联合生物加工产纤维素乙醇中真菌的开发与应用

联合生物加工（consolidated bioprocessing,CBP）是在单一或组合微生物作用下,将纤维素酶生产、纤维素水解糖化、戊糖和己糖发酵产醇整合于单一步骤的生物加工过程。本文从真菌在CBP产纤维素乙醇中的开发历程着眼,回顾了纤维素乙醇产业化的发展进程,介绍了CBP产纤维素乙醇的作用机理,系统总结了目前国内外文献中报道的CBP底盘真菌的主要种类及优缺点,并综述了CBP真菌的开发策略,包括工程化策略和共培养策略,着重阐述了工程化策略的技术路线和研究进展。指出综合运用先进生物技术和基于代谢分析数据的计算机模拟系统开发CBP目标微生物,设计新型高效的生物反应器以及将CBP技术与现有生物工业整合,是未来将CBP技术应用于纤维素乙醇产业的关键。     

高效降解复合菌系的廉价降解培养基筛选

考察了麸皮、鱼粉、玉米粉、棉籽粉、花生粉、豆粕及尿素对偶氮染料降解复合菌系的生长、产酶及底物降解等方面的影响,从而筛选出最适宜的廉价氮源。研究表明,采用麸皮和鱼粉作为廉价氮源并控制其含氮量的质量比为4∶2时,复合菌系对偶氮染料的降解效果最佳。同时还发现,最佳的廉价培养基(BFS)组合为:麸皮18.76g/L、葡萄糖5.00 g/L、鱼粉3.08 g/L、KH_2PO_4 1.80 g/L、NaH_2PO_4 3.50 g/L、FeCl_3 0.01 g/L、MnSO_4 0.02 g/L、MgSO_4 0.20 g/L、pH 7.2。筛选出的廉价培养基(BFS)成本仅为原蛋白胨染料降解培养基(PDS)成本的8.77%。     

Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of pretreated Antigonum leptopus (Linn) leaves to ethanol

Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreated Antigonum leptopus (Linn) leaves to ethanol was optimized using cellulase from Trichoderma reesei QM‐9414 (Celluclast® from Novo) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae NRRL‐Y‐132 cells. Contrary to the saccharification optima (2.5% w/v substrate concentration, 50 °C, 4.5 pH, 40 FPU cellulase g⁻¹ substrate and 24 h reaction time), the SSF optima was found to be somewhat different (10% w/v substrate, 40 °C, 100 FPU cellulase g⁻¹ substrate and 72 h). Better ethanol yields were obtained with SSF compared with the traditional saccharification and subsequent fermentation (S&F) and when the cellulase was supplemented with β‐glucosidase. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Application of an immobilized microbial consortium for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater: Batch-wise and continuous studies

In the present investigation, a microbial consortium consisting of four bacterial strains was selected for the treatment of pharmaceutical industry wastewater. The consortium was immobilized on a natural support matrix-Luffa and used for the treatment of real-time pharmaceutical wastewater in batch and continuous processes. The batch process was carried out to optimize the culture conditions and monitor the enzymatic activity. An array of enzymes such as alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, monooxygenase, catechol 2,3-dioxygenase and hydroquinol 1,2-dioxygenase were produced by the consortium. The kinetics of the degradation in the batch process was analyzed and it was noted to be a first-order reaction. For the continuous study, an aerobic fixed-film bioreactor (AFFBR) was utilized for a period of 61 days with variable hydraulic retention time (HRT) and organic loading rate (OLR). The immobilized microbes treated the wastewater by reducing the COD, phenolic contaminants and suspended solids. The OLR ranged between (0.56 ± 0.05) kg COD·m^-3 d^-1 to 3.35 kg COD·m^-3·d^-1 and the system achieved an average reduction of 96.8% of COD, 92.6% of phenolic compounds and 95.2% of suspended solids. Kinetics of the continuous process was interpreted by three different models, where the modified Stover Kincannon model and the Grau second-order model proved to be best fit for the degradation reaction with the constant for saturation value, KL being 95.12 g·L^-1·d^-1, the constant for maximum utilization of the substrate U_max being 90.01 g·L^-1 d^-1 and substrate removal constant K_Y was 1.074 d^-1 for both the models. GC-MS analysis confirmed that most of the organic contaminants were degraded into innocuous metabolites.