侨香村雨水收集与利用系统的设计

介绍了侨香村小区工程概况、设计原则，进行了雨量计算，并做了雨水收集与利用系统设计的介绍，最后提到了雨水收集与利用系统对建筑设计的影响。     

Performance of a large building rainwater harvesting system

Rainwater harvesting is increasingly becoming an integral part of the sustainable water management toolkit. Despite a plethora of studies modelling the feasibility of the utilisation of rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems in particular contexts, there remains a significant gap in knowledge in relation to detailed empirical assessments of performance. Domestic systems have been investigated to a limited degree in the literature, including in the UK, but there are few recent longitudinal studies of larger non-domestic systems. Additionally, there are few studies comparing estimated and actual performance. This paper presents the results of a longitudinal empirical performance assessment of a non-domestic RWH system located in an office building in the UK. Furthermore, it compares actual performance with the estimated performance based on two methods recommended by the British Standards Institute - the Intermediate (simple calculations) and Detailed (simulation-based) Approaches. Results highlight that the average measured water saving efficiency (amount of mains water saved) of the office-based RWH system was 87% across an 8-month period, due to the system being over-sized for the actual occupancy level. Consequently, a similar level of performance could have been achieved using a smaller-sized tank. Estimated cost savings resulted in capital payback periods of 11 and 6 years for the actual over-sized tank and the smaller optimised tank, respectively. However, more detailed cost data on maintenance and operation is required to perform whole life cost analyses. These findings indicate that office-scale RWH systems potentially offer significant water and cost savings. They also emphasise the importance of monitoring data and that a transition to the use of Detailed Approaches (particularly in the UK) is required to (a) minimise over-sizing of storage tanks and (b) build confidence in RWH system performance.     

基于城市雨水利用收集技术的节能减排浅析

本文分析了泉州某商圈拟建雨水收集系统,明确了雨水收集系统技术应用的造价成本以及影响因素,以便读者可以根据实际条件和使用要求选择适宜的方法和配套技术指导类似节水系统工程的实践。     

Whole life cost performance of domestic rainwater harvesting systems in the United Kingdom

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) can be used to reduce the demand for potable mains water. At the single‐building scale, previous research has focused on water‐saving potential, while financial assessment has either been omitted or considered in an ad hoc manner. This paper reports on the application of a more rigorous financial analysis of domestic RWH systems than had been conducted previously. Whole life costing was selected as the most appropriate financial assessment technique. A total of 3840 domestic system configurations were assessed at a daily time step, taking into account various stakeholder perspectives and future cost scenarios. In each case, it was found that harvesting rainwater was significantly less cost effective than relying solely on mains‐only water. The domestic RWH systems generally resulted in financial losses approximately equal to their capital costs. Without significant financial support, domestic RWH is unlikely to be cost effective for all reasonably foreseeable scenarios.     

The perceived barriers to the inclusion of rainwater harvesting systems by UK house building companies

This work investigates the barriers that exist to deter the implementation of rainwater harvesting into new UK housing. A postal questionnaire was sent to a selection of large, medium and small house-builders distributed across the UK. Questions were asked concerning potential barriers to the inclusion of rainwater harvesting in homes separated into five sections; (1) institutional and regulatory gaps, (2) economic and financial constraints, (3) absence of incentives, (4) lack of information and technical knowledge, and (5) house-builder attitudes. The study concludes that although the knowledge of rainwater systems has increased these barriers are deterring house-builders from installing rainwater harvesting systems in new homes. It is further acknowledged that the implementation of rainwater harvesting will continue to be limited whilst these barriers remain and unless resolved, rainwater harvesting's potential to reduce the consumption of potable water in houses will continue to be limited.     

Physicochemical and microbiological quality of water from a pilot domestic rainwater harvesting facility in Ireland

Dublin Institute of Technology personnel were commissioned in 2005 by the Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government in Ireland to assess the feasibility of utilizing harvested rainwater to replace treated mains water, for nonpotable uses. A pilot project was set up. The project involved the design, installation, commissioning and monitoring of rainwater harvesting facilities in a rural housing development. A monitoring programme was carried out to examine the physicochemical and microbiological quality of the harvested rainwater. Harvested rainwater was sampled monthly and tested. Analysis of the harvested rainwater quality showed a consistently high quality of raw water in general compliance with the requirements of the European Communities (Quality of Bathing Water) Regulations for 100% of samples and the European Communities (Drinking Water) Regulations, 2007 for 37% of sampling dates.     

Elemental composition at different points of the rainwater harvesting system

Entry of contaminants, such as metals and non-metals, into rainwater harvesting systems can occur directly from rainfall with contributions from collection surfaces, accumulated debris and leachate from storage systems, pipes and taps. Ten rainwater harvesting systems on the east coast of Australia were selected for sampling of roof runoff, storage systems and tap outlets to investigate the variations in rainwater composition as it moved throughout the system, and to identify potential points of contribution to elemental loads. A total of 26 elements were screened at each site. Iron was the only element which was present in significantly higher concentrations in roof runoff samples compared with tank tap samples (P < 0.05). At one case study site, results suggested that piping and tap material can contribute to contaminant loads of harvested rainwater. Increased loads of copper were observed in hot tap samples supplied by the rainwater harvesting system via copper piping and a storage hot water system (P < 0.05). Similarly, zinc, lead, arsenic, strontium and molybdenum were significantly elevated in samples collected from a polyvinyl chloride pipe sampling point that does not supply household uses, compared with corresponding roof runoff samples (P < 0.05). Elemental composition was also found to vary significantly between the tank tap and an internal cold tap at one of the sites investigated, with several elements fluctuating significantly between the two outlets of interest at this site, including potassium, zinc, manganese, barium, copper, vanadium, chromium and arsenic.These results highlighted the variability in the elemental composition of collected rainwater between different study sites and between different sampling points. Atmospheric deposition was not a major contributor to the rainwater contaminant load at the sites tested. Piping materials, however, were shown to contribute significantly to the total elemental load at some locations.     

虹吸式屋面雨水排水系统的应用

介绍了虹吸式屋面雨水排水系统的产生及适用范围,比较了传统的屋面雨水排水系统和虹吸式屋面雨水排水系统,研究了虹吸式排水的三个阶段,得出了虹吸式排水系统更经济的结论,以推广虹吸式屋面雨水排水系统。     

Spatial and numerical analysis of the parameters influencing potential for potable water savings made using rainwater harvesting: case of the Paris agglomeration

The quantity of Potential for Potable Water Savings (PPWS) made using rainwater harvesting differs between municipalities within the same region. Three main parameters contribute to this difference: roof area, the number of inhabitants and rainwater use scenarios. This article proposes a spatial and numerical analysis of how these parameters influence PPWS across municipalities in the Paris agglomeration. A comparison between the location of the municipalities, the PPWS value and the values for the previous parameters was used to understand the observed difference. The spatial analysis shows that municipalities (districts) in the Paris have the highest PPWS values, on the contrary, the peripheral municipalities in the outer suburbs have the lowest PPWS values and the results for the intermediary municipalities—in the inner suburbs—are contrasting. The numerical analysis demonstrates a strong correlation between the main parameters influencing the PPWS value; where a high value for the “roof area” means a high value for the “number of inhabitants” and a good mix of rainwater “use scenarios,” and vice‐versa. In conclusion, the planning and design of the municipality—building density, types of buildings, number of inhabitants, the city's vocation—are key factors in defining the level of PPWS made using rainwater harvesting.     

一种高效雨水人工渗蓄系统的应用

介绍了以雨水渗蓄装置Stormcell为主体设施的雨水人工渗蓄系统，对该系统的组成、功能及适用条件进行了说明，列举了该人工渗蓄系统在国外的应用实例，指出该雨水人工渗蓄系统具有较好的推广应用前景。     

高层建筑消防投资的经济性分析

针对高层建筑消防投资进行技术经济评价的重要性,介绍了技术经济效果评价的相关概念,研究了消防投资的效用与效益,探讨了成本—效益分析的数学模型及应用,分析了最优投资应满足的条件。     

An investigation of design parameters that affect commercial high-rise office building energy consumption and demand

There are many factors that drive the energy consumption and demand in high-rise commercial office buildings. Understanding the effects of individual building parameters and two-factor interactions can be very useful for directing building audits and developing energy simulation models. A fractional factorial analysis was conducted to evaluate a large number of building parameters in an effort to quantify their effect on building energy consumption and demand. The analysis utilized building data collected from 22 building audits of high-rise commercial office buildings located in the downtown Chicago Loop area. Simulation results for three of the buildings show the effects of each factor and two-factor interactions on energy consumption and demand over a set of climate zones. The factors of primary importance include lighting and equipment power density, chiller efficiency, window U-value, the mass of interior furnishings and supply fan static pressure.     

雨水集蓄利用工程经济分析

根据国企苑创建的雨、污水收集回用示范工程的具体概况，介绍了雨水处理工艺的设计原则、设计内容，并对该雨水回收利用工程做了经济分析，结果显示，该雨水利用工程具有明显的社会经济效益。     

某超高层写字楼消防给水系统设计简介

介绍了某超高层写字楼消防给水系统设计,并强调了超高层建筑消防给水系统设计应重点考虑系统分区、系统减压、转输水箱和水泵等几个问题,以期确保消防给水安全、可靠。     

A hybrid decision support system for sustainable office building renovation and energy performance improvement

Energy consumption of buildings accounts for around 20-40% of all energy consumed in advanced countries. Over the last decade, more and more global organizations are investing significant resources to create sustainably built environments, emphasizing sustainable building renovation processes to reduce energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. This study develops an integrated decision support system to assess existing office building conditions and to recommend an optimal set of sustainable renovation actions, considering trade-offs between renovation cost, improved building quality, and environmental impacts. A hybrid approach that combines A* graph search algorithm with genetic algorithms (GA) is used to analyze all possible renovation actions and their trade-offs to develop the optimal solution. A two-stage system validation is performed to demonstrate the practical application of the hybrid approach: zero-one goal programming (ZOGP) and genetic algorithms are adopted to validate the effectiveness of the algorithm. A real-world renovation project is introduced to validate differences in energy performance projected for the renovation solution suggested by the system. The results reveal that the proposed hybrid system is more computationally effective than either ZOGP or GA alone. The system's suggested renovation actions would provide substantial energy performance improvements to the real project if implemented.     

某超限高层办公楼结构设计

某超限高层办公楼采用钢管混凝土叠合柱框架-钢筋混凝土核心筒-伸臂桁架结构体系。地处较高烈度区的Ⅳ类场地,存在高度超限、构件间断、承载力突变、局部穿层柱等不规则项,属于超限高层建筑。结构设计过程中进行了小震弹性分析和大震动力弹塑性分析,针对结构的薄弱部位采取了一系列有效的加强措施。采用基于性能的设计方法进行结构抗震设计,可以实现预期的D级抗震性能目标。同时还对框架柱的选型进行了比对分析,对外围框架柱与核心筒的竖向变形进行了施工模拟分析,对加强层伸臂桁架节点进行了有限元分析,分析结果表明:结构安全可靠,满足预设的性能目标。     

某办公建筑空调系统变风量改造

原空调系统能耗高，运行噪声大，人工调节控制，影响正常工作；经过变风量改造后，系统运行稳定可靠，能耗降低约1／2，机组A声级噪声均小于60dB，改造投资在2—3年内即可回收。     

超高层建筑结构体系在我国的应用

通过对我国高层建筑及超高层建筑结构体系发展状况的介绍,指出目前我国高层建筑建设、超高层建筑结构体系一些常见的问题,提出了高层、超高层建筑结构体系未来的发展方向。     

Seismic resilience design of a super high-rise office building

以一栋超高层办公楼为例，介绍了工程结构的抗震性能目标及耗能装置耗能目标，将可恢复功能防震结构的概念从理论应用到实际工程中。在传统抗震结构布置的基础上，根据结构受力特点布置了BRB、软钢连梁、伸臂阻尼及阻尼墙等耗能装置，并进行了多遇地震作用下的弹性分析和罕遇地震、极罕遇地震作用下的弹塑性分析。多遇地震作用下的弹性分析结果表明，结构主要指标均满足规范要求；罕遇地震作用下的弹塑性分析结果表明，可更换构件及黏滞阻尼构件充分耗能，能够有效地控制结构的残余层间位移角及结构的损伤，结构整体具有良好的震后可恢复性能；极罕遇地震作用下的弹塑性分析结果表明，结构可达到“不倒”的性能目标。     

某超高层办公楼结构抗震可恢复性能设计

以一栋超高层办公楼为例,介绍了工程结构的抗震性能目标及耗能装置耗能目标,将可恢复功能防震结构的概念从理论应用到实际工程中。在传统抗震结构布置的基础上,根据结构受力特点布置了BRB、软钢连梁、伸臂阻尼及阻尼墙等耗能装置,并进行了多遇地震作用下的弹性分析和罕遇地震、极罕遇地震作用下的弹塑性分析。多遇地震作用下的弹性分析结果表明,结构主要指标均满足规范要求;罕遇地震作用下的弹塑性分析结果表明,可更换构件及黏滞阻尼构件充分耗能,能够有效地控制结构的残余层间位移角及结构的损伤,结构整体具有良好的震后可恢复性能;极罕遇地震作用下的弹塑性分析结果表明,结构可达到“不倒”的性能目标。