Dispersion of liquid–liquid phase by a jet-induced gas–liquid–liquid mixing column developed for separation of organic pollutants

This article presents the gas and liquid entrainment and its dispersion in a gas–liquid–liquid mixing column. The variations in phase entrainment is observed with the change in the paraffin liquid and kerosene volume fraction from 5% to 35% due to the increase in the flow resistance with increase in the effective viscosity of the liquid–liquid mixture. The degree of dispersion is enunciated based on the axial dispersion model and the flow resistance of the phases in the column. A correlation is proposed to interpret the entrainment of phase as a function of operating variables within the range of experimental conditions.     

高炉下部气相压降特性的模拟研究

为了阐明高炉下部气相压降的特性,在填料床内模拟高炉下部流动条件进行了气液两相逆流的流体力学实验.结果表明在气相雷诺数较小时,由于停滞孔隙率的存在,实测压降值比修正厄根方程计算的值大;气相雷诺数较大时,气液界面上产生的粘性曳力较小,实测压降值比修正厄根方程计算的值小.对实验结果进行回归得到了阻力系数与气相雷诺数的关系,并提出了新的气相压降计算模型.当填料密度比液体密度小时,在液泛前填料会发生松动和膨胀,通过修正填料床的孔隙度可以计算膨胀填料床的压降.填料膨胀率的大小与液体流量、填料的流化速度及自由沉降速度有关.在实验数据范围内,模型的计算结果与实测值吻合较好.     

Experimental study and hydrodynamic modeling of countercurrent liquid–solid system with batch liquid

It is known that a transient effluent outlet concentration is obtained with a batch of adsorbent solids in any operation. A preferred steady state outlet concentration can be achieved with a continuous flow of solids. In the present work, information on pressure profiles, the total pressure drop across the column and holdup of solids are experimentally obtained for various solid flow rates, particle sizes and densities in a countercurrent liquid–solid system. These experimental results are compared with the prediction obtained using a phenomenological model containing continuity and momentum balance equations. The dominant drag force term was expressed in terms of various drag equations. The drag expression developed by Foscolo et al. (1983 Foscolo, P. U., Gibilaro, L. G., and Waldram, S. P. (1983). A unified model for particulate expansion of fluidized beds and flow in fixed porous media, Chem. Eng. Sci., 38(8), 1251–1260.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) could predict the axial profiles of pressure drop and holdup, and the effect of various parameters on total pressure drop and solid holdup most satisfactorily.     

气体折流塔板流体力学和传质实验研究

对气体折流塔板的流体力学和传质进行了实验,找出了气液流动对塔板压降和传质的影响规律,通过气体折流塔板与传统筛板在流体力学与传质等方面的比较,找到了气体折流塔板的适用范围及相对于传统筛板的优点,为以后此塔板的应用提供了有效数据。     

尿素高压洗涤器不正常现象分析及处理

针对尿素装置高压洗涤器工作不正常现象,分析各种现象与原因,确认为高压洗涤器内填料破碎、严重结垢或填料段顶部液体分布器小孔部分堵塞所致.采取投用双氧水系统及临时配管,将低压甲铵液回收入高压系统,有效的解决了高压洗涤器放空尾气带液现象.     

N-shape pressure drop curve of gas–liquid microchannel reactor and modeling

Accurate prediction of gas–liquid pressure drop is essential to microreactors design; however, the understanding of general rules of pressure drop in a wide gas–liquid flow ratio, especially smaller than 1.0, remains insufficient, Accordingly, this work systematically studies the pressure drop rule within the gas–liquid flow ratio of 0.2–2.0. The results show that, under a given gas velocity, the pressure drop first increases and then decreases, and finally back increases with the liquid flow velocity, and the named N-shape pressure drop curve could be clearly observed. Besides, the rules of gas–liquid unit length and gas-phase holdup are explored to reveal the mechanism behind the N-shape pressure drop curve. Finally, three semi-empirical correlations based on the gas–liquid unit length and separated flow model are successfully proposed for the N-shape pressure drop. This work provides some important fundamental information for the reliable design of gas–liquid microreactors.     

新型矩形垂直筛板的研究

研究开发了一种矩形垂直筛板。该塔板上设置数个由板孔、升气筒、矩型罩、底隙所构成的矩形帽罩单元,在单元内气、液呈喷射状态接触,实现两相传热传质。流体力学性能和传质性能实验结果证明:矩形垂直筛板具有较低的压降和较小的漏液比,可以在空塔动能因子1.3~3.0 kg1/2/(m1/2.s)、液流强度2.7~21.6 m3/(m.h)范围内正常操作,具有较大的生产处理能力和较宽的稳定操作范围。     

Measuring gas hold-up in gas–liquid/gas–solid–liquid stirred tanks with an electrical resistance tomography linear probe

An electrical resistance tomography (ERT) linear probe was used to measure gas hold-up in a two-phase (gas–liquid) and three phase (gas–solid–liquid) stirred-tank system equipped with a Rushton turbine. The ERT linear probe was chosen rather than the more commonly used ring cage geometry to achieve higher resolution in the axial direction as well as its potential for use on manufacturing plant. Gas-phase distribution was measured as a function of flow regime by varying both impeller speed and gas flow rate. Global and local gas hold-up values were calculated using ERT data by applying Maxwell's equation for conduction through heterogeneous media. The results were compared with correlations, hard-field tomography data, and computational fluid dynamic simulations available in the literature, showing good agreement. This study thus demonstrates the capability of ERT using a linear probe to offer, besides qualitative tomographic images, reliable quantitative data regarding phase distribution in gas–liquid systems.     

同心圈式超重力旋转床液泛模型

同心圈式超重力旋转床是一种新型超重力旋转床。液泛是超重力旋转床流体力学的重要特征。同心圈式超重力旋转床液体分布器和转子内缘之间的环形空间内的液滴被气体夹带,液滴受到离心力和气体曳力的作用,通过建立微分方程可获得液滴径向速度为零时的液滴运动径向距离。当该径向距离小于环形空间的径向距离,此时产生雾沫夹带液泛。由此建立同心圈式超重力旋转床雾沫夹带液泛模型。实验以空气和水为物系,测定了转子直径为1000 mm、高度为100 mm的同心圈式超重力旋转床在不同转速和表观液速下气体进口和出口之间的气相压降随表观气速的变化。气相压降随表观气速的增大先缓慢增大后快速增大。用表观气速对气相压降求导和目测旋转床中心气体出口处出现大量液体被气体夹带来确定液泛点气速。通过液泛点气速求得雾沫夹带液泛模型的系数k,并对该系数k进行关联。该雾沫夹带液泛模型的计算值和实验值吻合很好,平均偏差为3.1%。该模型优于Sherwood液泛模型,对同心圈式超重力旋转床的工业应用提供了必要的设计依据。     

Powder production via electrohydrodynamic-assisted molten metal jet impingement into a viscous medium

In this paper, a novel method for preparing metal powder with the aid of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) force is introduced. A pneumatic based atomization apparatus was constructed for this study. Solder melt jet is injected from a 250 μm ID nozzle onto a viscous medium (transformer oil). As a result of jet impingement and penetration into the oil, the melt jet disintegrates into micro-sized droplets and ligaments by a combination of the natural jet breakup phenomenon and EHD atomization. Due to the presence of electrostatic forces, the disintegrated droplets and ligaments repel each other and therefore particle coalescence and agglomeration is minimized in this method. The breakup was captured with a high speed camera. The morphology and structure of the obtained powders were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD), respectively. Morphology of the particles was controlled by varying the oil temperature and the EHD voltage. Structure investigations show that a decrease in particle size leads to an increase in interior microstrain. Also, interior microstrain increases by decreasing the oil temperature. The main advantage of the developed method is to produce fine powder with controlled characteristics such as size, size distribution, morphology and structure.     

Nature and characteristics of gas–liquid flow regimes in a micro-packed bed reactor

Micro-packed bed reactors (μPBRs) have the advantages of high heat and mass transfer efficiency and excellent safety, and they have been successfully applied to hydrogenation and oxidation reactions. However, the study of gas–liquid flow regimes in the μPBR, which is essential for the mass transfer modeling and reactor scale-up, is still insufficient due to the limitation of micro-scale and complexity of capillary force. In this work, the flow regimes in the two-dimensional μPBR were systematically studied by visual method utilizing a high-performance camera. Four typical flow regimes and characteristics were captured, and flow regime transition was revealed. Effects of gas and liquid superficial velocities, liquid physical properties, and particle sizes on liquid spreading areal fraction and pressure drop were investigated. Flow regime transition correlation of churn flow and pseudo-static flow in the μPBR was provided for the first time based on the summary of the current and previous published results.     

黏弹性对液体初次雾化特性的影响

以糖浆溶液和糖浆聚合物溶液为液相介质、空气为气相介质,采用同轴双通道气流式雾化喷嘴研究黏弹性对液体初次雾化特性的影响,根据高速摄像拍摄的图片对雾化模式进行研究,并重点探讨了液柱表面的不稳定特性。研究结果表明,两种液相介质的初次雾化可分为非轴对称振荡模式、膜破裂模式和拉丝破裂模式,糖浆聚合物溶液各个破裂模式的边界Weber数大于同等黏度的糖浆溶液。液体表面的不稳定波长与气速及液体自身的黏弹性密切相关,在考虑边界层影响的不稳定波长理论模型的基础上引入弹性参数Wi,并通过数据拟合得到新的不稳定波长关系式。     

Dye removal in steady-state continuous countercurrent liquid–solid adsorber

Mass transfer studies have been carried out in a continuous countercurrent liquid–solid adsorber to remove methylene blue from wastewater using activated carbon under steady-state conditions. Experimental data on axial concentration profile and overall removal efficiency has been obtained using a pilot plant set-up. The overall colour removal efficiency of the adsorber increases with increase in solid velocity, and a decrease in liquid velocity and initial dye concentration. A mathematical model has been developed to predict the axial concentration profiles, which compare with the experimental data satisfactorily. The overall mass transfer coefficient has also been evaluated using this model.     

Influence of atomizer exit area ratio on the breakup morphology of coaxial air and round water jets

The goal of this article is to study the effect of atomizer exit area ratio on atomizer performance. The experiments are performed on the round liquid jet breakup of seven coaxial air‐blast atomizers with water–air systems. The breakup morphology of liquid jet is observed first. The membrane‐type breakup can be divided into two subregimes called bag‐type breakup and membrane‐fiber breakup, and a correlation of characteristic length on bag‐type breakup regime is obtained. Then, we analyze the influence of atomizer exit area ratio on the breakup morphology of water‐air jets. To obtain reasonable atomization morphology criterions, the atomizer exit area ratio is used to modify the Weber number and momentum flux ratio per unit volume. This method is found to be able to explain different experimental results in the literature, which is also close to the results of round liquid jet in cross air flow and secondary atomization. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 2335–2345, 2014     

简单剪切流动中液滴断裂机理

The experimental results of the deformation and breakup of a single drop immersed in a Newtonian liquid and subjected to a constant shear rate which generated by counter rotating Couette apparatus were presented in this paper. From experimental observations, the breakup occurred by three mechanisms, namely, necking, end pinching, and capillary instability. Quantitative results for the deformation and breakup of drop are presented. The maximum diameter and Sauter mean diameter of daughter drops and capillary thread radius are linearly related to the inverse shear rate and independent of the initial drop size, the dimensionless wavelength which is the wavelength divided by the thread width at breakup is independent of the shear rate and initial drop size, and the deformation of threads follows a pseudo-affine deformation for Cai/Cac larger than 2.     

轴径向气体分布器雾滴夹带性能研究

本文利用高速闪光照相法采样和计算机图像分析系统进行测量,在直径φ1．0m冷模塔上,研究轴径向气体分布器雾沫夹带液粒径分布规律及其流体力学参数,建立了雾沫夹带率的模型。