable influence of the quality of converter steel. Of these, nitrogen is the most difficult to regulate in smelting and represents one of the main obstacles to the production of high-quality steel—in particular, steel for wire rod, springs, and cord [1–3]. High nitrogen content in steel produces strain aging and is associated with lower plasticity of cold-rolled and tempered low-carbon steel sheet. Carbon-bearing materials—carburizers—are used for ladle treatment of such special steels. Such materials must have a low content of nitrogen and sulfur (≤ 0.5%). In addition, their moisture content and yield of volatiles must be as low as possible. They are confined to size class 6-1 mm.     

The mechano-sorptive behavior of flexible water-blown polyurethane foams

Samples of flexible water-blown slabstock polyurethane foams were compressed under constant load to study the effects of cycling moisture content on creep behavior and compare this behavior with the creep response where either a constant high or low moisture environment existed at the same temperature. Three sets of foams were tested: (1) 4 pph water content slabstock foam; (2) 5 pph water content slabstock foam; and (3) 2 pph water content molded foam. As the moisture conditions were cycled from low to high humidity while maintaining constant temperature in an environmental chamber, the compressive strain increased in subsequent steps with larger increases observed during the desorption portion of the humidity cycling. All three sets of foams showed similar behavior at a given temperature. At a temperature of 40°C, the strain levels under cyclic moisture conditions surpassed those levels observed at the highest constant relative humidity. During the first absorption step, the creep level increased. During any subsequent absorption step, the creep level either increased very little or none at all. Finally, during any desorption step, the creep level increased. This overall phenomenon of enhanced creep under cyclic moisture levels is attributed to water interacting with the hydrogen bonded structure within the foam. These hydrophillic interactions, principally promoted within the hard segment regions due to high hydrogen bonding, are disrupted causing slippage and increased in strain. As the foam is rapidly dired, regions of free volume are induced by the loss of water thus causing further increases in strain Prior to the reestablishment of well ordered hydrogen bonding. Further support to this proposition was given by the results obtained at a temperature of 90° C where it is well known that hydrogen bonds are much more mobile. Here, the strain levels under cyclic moisture conditions were nearly the same as those under constant high relative humidity. Weakening of the hydrogen bonds by means such as increased temperature resulted in similar strain levels to those under cyclic moisture levels. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.