甲醇为碳源时C/N对反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐积累的影响

如何获得稳定的NO2--N作为厌氧氨氧化细菌的电子受体是城镇污水通过厌氧氨氧化途径脱氮的瓶颈问题。为此考虑利用反硝化途径获取稳定的NO2--N。以甲醇为碳源,采用小试装置的SBR反应器,通过控制进水C/N(COD与NO3--N质量浓度比)的策略,研究了反硝化过程中的NO2--N积累的状况。试验结果表明以甲醇为碳源且投加量不足时(C/N3.2),反硝化过程中和反硝化结束后会产生稳定的NO2--N积累;在C/N不足的前提下,NO2--N积累量随甲醇投加量的增加而增加;进水C/N为2.4～3.2时,可获得约25%的NO2--N积累率;进水C/N为0.8时,NO2--N积累率仅为5.6%;C/N1时,NO2--N与NO3--N的还原速率随着COD浓度的增加而增加;C/N≥1时,COD浓度不再影响NO2--N与NO3--N的还原速率。     

生物滤池处理硝酸盐微污染地表水的效能研究

采用轻质陶粒作为生物滤池滤料处理硝酸盐微污染地表水,研究了反硝化生物滤池间歇接种挂膜法的启动速度和效果、m(C)/m(N)(m(COD)/m(NO3--N))、水力负荷和硝酸盐氮负荷对系统反硝化效能的影响。结果表明,生物滤池可以作为处理硝酸盐微污染地表水的有效手段,当外加甲醇为碳源,水温大于20℃、m(C)/m(N)>5、水力负荷为1.43m3/(m.2h)、系统NO3--N去除率可接近100%;当水温为(14±1)℃,将水力负荷提高到2.87 m3/(m2.h),系统NO3--N去除率能达到90%,NO2--N积累低于0.6 mg/L,系统对水力负荷变化显示出较强的适应性;当水温为(30±1)℃、m(C)/m(N)=6:1,随着NO3--N负荷增加时,3组试验的NO3--N去除率相近,且系统反硝化反应遵循1级反应动力学规律。     

碳源对反硝化颗粒污泥稳定性的影响

分别以甲醇、葡萄糖、甲醇-葡萄糖(1∶1)为碳源进行反硝化颗粒污泥的培养试验。结果表明:以甲醇为碳源时,当NO3--N负荷提高到6 g/(L·d),污泥上浮、流失;以甲醇+葡萄糖为碳源时,当NO3--N负荷提高到6 g/(L.d),污泥发白,结构松软,出现上浮;以葡萄糖为碳源时,当NO3--N负荷提高到6 g/(L.d),反应器内颗粒粒径分布均匀,运行稳定。分析认为,低生长速率碳源有利于颗粒污泥生长密实,有利于系统稳定运行。     

COD/NO3--N对厌氧同时反硝化产甲烷的影响

采用间歇试验,以葡萄糖为碳源,加入不同量硝酸盐的人工配水进行不同m(COD)/m(NO3--N)下厌氧同时反硝化产甲烷研究。当m(COD)/m(NO3--N)≥7时,发生厌氧同时反硝化产甲烷反应;而m(COD)/m(NO3--N)=3或5时,反硝化不完全,未发生产甲烷过程。进一步通过与单独产甲烷体系对照,发现反硝化过程对产甲烷过程存在抑制。随着m(COD)/m(NO3--N)的增大,体系对NO3--N的去除率越高,直到100%。且发现同时反硝化产甲烷体系中,优先利用丙酸,乙酸积累,而后被利用。     

人工湿地反硝化碳源补充研究进展

碳源作为反硝化过程的电子供体,是影响人工湿地反硝化过程的主要因素.人工湿地的反硝化碳源主要来自于进水,但是由于进水中的溶解性有机碳浓度很低,并且大部分为难降解有机碳,因此需要考虑使用外加碳源提供反硝化电子供体.研究中用于人工湿地反硝化碳源主要有污水、低分子碳水化合物和植物生物质等.植物生物质作为人工湿地反硝化碳源有其独特的优势,不仅价格低廉,来源充足,而且解决了湿地植物的处置问题,还不会增加系统的能耗和二氧化碳的排放量.本文结合现有人工湿地反硝化碳源补充的相关研究,描述了不同外加碳源对反硝化过程的作用,并对不同外碳源的效能进行了对比.     

改性稻壳为碳源和生物膜载体的反硝化脱氮研究

为探索稻壳作为载体和碳源的脱氮性能以及对水处理工艺的适应性,以质量分数6%的NaOH处理的改性稻壳为反硝化碳源和生物膜载体,对模拟养殖排放水进行了脱氮处理研究。结果表明,改性稻壳的性能优于蔗糖及淀粉,可实现NO3--N和高含量NO2--N的有效去除。其作为缺氧反应器载体时,挂膜容易、有机碳释放稳定,反应器启动后可高效去除NO3--N。在硝化-反硝化系统中,对NH4+-N去除率达90%以上,且无NO2--N、NO3--N和有机物残留,说明此改性稻壳具备较好的供碳能力和微生物吸附能力,适于作为反硝化碳源及载体。     

适用于地表水反硝化的淀粉碳源选择

以江南大学校内湖水为接种物,采用不同淀粉质有机物作为反硝化细菌碳源进行摇瓶反硝化降解试验.有机质释放试验结果显示,在蒸馏水组有机质释放量木薯＞小麦＞玉米≈马铃薯,湖水组NO3--N的存在可刺激合成碳源材料有机质的释放.马铃薯和小麦释碳性质相似,均呈波动性;硝酸盐降解实验表明马铃薯和小麦均具有较高的脱氮效果,脱氮率在90％以上,前7d脱氮过程符合零级反硝化动力学方程,两种碳源的脱氮周期为7d.综合而言,选择马铃薯合成材料用于地表水反硝化的淀粉碳源.     

碳源对同时反硝化产甲烷体系的影响

为研究碳源对同时反硝化产甲烷体系的影响,分别选取蔗糖、葡萄糖、乙酸钠和丙酸为底物,比较不同碳源条件下NO3--N和TOC的去除效果及甲烷化作用。结果表明,丙酸为碳源的体系反硝化和TOC去除效果均较差且无甲烷产生;乙酸钠为碳源的体系有利于反硝化反应快速进行,NO3--N最大比降解速率为0.243 mg/(mg·d),但甲烷化作用恢复较慢,比产甲烷速率仅为13.53 m L/(g·d);蔗糖和葡萄糖为碳源均可同时获得较高的NO3--N和TOC降解率,比产甲烷速率分别达21.25 m L/(g·d)和20.85 m L/(g·d),适合做同时反硝化产甲烷体系的碳源。     

不同电子受体对生物除磷效果的影响

试验对不同电子受体对生物除磷的影响和各自优势进行了研究。在3个SBR反应器中,分别考察了以NO3--N和NO2--N为电子受体的反硝化除磷现象,以及传统以O2为电子受体的生物聚磷现象。试验结果表明传统生物聚磷在吸磷效果上要优于两种反硝化除磷方式,但后两者的耗氧量和碳源需求减少。以NO3--N为电子受体的反硝化除磷在除磷效果上要优于以NO2--N为电子受体的反硝化除磷,但脱氮效果差。     

COD对反硝化抑制硫酸盐还原的影响

通过间歇试验探讨了COD对反硝化抑制硫酸盐还原系统的影响。结果表明,COD是反硝化抑制硫酸盐还原系统的一个重要因素,直接影响着系统中NO3-和SO42-的代谢以及S2-和NO2-的产生状况;当COD为120mg/L时,系统内碳源不足,存在着SRB和DNB对碳源的竞争,竞争中后者占优势,硫酸盐还原程度很小;当碳源充足时,由于受反硝化抑制,S2-呈现出先增加后减少再增加的变化趋势,分为碳源充足、反硝化控制和硫酸盐重新还原三个阶段,各阶段的作用时间随COD含量的不同而变化;系统中出现了不同程度的NO2-积累,其峰值和出现位置随COD不同而不同;NO2-是对SRB产生抑制的主要原因,当系统中NO2--N浓度大于2mg/L时,S2-产生呈下降趋势,SRB活性开始受到抑制。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。