Ultrastable optical frequency reference at 1.064 μm using a C2HD molecular overtone transition

Saturated molecular overtone transitions in the visible and near infrared can be detected with record-high sensitivities using our cavity-enhanced frequency modulation technique. We have stabilized a Nd:YAG laser onto the P(5) line in (ν₂+3ν₃) overtone band of C₂HD at 1.064 μm and established its absolute frequency. Excellent signal-to-noise ratio produced an Allan variance of 3.4×10^-13 at 1 s averaging, improving to 1×10^-14 after 800 s. Selection of slow molecules with low power and gas pressure gave a linewidth 13 times below the room temperature transit time limit     

High spectral purity CO2 laser stabilized using amolecular frequency reference

A CO₂ laser has been frequency stabilized to a molecular absorption line with a bandwidth of 10 kHz, yielding a laser noise spectral density reduction below 1 Hz/√ Hz and a relative accuracy of 10^-10. In the time domain, this corresponds to an Allan standard deviation of σ(2, τ)=3·10^-14 τ^-1/2, for τ>100 μs. This source allows experiments of very high resolution spectroscopy as well as the realization of accurate frequency standards in the 10-μm region     

Very high Q microwave spectroscopy on trapped171Yb+ ions: application as a frequency standard

A microwave frequency standard based on buffer-gas cooled ¹⁷¹ Yb⁺ ions confined in a linear Paul trap has been demonstrated in prototype form. The standard exhibits a fractional frequency instability characterized by an Allan deviation σ_y (τ)=3.7×10^-13τ^-1/2 for τ<3000 s. Microwave Ramsey fringes with a Q factor of 1.5×10¹³ have been observed     

Reducing local oscillator phase noise limitations on the frequencystability of passive frequency standards: tests of a new concept

We report on the experimental test of a new concept for reducing the limitation on short-term frequency stability of passive frequency standards due to local oscillator phase noise. This concept is general and can be applied to many passive frequency standards. Systems that use sinewave modulation to interrogate a stable resonance are limited in short-term frequency stability by phase noise at the second harmonic of the modulation, f_m. This effect limits the fractional frequency stability to approximately σ_v(τ7)=0.9(f _m/ν₀) (S_φ(2f_m))^1/2τ^-1/2, where ν₀ is the carrier frequency and S_φ(2f _m) is the phase noise at twice the modulation frequency. (Contributions from higher even harmonics of the modulation generally can be neglected). This new concept uses notch filters at ±2f_m from the carrier to reduce this effect. Tests on a modified passive rubidium standard demonstrate an improvement of approximately 18 in σ_y(τ). The dual notch filters proved to be feasible and were obtained commercially. Measurements suggest that ultimate performances of less than 2×10^-14τ^-1/2 are possible if the atomic resonance has sufficient quality     

MnO2纳米棒-还原石墨烯复合修饰玻碳电极用于苋菜红的检测

利用电化学还原法制备MnO₂纳米棒-还原石墨烯复合修饰电极（MnO₂ NRs-ErGO/GCE）用于苋菜红的检测。采用SEM和XRD分别对修饰电极材料进行微观形貌和成分结构表征。通过循环伏安法考察了苋菜红在裸电极、ErGO/GCE和MnO₂ NRs-ErGO/GCE上的电化学行为,并对测定条件如pH值、富集电位、富集时间进行了优化。结果表明,MnO₂ NRs-ErGO增大了GCE电化学活性面积,提高了苋菜红的电化学氧化响应。在最优的检测条件下,MnO₂ NRs-ErGO/GCE线性扫描伏安法检测苋菜红线性范围为2.0×10^-8~1.0×10^-5 mol/L和1.0×10^-5~4.0×10^-4 mol/L,检测限为1.0×10^-8 mol/L。MnO₂ NRs-ErGO/GCE用于真实饮料样品检测,获得满意结果。     

Comparison of quantized Hall resistances RH(2) andRH(4) of a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure device

Quantized Hall resistances R_H(4) and R_H(2) of a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure were compared with reference resistors whose values are close to h/4e² or h/2e². The values of the reference resistors were compared with a 100 ohm standard resistor via a cryogenic current comparator (CCC) resistance bridge. Results showed that (4×R_H(4)-2×R_H(2))/2×R_H (2)=(0.037±0.019)×10^-6     

纳米Fe3O4-还原氧化石墨烯复合修饰玻碳电极的制备及电化学检测多巴胺

通过电化学还原法制备纳米Fe₃O₄-还原氧化石墨烯复合修饰玻碳（Fe₃O₄-rGO/GCE）电极,用于多巴胺（DA）的检测。采用SEM、TEM和循环伏安对纳米Fe₃O₄-rGO复合材料进行表征。在pH为7.0的磷酸盐缓冲液（PBS）中,采用循环伏安法研究了DA在纳米Fe₃O₄-rGO/GC上的电化学行为。实验结果表明,较裸GC电极和rGO修饰（rGO/GC）电极,由于纳米Fe₃O₄与rGO的协同作用,纳米Fe₃O₄-rGO/GC显著增大了Fe₃O₄-rGO/GC复合材料电极电化学活性面积和氧化峰电流强度i_pa。DA的浓度在6.0×10^-8~2.0×10^-6 mol/L和2.0×10^-6~8.0×10^-5 mol/L范围内,与氧化峰电流强度i_pa呈良好的线性关系,检出限达4.0×10^-9 mol/L（信噪比S/N=3）。抗坏血酸和尿酸共存物几乎不干扰DA的测定,选择性高。Fe₃O₄-rGO/GC修饰电极用于盐酸DA注射液中的DA含量测定,获得结果较好,回收率为97.1%~103.9%。     

High-accuracy time transfer via geostationary satellites:preliminary results

Signal-delay phase measurements have been performed with Ku-band Earth station and VSAT (very-small-aperture terminal) facilities in various loop-around schemes using both a satellite simulator and geostationary satellites. Stability plots show that the standard deviation of pair differences (σ_y) is 4×10^-10 _τ^-1 for a C/No (carrier-to-noise density) ratio of 65 dB-Hz. This white-noise behavior continues for several days, when satellite simulator data shows σ _y to be 3×10^-15. Absolute phase-delay measurements show reproducibility to better than 1 ns over a 16-day sample time. This suggests the potential for accuracy to this level, given an appropriate calibration. A measurement method is described which determines the principal time-delay constant affecting the accuracy of time synchronization using a two-way satellite communications technique     

Parameter evaluation in automated digital deep-level transientspectroscopy (DLTS)

A method of directly evaluating the activation energy ΔE, capture cross section σ, and density N_T, of deep-level traps from the pulsed reverse bias capacitance transient is described. The main advantages of this technique are that it requires only a single temperature scan, and it can resolve nonexponential transients due to closely-spaced energy levels. The test samples used for this paper consisted of Schottky diodes fabricated on nonirradiated and 1-MeV electron-irradiated n-type VPE (vapor-phase epitaxy) GaAs wafers. The well known EL2 trap was identified with ΔE of 0.81 eV, and σ _n of 1.0×10^-13 cm² for the nonirradiated sample. These values were found to be in good agreement with published data using established, conventional DLTS techniques. For the irradiated samples a nonexponential capacitance transient was found in the EL2 range of temperatures. The discussed technique was able to resolve two closely spaced deep levels lying at E_c-0.81 eV and E_c-0.84 eV, and with capture cross sections of 1.5×10^-13 cm² and 2.5×10^-12 cm², respectively     

Impact of new clock technologies on the stability and accuracy ofthe International Atomic Time TAI

The BIPM Time Section is in charge of the generation of the reference time scales TAI (International Atomic Time) and UTC (Coordinated Universal Time). Both time scales are obtained in deferred-time by combining the data front a number of atomic clocks spread worldwide. Since the end of 1992, the quality of the timing data received at the BIPM has evolved rapidly thanks to the extensive replacement of older designs of commercial cesium clocks by the new HP 5071A units and to the use of active auto-tuned hydrogen masers. Consequently, the stability and the predictability of the reference time scales has improved significantly: these are characterized by an Allan standard deviation σ_y(τ) of 2.6×10^-15 for averaging times τ=40 d. The accuracy of TAI is estimated by the departure between the duration of the TAI scale interval and the SI second as produced on the rotating geoid by primary frequency standards. It is now possible to estimate TAI accuracy through the combination of results obtained from six different primary standards: LPTF-FO1, PTB CS1, PTB CS2, PTB CS3, NIST-7, and SU MCsR 102, all corrected for the black-body radiation shift. This led to a mean departure of the TAI scale interval of +2.0×10^-14 s over 1995, known with a relative uncertainty of 0.5×10^-14 (1 σ)     

Determination of the time-dependence of ΩNBS usingthe quantized Hall resistance

The quantum Hall effect is being used to monitor the US legal representation of the ohm, or as-maintained ohm, Ω_NBS. Measurements have been made on a regular basis since August 1983. Individual transfers between the quantized Hall resistance R _H and the five 1-Ω resistors which comprise Ω_NBS can be made with a total of one standard deviation (1σ) uncertainty of ±0.014 p.p.m. This uncertainty is the root-sum-square of 32 individual components. The time-dependent expression for R_H in terms of Ω_NBS is: R_H=25812.8[1+(1.842±0.012)×10^-6 =(0.0529±0.0040)(t-0.7785)×10^-6 /year] Ω_NBS, where t is measured in years from January 1, 1987. The value of Ω_NBS is, therefore, decreasing at the rate of (0.0529±0.0040) p.p.m./year     

Experimental determination of the gyromagnetic ratio of thehelium-4 atom in terms of that of the helium-3 nucleus

The ratio R=γ_4He(2³S₁)/γ_3He (1¹S₀) has been measured using gaseous samples in low magnetic field. The result, R=864.02276±3×10 ^-8, leads to a value of γ_4He=1760.78798(3×10^-7)×10⁸ ×rad×s^-1×T^-1     

A new low-field determination of the proton gyromagnetic ratio inwater

The proton gyromagnetic ratio in water has been measured by the low field method using atomic magnetic resonance in ⁴He, a multicurrent solenoid and an induction method for the dimensional measurement of the solenoid. The result for air and vacuum environment is γ'_p (low, air)=2.67515451×10⁸ s^-1 T^-1 (0.18×10^-6), γ'_p (low, vacuum)=2.67515418×10⁸ s^-1 T^-1 (0.18×10^-6), based on the adopted values K_J-90=483597.9 GHz/V, R_K-90=25812.807 Ω, and measured values γ(⁴ He)/γ'_p=658.200556, γ(⁴He) (air)=1760.78819×10⁸ s^-1 T^-1 (0.18×10^-6), K_J-90, R_K-90     

SiO2-TiO2/聚四氟乙烯复合材料的制备及热膨胀性能

为了使微波基板材料与Cu金属衬底的热膨胀性能匹配,对陶瓷/聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）微波复合基板材料的热膨胀性能进行了研究。采用湿法工艺制备了以SiO₂和TiO₂为填料的SiO₂-TiO₂/PTFE复合材料,研究了复合材料密度、填料粒度和填料体积分数对SiO₂-TiO₂/PTFE复合材料热膨胀性能的影响。结果表明,当SiO₂的体积分数由0增至40%（TiO₂ ：34%~26%）时,SiO₂-TiO₂/PTFE复合材料的线膨胀系数（CTE）由50.13×10^-6 K^-1减小至10.03×10^-6K^-1。陶瓷粉体粒径和复合材料密度减小会导致CTE减小。通过ROM、Turner和Kerner模型计算CTE发现,ROM和Kerner模型与实验数据较相符,而实验值与Turner模型预测值之间的差异随PTFE含量的升高而逐渐增大。     

Y3+掺杂Li4Ti5O12负极材料的电荷输运特性及电化学性能研究

以Li₂CO₃与锐钛矿型TiO₂为原料,六水合硝酸钇（Y（NO₃）₃·6H₂O）为钇源,采用球磨辅助固相法合成了Li₄Ti_5-xY_xO₁₂（x=0,0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20）负极材料。通过X射线衍射分析（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、能谱仪（EDS）与X射线光电子能谱（XPS）分别对材料的物相与形貌进行表征分析,并利用电化学工作站对材料的电化学性能与电荷输运特性进行测试。结果表明,Y³⁺掺杂没有影响尖晶石型Li₄Ti₅O₁₂（LTO）材料的尖晶石结构,x=0.15时,Li₄Ti_4.85Y_0.15O₁₂样品的离子与电子电导率分别为2.68×10^-7 S·cm^-1和1.49×10^-9 S·cm^-1,比本征材料提升了1个数量级,表现出良好的电荷输运特性。电化学测试表明,Li₄Ti_4.85Y_0.15O₁₂样品在0.1 C倍率首次放电比容量可达171 mAh·g^-1,且在10 C与20 C高倍率下仍然拥有102 mAh·g^-1和79 mAh·g^-1的较高比容量,循环200周次后容量保持率分别为92.6%和89.1%,表现出良好的倍率特性。     

Calculated frequency characteristic of GR1482 inductance standardsbetween 100 Hz and 100 kHz

The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesansalt (PTB) calibrates inductance standards in the frequency range from 100 Hz to 100 kHz and beyond. The relative uncertainties achieved range from less than 5×10^-5 to 5×10^-4 (2σ) depending on the frequency and the value of the standards. Because of the strong frequency dependence of the inductance standards it is of interest to use a suitable equivalent circuit to calculate the most accurate approximation for the frequency variation. A model is presented which allows the values of a GR1482 inductance standard to be calculated over the whole frequency range from 100 Hz to 100 kHz within the measurement uncertainties     

Dielectric Investigations of 0.945(Bi0.5Na0.5) TiO3-0.055BaTiO3

Dielectric properties of 0.945(Bi_0.5Na_0.5) TiO₃-0.055BaTiO₃(BNBT5.5) (a composition close to the rhombohedral- tetragonal morphotropic phase boundary) ceramics are studied. It is shown that BNBT5.5 is a relaxor with a characteristic relaxation time that follows Vogel-Fulcher's law. The following Vogel-Fulcher parameters of the relaxation time were calculated: pi0 = (2.0 plusmn 2.4)middot10^-14 s, E/^kB = (1620 plusmn 270) K, T₀ = (262 plusmn 9) K.     

An electron diffraction study of the ZnIn2Se4 crystal structure: A novel phase

A novel layered-structure ZnIn₂Se₄ phase has been obtained. Texture electron diffraction patterns aid in the identification of a crystal structure with lattice parameters a = 4.045 Å and c = 52.29 Å, space group R m, and z = 4.5. Crystal electron diffraction patterns displayed superstructural reflection, thus indicating a √3-fold increase in the a parameter. The similirity of reflection locations and intensities both on the crystal rotation electron diffraction pattern and on texture electron diffraction patterns showed that no phase transition occurred on specimen pounding. Electrophysical and optical parameters (E_g = 1.68 eV; N = 8 × 10²² m^-3; = 0.1Ωm) are studied at 300 K. The Hall coefficient is constant (R_H = 7.2 × 10^-5m³C^-1, mobility μ = 8 × 10^-3m²V^-1s^-1 at 200–300 K.     

氧化石墨烯/聚氨酯杂化膜的原位聚合构建及气体渗透性

采用Hummers法制备了3种不同氧化程度的氧化石墨烯(GO),通过聚氨酯(PU)单体(4,4’-二异氰酸苯酯(MDI)和1,4-丁二醇(BDO))与GO的原位聚合构建了GO/PU杂化膜。利用XRD、Raman、FTIR和TEM等表征了GO的结构;探讨了GO填充量对GO/PU杂化膜的形貌和CO2、N2渗透性的影响。结果表明:3种不同氧化程度的GO均呈完全剥离状态,为半透明片状结构;随着氧化程度的增加,拉曼D峰与G峰的相对强度比分别为0.947、1.103和1.245;GO的氧化程度对GO在溶剂和杂化膜中的分散性有较大影响,氧化程度越高,分散性越好。GO/PU杂化膜的CO2、N2渗透系数及CO2/N2渗透选择因子均随GO填充量的增加先增大后减小;当中等氧化程度的GO(M-GO)与(MDI+BDO)的质量比为1.0%时,M-GO/PU杂化膜的CO2渗透系数为63.6×10-13 cm3(STP)/(cm·Pa·s),其中STP表示标准温度及压力,CO2/N2渗透选择因子可达48.5;填充适量的GO能显著提高GO/PU杂化膜的CO2渗透性及CO2/N2渗透选择性。     

Determination of the tesla-to-ampere ratio for the KRISS/VNIIMγ'P-experiment

Tesla-to-ampere ratio giving the largest error in the γ'_P-low-field-experiment has been determined using a modified noncontacting method. The total uncertainty of 0.164×10 ^-6 has been attained. The constant of a solenoid and the γ'_P-value have been corrected for magnetic susceptibility of air. The result is γ'_P=2.675 154 18×10⁸ s^-1 T^-1 (Tesla BI-90) with the total uncertainty of 0.18×10^-6