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1.
Lamellar membranes, especially assembled by microporous framework nanosheets, have excited interest for fast molecular permeation. However, the underlying molecular dissolution behaviors on membrane surface, especially at pore entrances, remain unclear. Here, hierarchical metal–organic framework (MOF) lamellar membranes with 7 nm-thick surface layer and 553 nm-thick support layer are prepared. Hydrophilic (–NH2) or hydrophobic (–CH3) groups are decorated at pore entrances on surface layer to manipulate wettability, while –CH3 groups on support layer provide comparable, low-resistance paths. We demonstrate that molecular dissolution behaviors are determined by molecule–molecule and molecule–pore interactions, derived from intrinsic parameters of molecule and membrane. Importantly, two dissolution model equations are established: for hydrophobic membrane surface, dissolution activation energy (ES) obeys ES = Kmln[(γL-γC)μd2], while turns to ES=Kaln[(γL-γC)δeμd2] for hydrophilic one. Particularly, hydrophilic pore entrances exert strong interaction with polar molecules, thus compensating the energy consumed by molecule rearrangement, giving fast permeation (>270 L m−2 h−1 bar−1).  相似文献   

2.
袁金斗  王彦博  胡涵  余雄江  徐进良 《化工学报》2018,69(10):4156-4166
利用丝网烧结和聚四氟乙烯溶液(Teflon)浸渍法,在铜表面上制备了亲疏水匹配的结构,即在疏水四氟涂层上有阵列排布的椭圆亲水点,仅有四氟涂层的全疏水表面和不作修饰的全亲水铜表面作为对照,考察了以这三种表面为底部换热区域的矩形微小通道(水力直径1.5 mm)的换热特性和流动特性。实验的通道内蒸汽质量流速为10~60 kg·m-2·s-1,干度为0.3~1,亲疏水匹配表面与亲水表面相比,蒸汽冷凝传热系数(HTC)最高增加了454.6%,与全疏水表面相比,传热系数最高增加了107.3%,利用高速相机拍摄可视化照片,观察了通道内气液两相,尤其是表面液滴成核、聚并、冲刷的周期运动过程,解释了亲疏水匹配表面强化传热的机理。  相似文献   

3.
将城市污水二级出水中溶解性有机物分为强疏水性、弱疏水性和亲水性组分,研究其对超滤膜的污染。测定结果表明,二级出水中有机物对膜污染影响程度顺序为:强疏水性有机物>亲水性有机物>弱疏水性有机物。究其原因:(1)膜污染与有机物分子量大小有关,膜选择性地截留强疏水性有机物主要是这类有机物分子量较大所致。(2)从三维荧光光谱图上看,3个组分中均含有腐殖酸类荧光峰,说明腐殖酸类物质对膜通量的衰减贡献最大。(3)强疏水性组分中所含有机物最为复杂,荧光峰最为明显,由此可见膜污染的程度不仅与组分中所含有机物的种类有关,而且与其含量有关。此外,膜被有机物污染的程度与膜对有机物的去除率有着密切的关系。总荧光强度(FLU)可作为总有机物含量的一种指标来反映有机物被膜截留的情况。  相似文献   

4.
马永恒  董秉直 《净水技术》2011,30(5):19-27,71
该文通过混凝+沉淀+超滤联用工艺中试试验,探讨中试规模超滤膜对于原水中有机物亲水/疏水性组分、不同分子量的分布以及有机物属性的去除规律.试验得出,极性亲水性组分和中性亲水性组分经膜过滤DOC浓度下降明显,最容易被膜截留,造成膜通量下降.同时,在混凝沉淀阶段,可以有效去除6 000~1 000 Daltons范围的较大分...  相似文献   

5.
摘要:在对比甲醇与乙酸浮选分离丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯塑料(ABS)和高抗冲聚苯乙烯(PS-HI)的基础上,研究了乙酸、氢氧化钠、盐酸调节单宁酸-松油醇-水体系的pH值对ABS和PS-HI浮选的影响,并通过测量接触角对吸附机理进行了分析。实验结果表明,pH值会改变废旧ABS,PS-HI的亲/疏水性;要达到最佳分离效率,最适pH值在酸性范围内;不同pH调节剂对ABS,PS-HI的亲/疏水性影响不同,用乙酸调节pH值时PS-HI的疏水性变化较小,最适pH值为3~4;用盐酸调节pH值时ABS的亲水性基本保持不变,最适pH值为4~5.5。吸附机理表明,H+在单宁酸和塑料之间起桥梁作用,且H+对ABS的抑制性更强。  相似文献   

6.
通过创新性地利用纳米材料的粗糙度,有效发挥无机和有机材料的协同效应,研制出亲水和疏水两种类型的纳米防护液,可用于幕墙、涂料、石材、水泥、混凝土、建筑涂料、金属等表面,起到耐污染、易清洁的作用,同时还具有杀菌、防霉、防腐等效果。  相似文献   

7.
气体扩散层(GDL)作为控制质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)水气传输的核心部件,对PEMFC的性能具有重要影响。将碳纤维纸(CP)浸渍聚四氟乙烯(?PTFE)乳液后,通过模具夹持进行干燥,得到了亲疏水交替的CP,并通过微孔层(MPL)涂敷工艺制备了基底层亲疏水交替的GDL,以期提高PEMFC性能。通过SEM、EDS、接触角、垂直平面(TP)电阻率、垂直平面(TP)透气率和电化学性能等测试对基底层亲疏水交替GDL的结构与性能进行了分析。结果表明:浸渍PTFE乳液的CP经模具夹持干燥后,形成条纹状亲水区和疏水区。将基底层亲疏水交替的GDL组装成单电池,在2 A/cm2电流密度(简称电密)下的电压为0.47 V,功率密度为948 mW/cm2;相同条件下,采用基底层无差别疏水处理的GDL组装成单电池,其电压为0.44 V,功率密度为884 mW/cm2,与基底层无差别疏水处理的GDL相比,电压及功率密度分别提高了6.82%和7.24%。  相似文献   

8.
随着航空飞机和航天器不断向高性能发展,热控制系统的紧凑性和散热效率亟需提高。泡沫金属具有超大的比表面积和高热导率,在航空航天热控制领域具有良好的应用前景。对亲水性和疏水改性泡沫金属内的池沸腾换热特性进行了试验研究,并与未改性泡沫金属进行对比,得出了亲疏水性对不同孔密度和孔隙率泡沫金属池沸腾换热特性的影响规律。测试样件为泡沫铜,孔密度为5、20和40 PPI,孔隙率为85%和95%。结果表明,疏水改性可使泡沫金属内池沸腾的起始过热度降低20%~30%;疏水改性泡沫金属和亲水改性泡沫金属分别在低热通量(q<4×105 W/m2)和高热通量(q≥4×105 W/m2)条件下具有最佳的沸腾换热性能;表面改性对于低孔隙率泡沫金属内池沸腾强化换热效果更加显著,且亲水改性的强化效果优于疏水改性。  相似文献   

9.
宋立超  秦妍  李维仲 《化工学报》2020,71(12):5521-5529
研究了在冷面温度Tw=-10℃和-30℃,环境相对湿度RH=60%和80%,3种润湿性表面在不同磁场强度下的结霜规律。通过可视化观测和图像二值化处理计算,分析了磁场强度和表面接触角对霜晶形态、水珠粒径、结晶时间、液滴和霜晶覆盖率、霜层厚度和密度的影响。结果表明:磁场作用下,疏水性表面水珠粒径减小40%左右,结晶时间延长500 s以上,凝结水珠分布更加稀疏;结霜厚度和密度随着磁场强度和接触角的增大而减小;随着冷面温度的降低和相对湿度的增大,表面特性和外加磁场对结霜过程的影响降低。  相似文献   

10.
    
Collagen and its denatured form, gelatin, have been extensively used as scaffolds for tissue engineering and tissue repair applications. Denaturation temperature, commonly measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), for biomaterial applications is a significant physical property that will determine the stability of a potential implant at body temperature. In order to imitate a clinical setting, DSC should be run under fully hydrated conditions. We show here that for hydrophobic polymers such as poly(ε‐caprolactone) and chitosan there is no significant difference between dry and wet DSC operation (p > 0.05). In contrast, for hydrophilic polymers such as collagen, gelatin, poly(ethylene glycol) (40 kDa) and poly(ethylene oxide) (900 kDa) significant differences occur between measurements in the dry and the wet state (p < 0.0011). Moreover, we demonstrate that only when wet DSC is carried out are we able to separate the unique crystalline structure of collagen from its randomly coiled heat‐denatured by‐product gelatin (p < 0.0005). We therefore recommend running DSC under fully hydrated conditions when the function and properties of a biomaterial are under investigation. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

11.
    
SONG Lichao  QIN Yan  LI Weizhong 《化工学报》2021,71(12):5521-5529
The frosting laws of three kinds of wettable surfaces under different magnetic field strengths were studied under cold surface temperature Tw=-10℃ and -30℃, environmental relative humidity RH=60% and 80%. Through visual observation method,image binarization is processed and calculated,the effect of frost morphology,water droplets diameter,water droplets crystallization time,water droplets coverage,frost crystal coverage,frost layer thickness and frost density under the different magnetic field intensity and surface contact angle are well explained. The results showed that adding magnetic field in combination with hydrophobic surface,the diameter of water droplets decreases by about 40%, and the crystallization time is prolonged by more than 500 s,the distribution of condensate droplets is more sparse. Frost thickness and frost density decrease as the increase of magnetic field strength and surface contact angle,providing possibility of restrain the frosting effectively. As the temperature of the cold surface decreases and the relative humidity increases, the influence of the surface properties and the external magnetic field on the frosting process decreases.  相似文献   

12.
贾巍  高启君  吕晓龙  陈华艳  王暄  董畅 《化工学报》2018,69(7):2935-2943
针对塑料换热管热导率低的问题,采用非溶剂致相分离法(NIPS),通过控制铸膜液中磺化聚醚砜(SPES)添加量,制备出具有致密层/非致密层复合结构,外表面接触角分别为49.8°、78.1°的中空纤维表面亲水(PVDF/SPES)、表面疏水(PVDF)换热管,在非致密层内填充水,从而提高换热管导热性能。将单根的表面亲水、疏水换热管编织,在列管式塑料换热器壳程,利用两根换热管的外表面,构建蒸汽冷凝用亲/疏水组合表面,研究该表面上蒸汽冷凝传热强化效果。研究表明,较熔融拉伸法制备的致密PVDF换热管疏水表面,NIPS法制备的亲水表面、疏水表面及亲/疏水组合表面上的蒸汽冷凝总传热系数分别提高46.6%、56.5%、99.7%。可见,较单一的亲水或疏水表面而言,亲/疏水组合表面能够显著强化蒸汽冷凝传热性能。  相似文献   

13.
Experimental and theoretical approaches based on a mathematical model, have been developed to study the evolution of environmental parameters (temperature, total pressure, relative humidity, and water vapor partial pressure) inside a housing of an electronic device with a window containing a macroporous membrane. The model was based on the coupling of mass and heat transfer taking into account the effects of polarization of concentration in boundary layers. Membranes have been characterized by mercury porosimetry, liquid entry pressure measurements, scanning electron microscopy, and gas permeation. Once the model was experimentally validated, it was applied to investigate the influence of membranes on heat and mass transfer and to study the impact of the boundary layers on the global mass transport. The results demonstrated the importance of the membrane choice and dimensions to get the best temperature regulation and avoid water condensation inside an automotive electronic control unit (ECU). © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009  相似文献   

14.
    
The permeation behaviors of permeants were investigated in the pervaporation of a homologous series of alcohol aqueous mixtures through a hydrophilic poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). The PVA membrane was crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. A homologous series of alcohols used in this study were methanol, ethanol, 1‐propanol, and 1‐butanol. The pervaporation experiments were carried out with feed having 70–97 wt % of alcohol contents and at various feed temperatures. In a high alcohol content above 92 wt %, the permeation rate was increased in the order of the interaction strength between alcohol and water in the feed. However, in a low alcohol content below 90 wt %, the tendency of the permeation rate was found to be the opposite, indicating that the interactions between permeant constituents play an important role in determining the permeation and separation of the mixtures. These observations were discussed in terms of changes in the interaction between the permeant/permeant or the permeant/membrane in varying feed compositions and feed temperatures. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 703–713, 2001  相似文献   

15.
恒热流条件下亲疏水表面液滴蒸发特性   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
高明  孔鹏  章立新 《化工学报》2018,69(7):2979-2984
以恒热流方式结合高速摄影技术同步观察记录3 μl的小液滴在不同亲疏水表面的蒸发过程。通过一系列的对比实验观察记录了不同亲疏水表面液滴蒸发时接触角、接触直径、蒸发时间等的动态特性。从实验分析中可以看出亲水表面液滴蒸发速率比疏水表面上液滴蒸发速率快,并且随着热通量的增大,液滴蒸发速率增大。在恒热流条件下亲疏水表面液滴蒸发以CCR模式为主,在蒸发后期呈现混合蒸发模式,全程未出现CCA模式。  相似文献   

16.
    
Oxygen mass transfer in a membrane blood oxygenator (MBO) surrogate system has been addressed in this work. It consists of a slit for water circulation as a surrogate blood flow channel and a constant pressure oxygen chamber separated by an integral asymmetric hemocompatible polyurethane‐based membrane. The oxygenated stream enters a well‐mixed reservoir of constant volume, V, for the oxygen average concentration, , measurement as a function of time, t. In a range of short times, the linearity of vs. t allows the direct determination of the permeation fluxes , with no recourse to dimensionless correlations for the determination of mass‐transfer coefficients. The experimental fluxes are in very good agreement with the predictions based in unidimensional axial convection and unidimensional transversal diffusion. This custom‐made benchmark system allows the optimization of the flow and oxygen mass transfer for the design of a novel flat‐sheet MBO. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 3756–3763, 2018  相似文献   

17.
研究了气体膜分离与溶剂吸收相结合的分离技术.以NaOH水溶液为吸收剂,在中空纤维膜组件中实现二氧化硫气体的选择性吸收.研究了在三种不同结构的疏水性聚丙烯中空纤维膜组件中,吸收剂浓度、液速、气速、气液两相在膜组件内的流程、膜结构等对分离过程的影响;根据膜结构的实际参数确定了多孔膜的曲率因子,总传质系数的计算值与实验值相符.  相似文献   

18.
    
In the present study, a novel hydrophobic/hydrophilic polystyrene/polyamide interpenetrating polymer network (PS/PAM IPN) was synthesized and its molecular structure was characterized by Fourier transform infrared ray (FT‐IR) spectrum, chemical analysis, swelling test, and N2 adsorption‐desorption experiment. The obtained PS/PAM IPN was employed as a polymeric adsorbent to adsorb quercetin from aqueous solution, and the adsorption thermodynamics were calculated according to thermodynamic equations. It was found that no chemical bond was formed between PS and PAM and PS/PAM IPN held characters of amphiphilic polymer network (APN). The adsorption isotherms could be well fitted by Freundlich isotherm, and the adsorption was shown to be an exothermic, spontaneous, and more ordered process. The total adsorption capacity from the column adsorption experiment was measured to be 8.6 mg/mL wet resin, and the adsorbed quercetin on PS/PAM IPN could be easily desorbed by 10% of hydrochloric acid‐ethanol. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010  相似文献   

19.
铬矿在CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3渣系中的熔解行为   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
研究了形状一定的致密铬矿在CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3渣系中的熔解行为,系统考察了不同渣系组成对铬矿在渣中熔解量及熔解速度的影响,结合实验现象讨论了铬矿在渣中的熔解机理. 研究结果表明,在本实验条件下,炉渣碱度在0.8~1.5范围内,随渣碱度降低,铬矿熔解量及熔解速度均增大;铬矿熔解量和熔解速度随着Al2O3和MgO质量分数,尤其是Al2O3质量分数增大而减小,在炉渣中添加CaF2可明显加快铬矿熔解速度.  相似文献   

20.
    
Polymer‐supported quaternary ammonium salts were prepared, and their applications as phase‐transfer catalysts in aqueous organic systems were investigated. The polymer‐bound phase‐transfer catalysts were prepared with polystyrene resins crosslinked with the bifunctional monomers divinylbenzene and 1,4‐butanediol dimethacrylate. The polymers were functionalized with chloromethyl groups and quaternized with trialkylamines having different alkyl chains. The obtained phase‐transfer catalysts were characterized with IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The thermal stability was also determined by the thermogravimetric method. The catalytic properties of the phase‐transfer catalysts were studied in halogen‐exchange reactions. The effects of the nature and extent of crosslinking of the polymer support, the alkyl groups of the trialkylamine, and the reaction conditions were investigated. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2009  相似文献   

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