Study on the uniformity of water film in a transpiring wall reactor for supercritical water oxidation

A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic model of a transpiring wall reactor for supercritical water oxidation has been built to optimize the uniformity of water film. Results show that the temperature and species distributions at the nozzle outlet deviate from the reactor centre. The inner wall of the porous tube near the transpiring water injection tube displays low temperatures, while high temperatures are recorded far from the injection tube. The circumferential temperature distribution on the inner wall of the porous tube is uneven. This phenomenon is due to the uneven injection of the transpiring water, leading to the uneven protection of the water film and local overheating of the porous wall. The injection velocity of the transpiring water significantly decreases when the number of injection tubes is increased, and the circumferential velocity and temperature distributions on the porous wall gradually become even. Moreover, high pressure drops across the porous wall at low porosities are useful for the uniform injection of the transpiring water. This characteristic is also conducive to obtaining a more uniform water film protection.     

CFD simulation of a transpiring‐wall SCWO reactor: Formation and optimization of the water film

A two‐dimensional axisymmetric computational fluid dynamics model of a transpiring wall reactor for supercritical water oxidation was developed using the commercial software Fluent 6.3. Numerical model was validated by comparisons with experimental temperature profiles and product properties (total organic carbon and CO). Compared with the transpiration intensity, the transpiring water temperature was found to have a more significant influence on the reaction zone. An assumption that an ideal corrosion and salt deposition inhibitive water film can be formed when the temperature of the inner surface of the porous tube is less than 374°C was made. It was observed that lowering transpiring water temperature is conducive to the formation of the water film at the expense of feed degradation. The appropriate mass flux ratio between the total transpiring flow and the core flow was determined at 0.05 based on the formation of the water film and feed degradation. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 195–206, 2016     

Study of transpiring fluid dynamics in supercritical water oxidation using a transparent reactor

The transpiring wall reactor (TWR) is considered to be one of the most promising reactors because it minimizes both corrosion and salt precipitation problems that seriously hinder the industrialization of supercritical water oxidation technologies. A transparent reactor is built to study the fluid dynamics of transpiring flow, which are the foundation of reactor design and optimization. The results showed that the transpiring flow is anisotropic with respect to the surface of the transpiring wall due to both the static pressure and viscous resistance. Finally, the novel idea of using air as the transpiring fluid instead of water is presented in an attempt to alleviate current TWR problems such as high energy consumption, high volume of pure water consumption, and temperature fluctuation in the reaction area. A series of experiments and theoretical derivations demonstrate that this novel idea is feasible.     

Analysis of the scale up of a transpiring wall reactor with a hydrothermal flame as a heat source for the supercritical water oxidation

Experimental data from a tubular reactor and from a transpiring wall reactor (TWR) are used to analyze the scaling up of SCWO reactors operating with a hydrothermal flame as a heat source. Results obtained with the tubular reactor show that fluid velocity inside the reactor determines the minimum injection temperature at which a stable hydrothermal flame is formed. When the fluid velocity inside of the reactor is lower, the extinction temperature of the hydrothermal flame in that reactor is also lower. Using this reactor, extinction temperatures are always near or above the critical temperature of water. Total TOC removals are possible working with isopropyl-alcohol at temperatures between 650 and 700 °C and residence times of 0.5 s. Results of the TWR show that steady operation with a hydrothermal flame inside is possible even when reagents are injected at subcritical conditions as low as 170 °C. Temperature measurements show that reaction is not initiated in the injector but in the reaction chamber, where fluid velocity is lower than 0.1 s. This was explained by estimating that the flame front velocity of a hydrothermal flame is of the order of 0.1 m/s. Thus, it is expected that the flame is stabilized in the reaction chamber and not in the injector, where fluid velocities are higher than 2 m/s. A previously developed model of the TWR was modified in order to describe the ignition in the reaction chamber and not in the injector. The model reproduces satisfactorily experimental data and it was used to propose the design of scaled up reactors for SCWO with a hydrothermal flame inside.     

Transpiring wall reactor in supercritical water oxidation

Reactor corrosion and plugging problems have hindered the commercialization of supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) for wastewater purification. The use of transpiring wall reactor (TWR) is an effective means to overcome the above two problems by forming a protective water film on the internal surface of the reactor to aviod contacting corrosive species and precipitated organic salts. This work mainly aims to objectively review experimental investigations and numerical simulation results concerning TWR. Subsequent investigations for parameters optimizations of TWR are also proposed in order to ultimately build effective regulation methods of obtaining excellent water film properties. All this information is very important in guiding the structure design and operation parameters optimization of TWR.     

非平整倾斜表面上流动液膜的影响因素分析

基于流体体积函数法(VOF),分别从液体物性和液相入口流速等因素对非平整倾斜表面上的液膜流动特性进行数值模拟,得出流体黏度的增大可增大液膜厚度并降低液膜整体流动速度,但不影响液膜与壁面之间的相位角;流体表面张力影响液膜与壁面之间的相位差及液膜的均匀性;液相入口雷诺数的增大可以增大液膜厚度,当雷诺数增大到一定程度时,液膜厚度不再有明显的变化,且液膜表面趋于光滑。研究结果表明:液膜的流动形式由液体各项物性和液相入口流速共同决定。     

周期性变截面微通道结构参数对流体流动和传热的影响

周期性变截面微通道扇形凹穴的设计,使通道内流体流动分为等直径流速型和弧形流速型,因此微通道的等直径段和弧形段的长宽度等结构参数对流体流动和传热有重要影响。针对周期性变截面微通道单相液体流动与传热特性,利用计算流体力学(CFD)模拟与分析软件进行了三维数值模拟。模型采用有限体积法离散、SIMPLEX算法进行层流计算。分析结果显示,等直径段和弧形段的长宽度等结构参数对周期性变截面微通道流体流动特性和传热特性有重要影响。在本文的模拟条件下,u=4 m·s^-1时,其最佳结构参数范围为0.151/L₂<2,1.42/W₁<2.1。     

Research progress of supercritical water oxidation based on transpiring wall reactor

超临界水氧化技术的发展面临着腐蚀和盐沉积两大技术难题,采用蒸发壁反应器是解决这两大技术难题最为有效的方法。本文综述了国内外蒸发壁反应器的结构特点和性能,分析了基于蒸发壁反应器的超临界水氧化技术应用过程中仍然存在的问题,如多孔管的性能、物料的预热、系统能量利用及经济性,并提出了相应的解决办法。     

超临界水氧化技术中盐沉积问题的研究进展

超临界水氧化技术在处理高浓度难降解有机废水时具有去除率高、反应速度快、无二次污染等独特的优势,但存在盐沉积引起的反应器堵塞问题。本文针对国内外盐沉积问题研究的技术现状进行系统综述,归纳了盐沉积问题的研究方法,总结了部分盐在超临界水中的溶解度以及沉积和分离特性,阐述了盐沉积理论及从源头控制盐沉积途径,介绍了避免盐沉积引起反应器堵塞的技术方法,并对后续的研究进行了展望。指出盐沉积问题的解决还需进一步研究盐形成和沉积机理,建立不同盐类混合物的相图,研究盐沉积动力学和多组分系统的相行为,考察多组分盐之间的相互作用机制。这些信息有利于研究人员掌握超临界水氧化技术中盐沉积问题的基础知识和发展方向,有助于在实际工程应用中指导反应器结构设计和优化运行条件。     

Oxidative dimerisation of methane on a supported Pd-Ag catalyst using a diffusion controlled ceramic wall reactor

Supported palladium-silver oxides were used as catalysts for the partial oxidation of methane by molecular oxygen in a tubular reactor with ceramic wall separation. The ceramic wall controls the O₂ supply in the catalyst bed. The results indicate that the reactor configuration can play an important role in methane oxidation. C₂H₆, C₂H₄, CO₂ and H₂O were obtained at temperatures less than 300 °C. At this temperature any contribution from homogeneous gas phase reaction can be ruled out.     

Design of novel plasma reactor for diamond film deposition

Development of microwave plasma reactors is a key factor for improving microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) techniques for producing high quality diamond films. In this paper, a new microwave plasma reactor operated at 2.45 GHz was proposed on the basis of numerical simulation. The Finite Element Method (FEM) was used to optimize the geometry, and the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method was employed to calculate the electric field and the plasma density. The proposed reactor works mainly at the TM₀₂₁ mode, and it has an excellent power handing capability. Preliminary experiment showed that high density hemispherical plasma could be ignited inside the reactor, and uniform diamond film could be deposited on substrates at high input microwave power.     

国产双膜磺化反应器的改进及应用

介绍了国内自主开发的第一台双膜磺化反应器结构特点以及在长期使用过程中反映出的问题;重点阐述了近年来针对有机原料分布结构、SO3气体分布结构和确保内外膜同心度结构等问题,进行的试验研究及改进设计;还详细介绍了反应器制造过程中的工艺研究和改进。最后,对反应器改进前后的性能和磺化产品的质量进行了对比。     

电解液参数对铝合金微弧氧化膜层质量的影响

研究了在Na2S iO3系电解液中电解质浓度和添加剂浓度对铝合金微弧氧化膜层厚度和硬度的影响。结果表明:在本工艺条件下,膜层厚度随着电解质浓度的升高而增加,但硬度是先增加后减小;加入添加剂以后,膜层的厚度、硬度及手感细腻程度和均匀性都有明显提高。     

超临界水氧化技术研究及进展

介绍了超临界水的特性 ,并对超临界水氧化技术的研究及应用进行了综述 ,提出了超临界水氧化技术的工程应用开发中存在的问题     

可调控型气膜润滑密封静压结构参数优化

鉴于可调控型气膜润滑密封(R-GLS)静压效应对密封性能的重要影响,开展该种密封端面静压结构的研究。基于气体润滑理论,采用有限元法求解了R-GLS端面间气膜的雷诺方程,研究了不同转速条件下静压结构对平衡膜厚、气膜刚度、泄漏率和摩擦功耗等密封性能的影响规律,并开展了该种密封静压结构的优化分析。对比了相同工况下静压式、泵出式和泵入式3种R-GLS的密封性能。结果表明:当节流孔直径0.05 mm< d <0.2 mm,量纲1均压槽深度0.005< H <0.015,量纲1均压槽宽度0.02< W <0.05时,R-GLS能获得较佳的密封性、气膜稳定性和较低的摩擦损耗;当量纲1节流孔位置0.3< R <0.6时能获得较大的工作间隙和较优的密封性,0.1< R <0.3或0.55< R <0.7时能获得较好的气膜稳定性;泵出式密封能在保持较大平衡膜厚、优秀气膜刚度的同时兼具较低的泄漏率;泵入式密封可以实现调控气向外零泄漏。     

一种间歇式超临界水氧化反应装置改进的探讨

在分析间歇式超临界水氧化反应装置常见操作方式的基础上,以节省设备固定投资、便易实验过程数据采集为目的,改进了间歇式超临界水氧化反应装置,设计的间歇装置能够通过双阀采样系统实现反应过程中的微量采样,且一台高压泵实现向反应釜加液、充气的功能。改进的间歇式装置降低了设备的固定投资,减小了实验成本。     

超临界水的性质及氧化反应原理

介绍了超临界水的性质及其氧化分解有机废物的反应原理,并对超临界水氧化法进行了评价分析,指出了其广阔的应用前景.     

Experimental studies of nitrobenzene hydrogenation in a microstructured falling film reactor

Nitrobenzene hydrogenation over palladium catalyst was performed in a microstructured falling film reactor at a range of flowrates (0.5-3 ml/min) and pressure (1-6 bar). Confocal microscopy was used to measure liquid film thickness. Comparison with film thickness prediction equations showed an overprediction of 10-30%. The k_La of this system was estimated to be 3-8 s⁻¹ with interfacial surface area per reaction volume 9000-15000 m²/m³. Conversion was found to be affected by both liquid flowrate and hydrogen pressure, and the reactor operated between the kinetic and mass transfer controlled regimes.