管壳式换热器管束结构优化发展概述

总结了近年来国内外新型管壳式换热器的管束结构发展进展,从管程、壳程两个方面介绍了管壳式换热器管束结构改进及强化传热机理,并且介绍了几种新型结构在实际生产中的成功应用及其强化传热特点。最后为换热器管束结构发展提出建设性意见。     

CONJUGATE HEAT TRANSFER WITH TURBULENT FLOW IN A CIRCULAR TUBE

A steady heat transfer problem has been analyzed as a conjugate problem with turbulent flow in a circular tube. The three kinds of thermal boundary conditions considered here are specified as constant temperature, constant heat flux and constant heat transfer coefficient at the outer surface of the wall.

From the results of numerical calculation for Prandtl numbers in the range 0.01 ≤ Pr ≤ 10 and for Reynolds numbers in the range 10⁴ ≤ Re ≤ 10⁵, it was confirmed that the dimensionless parameter R_c could have significant effects on the heat transfer and the temperature field in the fluid adjacent to the wall.     

Estimation of maximum shell-side vapour velocities through heat exchangers

Shell-side vapour velocities through heat exchangers should be kept low to prevent erosion when moisture or suspended particles present. In this work, simple-to-use equations, which are easier than currently available models and involve a fewer number of fitted parameters, requiring less complicated and shorter computations, are formulated to arrive at an appropriate prediction of maximum shell-side vapour velocities through heat exchangers for wide range of conditions as a function of molecular weight and pressure. The proposed fitted equations accurately estimate the maximum shell-side vapour velocities through heat exchangers for pressures up to 7500 kPa(abs), and molecular weights up to 400. The values calculated here are maximum for reasonable operation. In order to reduce pressure drop, velocities must be well below the maximum values. Estimations are found to be in excellent agreement with the reported data in the literature with average absolute deviation being around 3.9%. The fitted equations developed in this study can be of immense practical value for the engineers and scientists to have a quick check on the maximum shell-side vapour velocities through heat exchangers at wide range of conditions without opting for any experimental measurements. In particular, chemical and process engineers would find the simple equations to be user-friendly with transparent calculations involving no complex expressions.     

Investigating the efficacy of nanofluids as coolants in plate heat exchangers (PHE)

The efficacy of nanofluids as coolants is investigated in the present study. For the nanofluids tested, systematic measurements confirmed that the thermophysical properties of the base fluid are considerably affected by the nanoparticle addition. A typical nanofluid, namely a 4% CuO suspension in water, is selected next and its performance in a commercial herringbone-type PHE is experimentally studied. The new experimental data confirmed that besides the physical properties, the type of flow inside the heat exchanging equipment also affects the efficacy of a nanofluid as coolant. The fluid viscosity seems also to be a crucial factor for the heat exchanger performance. It is concluded that in industrial heat exchangers, where large volumes of nanofluids are necessary and turbulent flow is usually developed, the substitution of conventional fluids by nanofluids seems inauspicious.     

管壳式换热器强化传热进展

管壳式换热器在石油化工领域应用广泛,其强化传热技术的研究受到普遍关注。主要介绍了近年来国内与国外高效节能管壳式换热器强化传热技术研究的进展情况,分别从管侧、壳侧和整体结构改进三方面分析了管壳式换热器的强化传热效果及特点,最后提出了强化传热的发展方向。     

换热管内置螺旋形扭带阻力与传热特性的实验研究

为了研究螺旋形扭带阻力与传热特性,选取了不同宽度（6、7和8 mm）的3种扭率（2.0、3.0、4.0）、3种螺距比（1.5、2.0、2.5）的参数组合下共27根螺旋形扭带插入换热管内进行实验.实验结果表明,插入螺旋形扭带后换热管内流动阻力和传热效果都有明显提高.通过对实验数据的多元线性回归分析,建立了相应的阻力系数和努赛尔数关联式.并且由强化传热综合性能评价分析,在实验雷诺数范围内得出强化传热综合性能评价因子φ=1.063～1.587,证明了实验研究的扭带具有强化传热的应用价值.     

A SYMMETRY OF REACTION PATHS AND INITIAL COMPOSITIONS IN MONOMOLECULAR REACTION SYSTEMS

The Principle of Detailed Balance in a monomolecular reaction system requires a symmetry of the reaction paths and initial compositions. In a closed system, the influence of the initial concentration of species i on the subsequent normalized concentration of species j is exactly the same as the influence of the initial concentration of species j on the subsequent normalized concentration of species i. This reciprocity relation means that each reaction path measured leads to information about other reaction paths, independent of a knowledge of the reaction rate constants.     

螺旋内槽管内的层流流动与传热的数值模拟

应用数值方法对一种螺旋内槽管管内的流体层流流动和传热进行了数值分析。采用数学变量置换把控制方程由原坐标系中的三维动量、能量及连续性方程转化为二维螺旋坐标系下的数值计算模型，并利用现有的二维数值模拟软件进行模拟计算。计算考察了恒壁温、轴向恒热流螺旋内层流充分发展流体的流动与传热随雷诺数的变化，并研究了螺距的影响。     

横纹槽管束在不同支承结构下的传热及流阻性能试验

<正>横纹槽管是苏联60年代由Mигай和Kaлинин等人开发的双面强化管（图1）。它只有边界层分离流,而无对传热作用不大却使流阻增加较多的螺旋流,故其性能明显优于螺     

管壳式换热器流体流动与耦合传热的数值模拟

结合化工行业中使用的某型号管壳式换热器的结构图和工艺参数,对换热器的结构进行了合理的简化,利用ANSYS参数化建模方法建立了管壳式换热器的参数化模型。在ANSYS FLUENT14.0数值模拟软件中对换热器的流体流动以及耦合传热进行了数值模拟,得到管程和壳程流体的流速分布、压降情况、温度场变化的细节信息。该工作对于设计传热效率高、流体阻力小的换热器进行了有益探索。     

Multi-fluid Eulerian simulation of binary particles mixing and gas–solids contacting in high solids-flux downer reactor equipped with a lateral particle feeding nozzle

The performance of binary particles mixing and gas-solids contacting,which is considered qualitatively to have a significant influence on the heat transfer in internal heated circulating fluidized beds,is carefully investigated by means of a numerical approach in the newly developed high solids-flux downer lignite pyrolyzer(φ0.1 m × 6.5 m).Since binary particles are used in this system,a reasonably validated 3 D,transient,multi-fluid model,in which three heat transfer modes relating to the convection,conduction and radiation are considered,is adopted to simulate the flow behavior,temperature profiles as well as volatile contents.The simulation results showed that the solids stream impinges the left wall surface initially and turns towards the right wall in the further downward direction and then shrinks during this process resulting in that the solids concentrate a little more at the central region.In the further downward section of the downer,the particle flow disperses near the right wall and develops uniformly.Meanwhile,the coal phase is slowly heated in the downer and it is found that most of the heat absorbed by the coal is from the convection heat transfer mode.To explore the heat transfer mechanism more quantitatively,two indexes(mixing index and contacting index) are proposed,and it is found that the mixing index initially increased fast and later remained at a relatively flat state.For the contact index,it shows a trend with a first rising and then falling,finally rising continuously.Also,it is found that the convection heat transfer is closely correlated to the contacting status of gas-coal which indicates that the improving of the gas-coal contacting efficiency should be an effective way to strengthen the coal particle heating process.     

管壳式换热器壳程流动与传热的数值模拟与验证

针对目前管壳式换热器中微小流路建模和分析的缺失,采用“分段建模,整体综合”的模拟方法成功地开发了小间隙流路A和E的建模技术,建立了既包含主体流路（B、C）,也包含微小泄漏流道（A、E）的全流路管壳式换热器流动与传热模型,得到了与实际换热器相适应的几何模型。通过应用CFD软件Fluent进行分段模型的流动与传热研究,对各流道在折流空间中对传热和流动的影响进行了分析讨论。同时,采用整体综合技术,将数值模拟获得的局部流动与传热数据综合整理得到了换热器传热和阻力系数的整体法关联式。并将模拟结果与几种著名的壳程计算方法（Donohue、Kern和Bell-Delaware,流路分析）进行了对比,结果发现数值模拟与Bell-Delaware法和流路分析法的结果吻合良好,最大偏差小于20%。