Introducing trace Co to molybdenum carbide catalyst for efficient ammonia synthesis

Development of the cost-effective catalysts with excellent catalytic performance is highly demanded for ammonia synthesis, and the strong adsorption of ammonia greatly hinders the design of cost-effective and high-performance ammonia synthesis catalysts. Herein, we report that the addition of a small amount of Co species (0.1 wt%) into Mo₂C catalyst, which can provide electrons to Mo₂C, not only leads to improvement of the adsorption and migration of hydrogen, but also facilitates the adsorption and desorption of ammonia. Consequently, Mo₂C catalyst with 0.1 wt%Co offers a 40% higher ammonia synthesis activity and a lower negative reaction order with respect to NH₃ in comparison to Mo₂C. This work stresses the importance of the minor components in improving the ammonia synthesis activity by accelerating the migration of reactants over the catalyst surface and the escape of products from the catalyst.     

Dry reforming of methane to synthesis gas over supported molybdenum carbide catalysts

The dry reforming of methane at elevated pressure over supported molybdenum carbide catalysts, prepared from oxide precursors using ethane TPR, has been studied. The relative stability of the catalysts is Mo₂C/Al₂O₃>Mo₂C/ZrO₂>Mo₂C/SiO₂>Mo₂C/TiO₂, and calcination of the oxide precursor for short periods was found to be beneficial to the catalyst stability. Although the support appears to play no beneficial role in the methane dry reforming reaction, the alumina-supported material was stable for long periods of time; this may be important for the production of pelletised industrial catalysts. The evidence suggests that the differences in the stabilities may be due to interaction at the precursor stage between MoO₃ and the support, while catalyst deactivation is due to oxidation of the carbide to MoO₂, which is inactive for methane dry reforming.     

Boosting ammonia synthesis over molybdenum nitride through nickel-mediated nitrogen activation and hydrogen transfer

Synergistic optimization of nitrogen dissociation and hydrogen transfer might be an efficient strategy to develop a highly efficient ammonia synthesis catalyst. Herein, the Ni-modified molybdenum nitride is used as the catalyst of ammonia synthesis. The presence of the highly dispersed Ni metal results in enhancement of nitrogen vacancy, causing the acceleration of the exchange and reaction of the lattice N species with the nitrogen species from the gaseous phase. In addition, the presence of Ni species facilitates the hydrogen transfer and spillover, as well as easy hydrogen release. As a result, the optimized molybdenum nitride catalyst with 0.1 wt% Ni shows a 2.5-times higher catalytic activity than that of the catalyst without Ni species at 400°C owing to the coupling of nitrogen activation and hydrogen transfer effects. This general approach could inspire the rational design of other metal catalysts for ammonia synthesis.     

自牺牲模板法制备氮掺杂碳化钼/碳析氢电催化剂

采用g-C3N4为自牺牲模板和氮源,葡萄糖为碳源,钼酸铵为钼源,制备具有二维纳米结构的氮掺杂碳化钼修饰碳纳米片(N-Mo₂C/C),并评价其电催化析氢性能。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、拉曼(Raman)等测试手段对N-Mo₂C/C的组成、形貌及结构进行分析。结果表明,氮掺杂的Mo₂C纳米颗粒均匀分散在二维碳纳米片上,粒径主要分布在3～5 nm。利用电化学工作站测试N-Mo₂C/C的电催化析氢性能,在1 mol/L KOH溶液中,电流密度为10 mA/cm²时其对应的过电势为185 mV,Tafel斜率为69 mV/dec,经20 h循环可维持稳定的析氢电势。     

氨催化氧化催化剂Pt/CeO_2的制备及性能表征

二氧化铈具有紫外光吸收能力,以其为载体,通过光催化还原沉积可实现贵金属负载。本研究通过光催化还原沉积制备了氨氧化用Pt/CeO_2催化剂,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线能谱(EDS)、透射电镜(TEM)、BET比表面积、电耦合高频等离子发射光谱(ICP)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、NH_3-程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)对样品的物理性质进行了表征,并在φ4 mm×2 mm石英反应管中对其氨催化氧化性能进行了评价。结果表明,该法制备的Pt/CeO_2催化剂活性组分铂含量仅为0.079 7%,在载体表面分散性好;在反应温度800℃,原料中O_2和NH_3比为15的条件下,氨转化率为100%,氮氧化合物收率可达80%。     

Kinetics of the carbothermal synthesis of Mo carbide catalyst supported on various semiconductor oxides

Molybdenum carbide synthesized by temperature-programmed carburization of MoO₃ supported on various semiconductor oxides (10 wt.% Mo) with a H₂/C₃H₈ mixture have been characterized and evaluated for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The carburization reaction appeared to be a 2-stage process involving formation of intermediate oxycarbide phase, which was further carburized to the metal carbide form. Both α-MoC_1 − x and β-MoC_1 − x phases were detected in all Mo carbide catalysts and MoO₃ was converted completely to molybdenum carbide during carburization. The carburization rate depended on the C₃H₈ composition in the feed and attained an optimum at a H₂:C₃H₈ ratio = 5 for all four supports (Al₂O₃, TiO₂, SiO₂, and ZrO₂). Carbide formation rate increased with Mo loading although it reached a ‘plateau’ at Mo loading beyond 15 wt.% Mo. The existence of a compensation effect and isokinetic relationship for both oxycarbide and carbide phases suggested that the conversion of Mo oxide to oxycarbide and oxycarbide to carbide phase was governed by the same topotactic mechanism. Mo carbide catalysts were evaluated for CO hydrogenation activity and Fischer-Tropsch specific reaction rate decreased in the order; MoC_1 − x/TiO₂ > MoC_1 − x/SiO₂ > MoC_1 − x/ZrO₂ > MoC_1 − x/Al₂O₃ parallel to the trend for Mo carbide production rate.     

Catalytic conversion of methane to benzene over Mo/ZSM-5

Dehydroaromatization of methane to benzene occurs over a 2 wt% Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst at 700C under non-oxidizing conditions. Following an initial induction period, during which CH₄ reactant reduces the original Mo⁶⁺ ions in the zeolite to Mo₂C and deposition of coke occurs, a benzene selectivity of 70% at a CH₄ conversion of 8–10% could be sustained for more than 16 h. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction measurements indicate that the reduced Mo is highly dispersed in the channels of the zeolite. Initial activation of CH₄ reactant occurs on Mo₂C sites, leading to the formation of C₂H₄ as the primary product. The latter then undergoes subsequent oligomerization reactions on acidic sites of the zeolite to form aromatic products.     

氧化铈形貌对甲醇水蒸气重整制氢CuO/CeO2催化剂性能的影响

采用简单的改变焙烧气氛的方法改变水热法合成的CeO2纳米材料的形貌,得到的CeO2纳米材料再通过浸渍法制备CuO/CeO2催化剂,并将其应用于甲醇水蒸汽重整制氢反应。采用SEM、XRD、BET、H2-TPR、N2O滴定和XPS等对催化材料进行了表征,着重探讨了氧化铈形貌对催化剂结构、性质和性能的影响。结果表明,纳米棒状结构的CeO2负载CuO后得到的CuO/CeO2催化剂性能最佳,这主要是因为纳米棒状结构的CeO2与CuO的相互作用较强,表面存在较多的晶格缺陷和氧空穴,进而使得CuO/CeO2催化剂表相Cu含量增加,Cu物种的还原温度较低,催化活性较好。当反应温度为260 °C、水醇物质的量比为1.2、甲醇气体空速为800 h-1时,甲醇转化率可达100%,重整气中CO摩尔含量为0.16%。     

氨合成铁、钌催化剂联用工艺

在实验室和工业侧线装置上考察了FA-Ru型氨合成钌催化剂与铁系A202型催化剂的性能差异,以及铁催化剂和钌催化剂联用工艺与单铁催化剂工艺对氨合成效果的影响。结果表明,FA-Ru催化剂在低温（375～425℃）、低压（10～15 MPa）、低氢氮比（R=1.5～2.3）和合成气高氨浓度（10%～16 %,体积分数）条件下,活性比A202催化剂相对提高44%～75%。铁催化剂与钌催化剂混装工艺的氨合成率随着钌催化剂装量的增加而增加,比单铁催化剂的氨合成率提高24.5%～44.8%。铁催化剂串钌催化剂工艺的氨合成率同样随着钌催化剂装量的增加而增加,比单铁催化剂的氨合成率提高27.7%～58.8%。对于铁、钌催化剂联用的氨合成工艺,在实验条件下,当钌催化剂用量达铁催化剂用量1/2以上时,催化剂的最高活性点温度降至400℃。工业侧线实验表明,FA-Ru催化剂在13.0 MPa、10000～15000 h-1条件下的氨合成率可达到铁催化剂在相同空速、26 MPa 压力下的水平。根据不同工况,铁催化剂串钌催化剂生产工艺比单铁催化剂生产工艺氨合成率可相对提高43%～56%。     

以RuCl3为前驱体的无氯Ru/Al2O3氨合成催化剂的制备

用等体积浸渍法制备了一种以RuCl₃作为钌母体，分别以γ-Al₂O₃和δ,θ-Al₂O₃为载体的负载型无氯Ru/Al₂O₃氨合成催化剂。该催化剂用水合肼还原，以Sm(NO)₃和Ba(NO₃)₂作助剂。催化剂各组分n(Ru)∶n(Ba)∶n(Sm)=1∶0.55∶1.6。用N₂物理吸附、XRD、XRF和CO化学吸附等方法对载体和催化剂进行表征。结果表明，以δ,θ-Al₂O₃为载体的催化剂，其氨合成活性高于以γ-Al₂O₃为载体的催化剂的活性；用水合肼还原并用热碱液和纯水洗涤的催化剂不残留Cl^-，Ru金属分散度高，其氨合成活性与用无氯钌前驱体制备并用H2还原的催化剂的活性相当，在压力10.0 MPa，空速10 000 h^-1的反应条件下，475 ℃转化率为81.2%，在500 ℃时转化率可以达到100%。而用H₂还原以RuCl₃作为钌母体的Ru/Al₂O₃催化剂时，因还原后催化剂上有Cl^-残留，其催化活性较低。     

沉淀剂对Ru/MgO-CeO2氨合成催化剂催化性能的影响

以K<,2>RuO<,4>为钌前驱体,通过共沉淀法制备了Ru/MgO-CeO<,2>氨合成催化剂.考察了5种不同沉淀剂对Ru/MgO-CeO<,2>催化剂的结构和性能的影响,并运用X射线衍射(XRD)、CO吸附、N<,2>物理吸附和H<,2>程序升温还原(H<,2>-TPR)等技术对催化剂进行了表征,讨论了沉淀剂对氨合...     

抑制碳负载钌基氨合成催化剂甲烷化的研究

The effects of promoters K, Ba, Sm on the resistance to carbon-methanation and catalytic activity of ruthenium supported on active carbon (Ru/AC) for ammonia synthesis have been studied by means of TG-DTG (thermalgravity-differential thermalgravity), temperature-programmed desorption, and activity test. Promoters Ba,K, and Sm increased the activity of Ru/AC catalysts for ammonia synthesis significantly. Much higher activity can be reached for Ru/AC catalyst with bi- or tri-promoters. Indeed, the triply promoted catalyst showed the highest activity, coupled to a surprisingly high resistance to methanation. The ability of resistance of promoter to methanation of Ru/AC catalyst is dependent on the adsorption intensity of hydrogen. The strong adsorption of hydrogen would enhance methanation and impact the adsorption of nitrogen, which results in the decrease of catalytic activity.     

The promoter function of molybdenum in Rh/Mo/SiO2 catalysts for CO hydrogenation

A series of Rh/Mo/SiO₂ catalysts with fixed Rh and different Mo contents were studied by FT-IR, chemisorption and CO hydrogenation. The FT-IR results at room temperature under CO atmosphere indicate that the addition of Mo to Rh/SiO₂ suppresses the linear and bridged CO species and promotes the twin CO species, which is consistent with the chemisorption results. It is suggested that the Mo promoter works via stabilization of Rh^1– ions and the coverage of Rh sites. The molybdenum promotes the formation of oxygenates and shifts the selectivity from hydrocarbons to oxygenates.     

Synthesis of molybdenum nitrides nanosheets by nitriding 2H‐MoS2 with ammonia

Metal nitrides nanosheets possess remarkable physical and chemical properties such as high electrical conductivities, catalytic properties, energy storage, and conversion efficiency. In this paper, molybdenum nitride (Mo₅N₆, MoN, and Mo₂N) nanosheets were synthesized by nitriding and exfoliating the bulk 2H‐MoS₂ via dropping N from ammonia at high temperature. Molybdenum nitride nanosheets with the thickness of dozens of nanometers were prepared successfully under different conditions. It was found that the reaction between MoS₂ and NH₃ began from about 696°C, and reduction products and reaction mechanisms were strongly dependent on the temperature. When there was MoS₂, the generated Mo₅N₆, MoN, and Mo₂N can exist stably at even 820, 1020, and 1120°C, respectively. However, they will decompose progressively after MoS₂ was consumed completely: at 820°C, Mo₅N₆ started to decompose to δ‐MoN; at 1020°C, the phase evolution process of MoN can be described as follows: δ‐MoN→ γ‐Mo₂N→ β‐Mo₂N→ Mo, while at 1120°C, the β‐Mo₂N will transform to Mo.     

氨合成系统改造生产甲醇工艺路线选择

刘化集团公司从实际出发，确定合理的工艺技术方案，准备将一套φ1000mm氨塔系统改造生产甲醇，以充分发挥闲置空分装置的作用，挖掘造气净化潜力，进一步降低合成氨成本，解决长期产品单一的被动局面，为发展甲醇下游产品提供较大空间。     

活性炭表面改性对钌基氨合成催化剂的影响

研究了活性炭经HNO₃进行表面改性后对Ru/AC催化剂的影响。利用表面官能团滴定、N₂物理吸附和CO化学吸附方法对催化剂进行表征,并对催化剂进行氨合成活性评价。结果表明,活性炭经适量的HNO₃改性处理后,中孔有所增加,更主要的是增加了表面羧基,使活性炭的亲水性得到提高,从而提高了以水溶液浸渍法制备的Ru/AC催化剂的活性以及Ru的分散度;但过量HNO₃的改性处理会使活性炭表面不稳定基团增加,这些不稳定基团会降低Ru/AC催化剂的活性以及Ru的分散度。用5 mol·L^-1的HNO₃进行改性处理可以达到最优的效果。     

Fabrication and High-Temperature Phase Stability of Mo(Al,Si)2—MoSi2 Intermetallics

A two-step processing technique was used to make dense, homogeneous intermetallics in the Mo(Al,Si)₂—MoSi₂ system. A variation of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis was used, in which starting pellets were nucleated at room temperature to make intermetallic powders from metallic precursors, followed by uniaxial hot pressing at 1600°—1800°C to achieve densification. The samples were held at the hot-pressing temperatures for several hours; therefore, this study also provided qualitative phase-stability information. The solubility limit of Al for Si in MoSi₂ was <5% at 1800°C. Samples that had 10% Al substituted for Si yielded approximately equal amounts of MoSi₂ and Mo(Al,Si)₂.     

Electronic and geometric effects of alkali promoters in CO hydrogenation over K/Mo2C catalysts

When potassium salts such as K₂CO₃, KOH, CH₃COOK, and K₂S were added to Mo₂C, the promoted catalysts showed high selectivities to alcohols and light olefins in CO hydrogenation at 573 K and 1.0 MPa. However, K₂SO₄ and KCl caused only slight increase in olefin selectivity with negligible alcohol formation. These two groups of promoters showed different physical and chemical states during the reaction as observed by AES, EDS, EPMA, IR and transient reaction behavior. This difference accounted for the observed difference in selectivity.     

Remarkable support effect of ZrO2 upon the CO2 reforming of CH4 over supported molybdenum carbide catalysts

In reforming of CH₄ with CO₂ over molybdenum carbide catalysts, the catalytic performance of unsupported hexagonal Mo₂C prepared by direct carburization of MoO₃ was considerably different from a similar composition, cubic MoC_1−x (x≈0.5), prepared through nitriding before carburization. The conversion levels over MoC_1−x were substantially higher than those over Mo₂C, although the turnover frequencies were lower. X‐ray diffraction analysis indicated that Mo₂C deactivated by conversion to MoO₂ during the reaction, but the MoC_1−x was transformed to the hexagonal Mo₂C and remained stable. The activity of Mo₂C dispersed on various supports for the CH₄–CO₂ reaction was also investigated. The performance depended strongly on the property of supports, with the ZrO₂‐supported Mo₂C catalyst exhibiting the highest activity and durability for this reaction. Moreover, deactivation of Mo₂C/ZrO₂ at ambient pressure was suppressed by decreasing the loading amount of Mo₂C. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.