硅基微通道中周期性沸腾的光学可视化

以丙酮为工质,在三角形截面的硅基微通道内进行了微尺度沸腾传热实验研究。在对汽液两相流流型进行光学可视化测量的同时,对压力、温度等信号进行了同步动态测量。发现了周期在毫秒级的微时间尺度的周期性沸腾传热。1个完整的周期可以分成3个子过程：进液阶段,汽泡核化、增长、聚合及爆炸阶段,瞬变液膜蒸发阶段。总结出1个完整周期内所存在的4种汽液两相流流型。鉴别出了沸腾起始点。分析了沸腾传热系数随干度的变化关系,结果表明在本实验工况下：当干度小于0.4时,起主导作用的传热机制为核态沸腾;而当干度大于0.4时,起主导作用的传热机制为强制对流沸腾。     

0.5 mm毛细管内气-液Taylor流动换热数值研究

采用移动计算域方法研究0.5 mm毛细管内充分发展的气液Taylor流动换热特性,分析了Taylor气泡的形状、压降与换热特性。结果表明,随着入口Reynolds数Re的增大,气泡尾部的不稳定区域增大,液膜厚度逐渐增大,气泡长度变长;随着气泡体积分数ξ_g的增大,气泡形状基本不变而长度逐渐增大。阻力因子f随Re、ξ_g增大而降低,两相阻力系数高于单相的情况。平均Nusselt数Nu_tp随Re增大而增大,增大趋势逐渐降低;随ξ_g增大而线性降低。Taylor流的Nu_tp为单相的1.2～3倍,强化换热效果。     

方肋微通道内流动沸腾的气泡动态与传热特性分析

为揭示方肋微通道热沉内流动沸腾的传热传质机理,本文基于耦合VOF方法与“饱和界面”相变模型对微通道内单个气泡绕流加热方肋的传热传质过程进行了数值研究。通过分析该过程中气泡增长速率与方肋壁面传热系数的变化,重点讨论了初始气泡体积和入口雷诺数Re对相变传热效率和流动结构的影响。结果表明：在气泡流经加热方肋过程中,气泡与方肋表面之间形成一层薄液膜,该薄液膜的相变蒸发极大强化方肋表面的换热效果,换热系数较相同条件下的单相流动提升6倍以上。此外液膜厚度随Re增大而变厚,液膜热阻相应增大,液膜蒸发对换热的促进作用随Re增大而降低。最后考察了气泡体积对方肋壁面换热的影响,结果表明：初始体积大的气泡具有更薄的液膜厚度及更大的蒸发面积,表现出更高的相变传热效率;而小气泡对壁面温度影响较小。     

Sound emission from boiling on a submerged wire

The sound accompanying nucleate and film boiling on a platinum wire immersed in a water pool at atmosphere pressure is related to the rate of heat transfer from the wire surface. In particular the total sound intensity is shown to be a function of the heat transfer resulting from bubble evolution. Analysis of the acoustic spectra for saturated and sub-cooled boiling shows how the level of selected components varies with changes in the heat flux and liquid temperature. The possibility of using an acoustic detection device to detect boiling caused by channel blockage in a liquid cooled system is discussed.     

微肋阵通道流动沸腾换热与压降特性

为探究不同截面微肋阵通道内的流动沸腾换热机理,以去离子水为工质,在质量流速为96～224 kg·m^-2·s^-1,有效热通量为10～240 W·cm^-2的范围内,对圆形、菱形、椭圆形微肋阵通道内流动沸腾换热及压降特性进行了实验研究,同时对微通道内流动沸腾的不稳定性进行了分析。通过实验发现：在低热通量下,核态沸腾占主导地位,而在中高热通量下,薄膜蒸发对流换热为主要沸腾机制;沸腾传热系数随着热通量和出口干度的增加而减小,两相压降随着热通量和出口干度的增加而增大;微肋阵肋间形成的次级通道宽度对换热和两相压降有很大的影响,次级通道越宽,气泡越容易脱离,换热效果越好,压降越大;微肋的存在抑制了气泡的反向流动,减小了沸腾不稳定性,推迟了临界热通量的发生,椭圆形微肋阵通道的流动沸腾稳定性最好,而圆形微肋阵通道的流动沸腾稳定性最差。     

微/小圆柱针肋热沉传热特性

圆柱形微/小针肋热沉热阻由底板及微/小肋热传导热阻、冷却液与肋间对流换热热阻以及冷却液吸热焓变热阻等组成。以去离子水为冷却液,恒定热流下,进行了叉排排布的不同尺寸的微/小圆柱形针肋热沉的单相强制对流传热实验,实验Re为100～1000,加热功率为50～300 W。实验表明：微/小圆柱形针肋热沉的Nu随Re和加热功率的增大而增大,当Re=600时对     

垂直多孔表面管内高沸点工质强化流动沸腾换热的数值分析

在对流动特性和换热机理进行分析的基础上,建立了垂直多孔表面管内高沸点工质强化流动沸腾换热的数学模型和数值计算方法.该模型认为环状流区域同时存在强制对流与核态沸腾两种换热方式.液膜厚度、速度与温度等参数通过求解液膜的质量守恒、动量守恒、能量守恒方程获得.核态沸腾换热则包括气泡脱离带走的热量及用于加热气化核心影响区流入液体的热量两部分.提出了流动沸腾情况下的多孔层气泡脱离直径及气化核心密度计算方法.对异丙苯在火焰喷涂型垂直多孔表面管内向上流动时的沸腾换热进行了数值预测,大部分工况的计算值与实验结果符合良好.在低干度区(x=0.1),核态沸腾在总换热中的比例约为50%.随着干度的增加,核态沸腾受到越来越大的抑制,当x为0.5时,这一比例降低到约15％.     

两相流载气蒸发研究和传热数据关联

两相流载气蒸发是在蒸发器的垂直加热管中引入一种惰性气体,使液体的蒸发在气液两相界面上进行的过程.本文研究了载气蒸发的流型区域和传热规律,对载气蒸发的特性进行了机理分析,并以叠加模型关联了实验数据,获得了准数方程式.     

垂直管内降膜沸腾传热的研究

本文提出了降膜沸腾传热的物理模型和数学模型,全面考虑了对流流动与核式沸腾对膜传热系数的影响,以及液体流动对液膜内核式沸腾的抑制作用。该模型计算值与实验值吻合较好。     

高压高过冷度下过冷流动沸腾数值模拟

采用双流体模型对高压高过冷度下垂直圆管中水的过冷流动沸腾进行了数值模拟。通过对比不同气泡直径模型,揭示了气泡直径对于壁面传热方式的影响,确定了适合高压工况的气泡直径模型。考察了压力及壁面热通量对流动及传热特性的影响。计算结果表明,压力增加气泡脱离直径减小,单相对流传热所占比例增加,表面传热系数减小。高压高过冷度特征决定了气泡相分布极不均匀,随着热通量的增加,壁面附近容易形成气泡的密集,对过冷流动沸腾中的传热特性有重要影响。     

竖直窄矩形通道内环状流的流动传热特性

为了研究竖直窄矩形通道内环状流的流动传热特性,建立了窄矩形通道内环状流的数学物理模型,并进行了实验验证。通过数值求解环状流的数学物理模型得到了环状流区域的压降梯度、沸腾传热系数和液膜内的速度分布。结果表明窄矩形通道内的环状流模型能够很好地预测环状流区域的压降梯度和沸腾传热系数,而且环状流液膜内速度在法向的分布是非线性的,在层流边界层区速度梯度较大。热通量和窄矩形通道的尺寸对液膜的流速有很大影响,随热通量的增加和窄矩形通道尺寸的减小液膜的流速逐渐增加,然而质量流速对液膜流速的影响较小,而且随质量流速的增加液膜的速度逐渐减小。     

直流蒸汽发生器蒸干及蒸干后传热数值分析

准确预测直流蒸汽发生器流动沸腾及蒸干对其设计、安全可靠运行极其重要。通过对B&W公司直流蒸汽发生器进行合理简化,引入两流体三流场数学模型及壁面热通量分区模型,分别进行基于常热通量和耦合传热的蒸汽发生器流动沸腾数值模拟。结果表明：蒸干发生时传热性能急剧下降,常热通量边界下壁温升高的幅度相当大（约300 K·m^-1）,而耦合传热边界下壁温飞升幅度约为25 K·m^-1,与实际情形相一致;两种热边界中预热区会发生过冷沸腾,壁面处传热由液相对流换热、淬火换热和蒸发换热3部分构成,核态沸腾区蒸发换热为主要换热方式,同时伴随着液相对流换热和淬火换热,蒸干发生时淬火换热和蒸发换热全部降到0,在蒸干后传热区域换热方式为气相对流换热。     

封闭腔内水自然对流换热数值模拟

为了揭示封闭腔内非Boussinesq流体在浮力驱动下所特有的流动换热现象和形成机理,采用CFD软件Fluent对封闭腔内水的自然对流进行数值模拟,得到矩形封闭腔高宽比、Rayleigh数、倾斜角度、壁面温度差对流动和传热的影响规律。研究结果表明：由于水的密度在3.98℃达到最大,两竖壁面温度跨越这一点时会引起流动图像反转;具有流动反转的双涡结构降低了对流换热平均Nusselt数;相同Rayleigh数下,高宽比为1对应对流换热平均Nusselt数最大值;倾斜角度对平均Nusselt数影响与Rayleigh数和温度边界条件有关。     

分离型热管蒸发段流动特性和传热特性的试验研究

对分离型热管管内蒸发段流动特性和传热特性进行了试验研究 :在保证热管工作效率及安全性的前提下 ,分离型热管蒸发段工质流动形式除单相液流和泡状流 (低热流密度时为弹状流 )外 ,在蒸发段上部约有 42 %～ 50 %的不稳定飞溅降膜区 ;合理充液率随热流密度的增加而减少 ;随着热流密度的增加 ,核态沸腾区及飞溅降膜区的换热系数均增加 ,蒸发段总换热系数也增加。     

An analysis of laminar forced convection film boiling

A study of forced convection film boiling on a horizontal isothermal plate is made using a treatment based on boundary layer theory. For the vapour, the velocity and temperature distributions are obtained from equations of motion and energy. For the liquid layer, the Howarth approximation for flow over a plate is used. Then, by employing interface matching conditions, the significance of the rhμ ratio between the vapour and the liquid on the variation of Nusselt number is examined.     

基于双流体模型的液氢流动沸腾数值模拟

基于双流体模型,建立了液氢管内流动沸腾的数值模型,在液体Reynolds数67000～660000、壁面热通量16300～317800 W/m²、饱和温度22～29 K、入口过冷度0～8 K的范围内,对管径5.95和6.35 mm的圆管内液氢流动沸腾开展了数值模拟研究,并与试验结果进行了对比。对比显示,液氢流动沸腾传热系数的模拟结果与试验数据的平均误差（MAE）为7.79%,94%的模拟数据都在±20%误差带范围内。     

基于MUSIG模型的竖直圆管内液氮过冷沸腾数值模拟研究(英文)

Multiple size group （MUSIG） model combined with a threedimensional twofluid model were em ployed to predict subcooled boiling flow of liquid nitrogen in a vertical upward tube. Based on the mechanism of boiling heat transfer, some important bubble model parameters were amended to be applicable to the modeling of liquid nitrogen. The distribution of different discrete bubble classes was demonstrated numerically and the distribu tion patterns of void fraction in the wallheated tube were analyzed. It was found that the average void fraction in creases nonlinearly along the axial direction with wall heat flux and it decreases with inlet mass flow rate and sub cooled temperature. The local void fraction exhibited a Ushape distribution in the radial direction. The partition of the wall heat flux along the tube was obtained. The results showed that heat flux consumed on evaporation is the leading part of surface heat transfer at the rear region of subcooled boiling. The turning point in the pressure drop curve reflects the instability of bubbly flow. Good agreement was achieved on the local heat transfer coefficient aalnst experimental measurements, which demonstrated the accuracy of the numerical model.     

错流降膜液体干燥剂除湿/再生传热传质数学模型及分析

分析了错流降膜液体干燥剂除湿及再生传热传质过程 ,建立了基于实际除湿系统的描述再生和除湿过程的数学模型 ,考虑到除湿过程中产生的热效应 ,以氯化钙溶液为除湿剂时 ,对气侧和液侧的传热传质系数进行了理论和数值求解 .计算结果表明 ,传热传质系数与气流流动状态、除湿剂的热物理性质等因素有关     

考虑界面蒸发时的降液膜流动传热

The interfacial evaporative heat transfer was included in the semi-empirical study of the heat transfer for the falling liquid film flow. The investigations showed that, the inclusion of the interfacial evaporative heat transfer in the turbulent model would lower the predicted convective heat transfer coefficient. Predictions of the new model resulted in a prominent deviation from that predictions of the normal model in the case of large mass flow rate and low wall heat flux. This deviation will be decreased with increasing wall heat flux, such that it will be asymptotic zero at very high wall heat flux. Predictions of the new model agreed well with the current experimental measurements. This study has verified that the Reynolds number is not the sole crucial parameter for heat transferof falling liquid film flow, and wall heat flux will be another important independent parameter. This result is consistent with our previous studies.     

Sieden — Stabilisator und Störfaktor sicheren Betriebes

Boiling – stabilizer and destabilizer of safe operation. Boiling is used in power- and chemical engineering if large quantities of energy have to be transported and if high heat-flux densities have to be applied. The stabilizing action of boiling, which is already high due to the large heat transfer coefficients and small temperature differences, is further improved by the fact that heat transfer still increases with increasing energy addition. Even if single-phase liquid flow is present under normal operation conditions power fluctuations can be overcome without impermissible temperature rise due to the onset of subcooled boiling. Beyond a critical heat-flux, however, film boiling starts which decreases the heat transfer coefficient by orders of magnitude. In apparatus in which the fluid is transported under conditions of high void fraction it should be ensured that the liquid film at the wall is thick enough to guarantee a sufficient heat transport. Also, under these conditions boiling can stabilize or destabilize the energy transport.