3,7-二硝亚氨基-2,4,6,8-四氮杂双环[3.3.0]辛烷的结构和性能（英文）

用TG-DTG-DSC方法研究富氮含能化合物3,7-二硝亚氨基-2,4,6,8-四氮杂双环[3.3.0]辛烷的热性能,用量子化学方法研究其电子结构及爆轰性能。结果表明,3,7-二硝亚氨基-2,4,6,8-四氮杂双环[3.3.0]辛烷热分解是一个二阶段过程,在320℃左右有一个剧烈的放热峰。其热分解活化能和指前因子分别为225.80 k J·mol-1和1017.71s-1。考虑到其热爆炸临界温度为600.25 K,活化熵为80.18 J·mol-1·k-1,活化焓为220.92 k J·mol-1,吉布斯自由能为173.87 k J·mol-1。利用K-J公式得到其爆速为8.70km·s-1,爆压为34.34 GPa,表明3,7-二硝亚氨基-2,4,6,8-四氮杂双环[3.3.0]辛烷可用作潜在的高能、稳定的含能材料的候选物。     

多硝基3,3,7,7-四（三氟甲基）-2,4,6,8-四氮杂双环[3.3.0]辛烷的合成与性能

为了探索三氟甲基对含能材料性能的影响,以偕二氨基六氟丙烷和乙二醛为原料构建了氮杂稠环类含能材料的硝化前体——3,3,7,7-四(三氟甲基)-2,4,6,8-四氮杂双环[3.3.0]辛烷,通过改进的合成路线,用发烟硝酸多步硝化分别得到2,6-二硝基-3,3,7,7-四(三氟甲基)-2,4,6,8-四氮杂双环[3.3.0]辛烷(4)、2,4,6-三硝基-3,3,7,7-四(三氟甲基)-2,4,6,8-四氮杂双环[3.3.0]辛烷(5)和2,4,6,8-四硝基6-3,3,7,7-四(三氟甲基)-2,4,6,8-四氮杂双环[3.3.0]辛烷(6)。利用核磁共振氢谱、碳谱和氮谱表征了产物结构;采用排惰性气体法测试了三种硝化产物的密度,其中6的密度最大,高达2.08 g·cm~(-3);分别用落锤升降法和BAM法测得三种产物的撞击感度均大于30 J、摩擦感度均大于360 N;热重-微商热重(TG-DTG)分析发现三种产物的质量损失均大于90%,其热稳定性随硝基的增加而下降;利用Gaussian 09计算包,通过Monte-Carlo统计学方法以及Kamlet-Jacbos方程和VLW爆轰产物状态方程等理论模型预估了产物的爆速、爆压,其中化合物6的爆速为1 1937 m·s~(-1),爆压为74.3 GPa。与四硝基甘脲(TNGU)的性能及感度对比发现,在含能材料的分子结构中引入具有更高密度和更大电负性的三氟甲基,可在维持较高密度和良好爆轰性能的同时降低感度。     

3,3′-二硝胺基-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱基含能离子盐的合成及性能（英）

以3,3′-二胺基-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱(AOF)为原料,经纯硝酸硝化得到3,3′-二硝胺基-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱(NOF)。通过复分解反应与多氮阳离子(碳酰肼(CBH)、氨基胍(AG))结合得到了两种新的含能离子盐—3,3′-二硝胺基-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱碳酰肼盐(NOF-CBH)和3,3′-二硝胺基-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱氨基胍盐(NOF-AG)。通过¹H NMR、¹³C NMR、IR及元素分析表征了化合物的结构。用TG-DTG研究了化合物的热行为。采用量子化学方法对比研究了NOF及其阴离子NOF^2-的几何构型。预估了化合物的爆轰性能。结果表明,NOF-CBH和NOF-AG的初始分解温度分别为144.9,151.6 ℃,高于NOF的90 ℃。NOF-CBH和NOF-AG的标准摩尔生成焓分别为515.86 kJ·mol^-1和815.96 kJ·mol^-1,密度分别为1.82 g·cm^-3和1.75 g·cm^-3,理论爆速均大于8500 m·s^-1。     

氮-氨基多硝基二唑的理论研究（英）

采用密度泛函理论 B3LYP方法,在aug-cc-pVDZ的水平上,对6种N-氨基多硝基二唑化合物的电子结构、能隙及感度进行了理论研究。运用Politzer的方法得到了6种化合物的固相生成热和密度;采用键离解能预估了化合物的热稳定性,其离解能为238.94~283.95 kJ·mol^-1; 运用Kamlet-Jacob方程对其爆轰性能进行了预测。结果表明: 1-氨基-3,4,5-三硝基吡唑(8.99 km·s^-1, 36.12 GPa)和1-氨基-2,4,5-三硝基咪唑(8.92 km·s^-1, 35.56 GPa)的爆轰性能与环三亚甲基三硝胺(RDX, 8.75 km·s^-1, 34.7 GPa)及环四亚甲基四硝胺(HMX, 9.1 km·s^-1, 39.00 GPa)相当。综合热稳定性和爆轰性能,认为1-氨基-3,4,5-三硝基吡唑和1-氨基-2,4,5-三硝基咪唑是潜在的高能量密度材料。     

2,6-二硝基-3,7-二硝亚胺基-2,4,6,8-四氮杂双环[3.3.0]辛烷的合成及性能

以二硝基甘胍为原料,乙酸酐为酰化试剂,经酰化及硝化反应得到一种新型高能量密度化合物2,6-二硝基-3,7-二硝亚胺基-2,4,6,8-四氮杂双环[3.3.0]辛烷(四硝基甘胍,TNGG),并对其结构进行了表征。研究了影响TNGG产率的因素,并通过热重分析-差示扫描量热分析(TG-DSC)研究了其热分解行为,基于密度并结合等键反应及Kamlet-Jacobs公式计算得到该化合物的爆轰性能。结果表明,在反应时间为15 min,温度为25℃,98%发烟硝酸/P_2O_5硝化体系下,TNGG的产率最高,为31.3%。该化合物热分解过程在700℃内完成,整个过程失重约为100%,热分解峰温为182.6℃,热稳定性较好。理论计算结果表明,TNGG水解稳定性优于四硝基甘脲(TNGU)。TNGG的理论爆速为9.76 km·s~(-1),爆压为44.0 GPa,优于RDX和HMX。     

5-叠氮基-1,2,4-三唑-5-乙酸(ATAA)的合成及热性能（英）

以5-氨基-1,2,4三唑基-5-乙酸(1)为原料,经Sandmeyer反应得到一种新型叠氮三唑类化合物5-叠氮基-1,2,4-三唑-5-乙酸(ATAA)。通过¹H NMR、¹³C NMR、IR及元素分析等手段对化合物结构进行表征。TG及DSC的研究表明,ATAA的热行为包括结晶水脱除、熔化及热分解三个过程,每个过程所对应的峰值温度分别为85.6,168.0 ℃和177.9 ℃。基于ATAA设计出一种新型多硝基含能化合物——5-叠氮基-3-硝仿基-1,2,4-三唑(2),并对其爆轰性能进行预估。结果表明其标准生成焓、理论密度及理论爆速分别为449.62 kJ·mol^-1、1.91 g·cm^-3和9096 m·s^-1,整体性能与HMX相当。     

两种新型环保含能离子盐: IMI·TNR和4-AT·TNR的制备和热性能（英）

制备了两种含能离子盐IMI·TNR和4-AT·TNR(IMI=咪唑,4-AT=4-氨基-1,2,4-三唑,TNR=2,4,6-三硝基间苯二酚)。采用IR、元素分析和X射线单晶衍射确定了晶体结构。用差示扫描量热法(DSC)和热重分析(TG),分析了热分解机理。基于DSC的结果,采用Kissinger法和 Ozawa法获得非等温反应的动力学参数。测定了两种离子盐的撞击感度、摩擦感度和火焰感度。结果表明,IMI·TNR为单斜晶系,空间群为P2₁/c,晶体密度为1.779 g·cm^-3,分解温度为223.4 ℃;4-AT·TNR为三斜晶系,空间群为P-1,晶体密度为1.772 g·cm^-3,分解温度为259.8 ℃。它们的T_b、ΔS^≠、ΔH^≠和ΔG^≠值分别为222.4 ℃,-213.06 J·K^-1·mol^-1,302.89 kJ·mol^-1和407.10 kJ·mol^-1(IMI·TNR)和257.3 ℃,-221.31 J·K^-1·mol^-1,129.66 kJ·mol^-1和243.24 kJ·mol^-1(4-AT·TNR)。它们对冲击、摩擦和火焰的刺激不敏感。     

3，5，7-三氨基-［1，2，4］三唑并［4，3-a］［1，3，5］三嗪五唑盐的合成与性能

以五唑银为原料与3,5,7-三氨基-［1,2,4］三唑并［4,3-a］［1,3,5］三嗪盐酸盐通过复分解反应合成了一种新型非金属五唑盐——3,5,7-三氨基-［1,2,4］三唑并［4,3-a］［1,3,5］三嗪五唑盐（4）。通过X-射线单晶衍射、红外光谱（IR）、元素分析（EA）、核磁共振（NMR）对合成的新型五唑盐进行了结构表征,并采用热重分析（TG）和差示扫描量热分析（DSC）测试其热分解行为。使用原子化法计算了化合物4的生成焓,使用EXPLO5预测了爆轰性能,并采用BAM方法测试其撞击感度和摩擦感度。测试结果显示,化合物4的晶体密度为1.644 g·cm^-3,属单斜晶系,P2₁/n空间群,氮含量77%,热分解温度113.8 ℃,生成焓491.5 kJ·mol^-1,爆速7913 m·s^-1,爆压19.6 GPa,撞击感度>40 J,摩擦感度>360 N。     

高强度CL-20/HTPE基微尺度传爆药的打印成型及性能表征

为了研制出力学性能优异的微机电系统（MEMS）火工品用微尺度传爆药,以六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷（CL-20）为主体炸药,以端羟基聚醚（HTPE）/硝化纤维素（NC）为复合黏结体系,以乙酸乙酯为共溶剂,加入一定量的甲苯二异氰酸酯（TDI）设计出一种全溶式炸药油墨,利用喷墨打印技术实现了高精度装药成型,利用异氰酸根与羟基的交联反应实现了微装药力学性能增强。采用电子密度仪、扫描电子显微镜、差示扫描量热仪、X射线衍射仪、纳米压痕仪分别对打印样品的密度、微观形貌、热安定性、炸药晶型和力学性能进行了表征。结果表明,打印样品实测密度为1.70 g·cm^-3,可达最大理论密度的88.54%,打印样品中CL-20由ε晶型转变为β晶型,其热分解表观活化能为173.00 kJ·mol^-1,比原料CL-20提升了13.17 kJ·mol^-1。打印样品弹性模量可高达10.47 GPa,硬度为0.22 GPa,展现了良好的力学性能。喷墨打印装药具有良好的传爆能力,临界爆轰尺寸和爆速分别为1 mm×0.18 mm和8054 m·s^-1。     

铵离子对3,7-二硝基-1,3,5,7-四氮杂双环[3.3.1]壬烷(DPT)硝解反应影响（英）

基于3,7-二硝基-1,3,5,7-四氮杂双环[3.3.1]壬烷(DPT)在HNO₃-NH₄NO₃及HNO₃中两种硝解机理,分别通过实验和理论计算方法对NH+4 在DPT硝解反应中的作用进行了研究。将三种不同的铵盐 (NH₄)₂HPO₄,(NH₄)₂SO₄和CH₃COONH₄添加到硝解体系中,考察了NH+4 对HMX产率的影响。结果表明,与NH₄NO₃的作用相似,以上三种铵盐可提高HMX产率,提高率分别为41.5%、37.4%和20.7%。在不同的HNO₃-铵盐体系中,当NH+4 与DPT的摩尔比接近10时,HMX的产率均达到最大值,分别为56.3%、52.2%和35.5%。对比了HNO₃-铵盐和HNO₃-硝酸盐体系中DPT硝解反应的结果,发现NH+4 对HMX产率的提高起主导作用。采用密度泛函理论(DFT)对NH+4 在DPT硝解反应过程中的作用机理进行了理论解释,得出HNO₃/NH+4 体系中DPT硝解反应的活化能为133.95 kJ·mol^-1,低于HNO₃体系中的376.73 kJ·mol^-1。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.     

Experimental Research on Output Performances of Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator

The paper introduces the performances of magnetostrictive actuators and its applications, discusses the design methods for the structure and internal magnetic circuit of a giant magnetostrictive actuator, and makes tests on the output displacement and force characteristics for an actuator using homemade magnetostrictive material. The experimental result shows that the actuator has satisfactory output precisions and ranges in transient and stable states, and can be used in lowfrequency vibration control system of precise equipment.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.