Recent progress in porous organic polymers and their application for CO2 capture

Carbon capture, storage, and utilization (CCSU) is recognized as an effective method to reduce the excessive emission of CO₂. Absorption by amine aqueous solutions is considered highly efficient for CO₂ capture from the flue gas because of the large CO₂ capture capacity and high selectivity. However, it is often limited by the equipment corrosion and the high desorption energy consumption, and adsorption of CO₂ using solid adsorbents has been receiving more attention in recent years due to its simplicity and high efficiency. More recently, a great number of porous organic polymers (POPs) have been designed and constructed for CO₂ capture, and they are proven promising solid adsorbents for CO₂ capture due to their high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area (S_BET), adjustable pore size and easy functionalization. In particular, they usually have rigid skeleton, permanent porosity, and good physiochemical stability. In this review, we have a detailed review for the different POPs developed in recent years, not only the design strategy, but also the special structure for CO₂ capture. The outlook of the opportunities and challenges of the POPs is also proposed.     

Effect of metal oxide additives on the CO hydrogenation to methanol over Rh/SiO2 and Pd/SiO2

Catalysts were prepared from ultra pure SiO₂, Pd and Rh nitrates and chlorides, and by doping with Al, Fe, Na, K or Ca nitrate. The activities and selectivities of the Pd and Rh catalysts were investigated at 553 K, H₂/CO=2 or 3 and 2.5 or 4 MPa respectively. Additives had a strong influence on the catalytic properties. The doping with alkali and alkaline earth oxides led to a strong suppression of the CO dissociation. Particularly basic additives, such as Ca, had a strong promoting effect on the methanol production. This may confirm that the formation of methanol occurs through formate intermediates.     

CeO2的形貌对CuO/CeO2催化剂CO2加氢制甲醇性能的影响

采用水热法制备CeO₂纳米颗粒（W-CeO₂）、CeO₂纳米片（S-CeO₂）、CeO₂纳米棒（B-CeO₂）及CeO₂纳米八面体（O-CeO₂）,用浸渍法负载相同质量分数的铜形成CuO/CeO₂催化剂。通过扫描电镜（SEM）、高分辨透射电子显微镜（TEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、拉曼光谱（Raman）、自动吸附分析仪（BET）、H₂程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、N₂O滴定等表征技术对催化剂进行表征,并在可控温控压的固定床石英管反应器中对催化剂的催化性能进行评价。研究了不同形貌CuO/CeO₂催化剂对CO₂加氢制备甲醇的影响;结果表明,CuO/CeO₂催化剂的催化活性存在明显的形貌依赖性,催化剂的暴露晶面、比表面积、表面碱性位点、表面氧缺陷的差异均会对CO₂转化率、甲醇选择性和产率产生影响。其中,不同形貌CeO₂优先暴露晶面的活性顺序为S-CeO₂（{100}+{110}）>W-CeO₂{100}>B-CeO₂{111}≈O-CeO₂{111},暴露晶面活性越高,催化剂表面氧缺陷越多,CuO-CeO₂间相互作用越强,则催化活性越好。当为CuO/S-CeO₂时,催化剂表面中碱性位点最多,催化剂比表面积为88.8m²/g,铜分散度为19.2%,CO₂转化率为6.56%,甲醇选择性和收率为96.3%和0.063g/(g_cat·h),催化活性最好,由活性评价试验得转化率由高到低依次为S-CeO₂>B-CeO₂>W-CeO₂>O-CeO₂,可知CeO₂形貌差异会决定CuO/CeO₂催化剂的物化性能和催化活性,从而提升对不同形貌CuO/CeO₂催化剂催化CO₂加氢制甲醇的基础认识。     

CO2加氢合成甲醇催化剂的研究进展

随着大气中CO₂浓度的增加,温室效应导致的全球变暖问题日益严重。CO₂加氢合成甲醇是CO₂循环利用的有效途径,在环保、能源等领域具有重要意义,其中高效催化剂的研制是实现该过程工业化的关键。本文从催化剂组成、制备方法及反应机理等方面对CO₂加氢催化剂的研究进展进行了评述。分析了催化剂中活性中心的状态,归纳了载体和助剂的作用,比较了制备方法的优劣,并对催化反应机理进行了讨论。针对当前存在的问题,指出反应机理的深入探讨和催化剂制备方法的革新是今后的研究重点和主要方向。     

Evidence of strong metal–oxide interactions in promoted Rh/SiO2 on CO hydrogenation: Analysis at the site level using SSITKA

It has been suggested that the behavior of Group VIII metal catalysts supported on transition metal oxides can be significantly affected by pretreatment conditions due to strong metal–oxide interactions (SMOI). However, the origins for the SMOI effect are still in debate. In this research, SMOI of Rh and vanadium oxide (as a promoter) supported on SiO₂ were studied at the site level for the first time, which provides an insight into the modification of surface properties after high temperature reduction. H₂ chemisorption, Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS), and SSITKA (steady-state isotopic transient kinetic analysis) were used to probe the SMOI effects. The catalytic properties of the catalysts for CO hydrogenation were investigated using a differential fixed bed reactor at 230 °C and 1.8 atm, while for SSITKA, a reaction temperature of 280 °C and an excess of H₂ was used to maximize methane production. The addition of V to Rh/SiO₂ suppresses H₂ chemisorption, and high reduction temperature further decreases H₂ chemisorption on Rh/V/SiO₂ but has little effect on Rh/SiO₂. As reduction temperature increases, the activity for CO hydrogenation on Rh/SiO₂ remains essentially unchanged, but the activity of Rh/V/SiO₂ decreases significantly. SSITKA shows that the concentration of surface reaction intermediates decreases on Rh/V/SiO₂ as the reduction temperature increases, but the activities of the reaction sites increase. The results suggest that Rh being covered by VO_x species is probably the main reason for the decreased overall activity induced by high reduction temperature, but more active sites appear to be formed probably at the Rh–VO_x interface.     

Amine-immobilized HY zeolite for CO2 capture from hot flue gas

Solid amine-based adsorbents were widely studied as an alternative to liquid amine for post-combustion CO₂ capture (PCC). However, most of the amine adsorbents suffer from low thermal stability and poor cyclic regenerability at the temperature of hot flue gases. Here we present an amine loaded proton type Y zeolite (HY) where the amines namely monoethanolamine (MEA) and ethylenediamine (ED) are chemical immobilized via ionic bond to the zeolite framework to overcome the amine degradation problem. The MEA and ED of 5%, 10% and 20% (mass) concentration – immobilized zeolites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and N₂ -196 ℃ adsorption to confirm the structure integrity, amine functionalization, and surface area, respectively. The determination of the amine loading was given by C, H, N elemental analysis showing that ED has successfully grafted almost twice as many amino groups as MEA within the same solvent concentration. CO₂ adsorption capacity and thermal stability of these samples were measured using thermogravimetric analyser. The adsorption performance was tested at the adsorption temperature of 30, 60 and 90 ℃, respectively using pure CO₂ while the desorption was carried out with pure N₂ purge at the same temperature and then followed by elevated temperature at 150 ℃. It was found that all the amine@HY have a substantial high selectivity of CO₂ over N₂. The sample 20% ED@HY has the highest CO₂ adsorption capacity of 1.76 mmol·g^-1 at 90 ℃ higher than the capacity on parent NaY zeolite (1.45 mmol·g^-1 only). The amine@HY samples presented superior performance in cyclic thermal stability in the condition of the adsorption temperature of 90 ℃ and the desorption temperature of 150 ℃. These findings will foster the design of better adsorbents for CO₂ capture from flue gas in post-combustion power plants.     

Infrared spectroscopic detection of Rh(1) by CO in supported Rh catalyst

The detection limit of Rh(1) in the Rh/Al₂O₃ catalyst in a form of Rh¹(CO)₂ was determined by FTIR spectroscopy. It was demonstrated that at least 0.5 g Rh, corresponding to 0.005 wt% of Rh, can be identified in this way. During synthesis gas conversion the predominant surface species is Rh _x -CO, but a detectable amount of Rh(1) exists on the catalyst up to 473 K.This laboratory is a part of the Center for Catalysis, Surface and Material Science at the University of Szeged.     

Heterogeneous catalysts for hydrogenation of CO2 and bicarbonates to formic acid and formates

Formic acid and formates are often produced by hydrogenation of CO₂ with hydrogen over homogeneous catalysts. The present review reports recent achievements in utilization of heterogeneous catalysts. It shows that highly dispersed supported metal catalysts are able to carry out this reaction by providing activation of hydrogen on the metal sites and activation of CO₂ or bicarbonate on the support sites. Important advances have recently been achieved through utilization of catalysts using C_xN_y materials as supports. The high activity of these catalysts could be assigned to their ability to stabilize the active metal in a state of single-metal atoms or heterogenized metal complexes, which may demonstrate a higher activity than metal atoms on the surface of metal nanoparticles.     

活性炭负载[Rh(COD)Cl]2催化剂的制备及其催化性能

以氧化活性炭(OAC)为载体、自制[Rh(COD)Cl]_2为活性组分,制备了负载型催化剂[Rh(COD)Cl]_2/OAC(COD为1,5-环辛二烯),用XPS、N2吸-脱附、FTIR等对其结构进行了表征与分析,以β-蒎烯加氢反应为探针反应,考察了载体种类、氧化剂HNO3浓度、[Rh(COD)Cl]_2与OAC质量比对负载型催化剂[Rh(COD)Cl]_2/OAC性能的影响,在此基础上优化了β-蒎烯加氢工艺条件,并测定了催化剂([Rh(COD)Cl]_2/OAC)的重复使用性。结果表明,催化剂的最佳制备条件为:氧化活性炭为较佳载体,HNO3浓度为7.23mol/L,[Rh(COD)Cl]_2与OAC质量比为1∶8.3,此时β-蒎烯转化率均值为99.94%;顺式蒎烷选择性(以只生成蒎烷计,下同)均值为88.64%;顺式蒎烷收率均值为88.59%;β-蒎烯加氢工艺的最佳条件为:反应温度50℃,反应压力3.5 MPa,催化剂用量为β-蒎烯质量的3.5%,反应时间4.0 h,此条件下β-蒎烯转化率均值为99.88%;顺式蒎烷选择性均值为89.00%;顺式蒎烷收率均值为88.90%,[Rh(COD)Cl]_2/OAC催化剂在β-蒎烯加氢反应中表现出较佳的催化活性。催化剂重复使用4次后,β-蒎烯转化率仍可达89.64%,活性组分Rh的流失是造成催化剂失活的主要原因。     

Supported Rh catalysts for methane partial oxidation prepared by OM-CVD of Rh(acac)(CO)2

The organometallics chemical vapour deposition (OM-CVD) technique, using Rh(acac)(CO)₂ as a precursor, was employed for the preparation of heterogeneous Rh catalysts supported on low surface area refractory oxides (α-Al₂O₃, ZrO₂, MgO and La₂O₃). Prepared systems were tested in the methane catalytic partial oxidation (CH₄-CPO) reaction in a fixed bed reactor and compared to a reference catalyst prepared from impregnation of Rh₄(CO)₁₂.Catalysts supported on Al₂O₃, ZrO₂ and MgO show better or comparable performances with respect to the reference system.Complete decomposition of Rh precursor during formation of the metal phase under reductive conditions was investigated by TPRD and confirmed by infrared and mass spectrometry data.Supported Rh phase was characterized by CO and H₂ chemisorption, CO-DRIFT spectroscopy and HRTEM microscopy in fresh and aged selected samples. Rh(I) isolated sites and Rh(0) metal particles were found on fresh catalysts; after ageing an extensive reconstruction occurs mainly consisting in a sintering of Rh isolate sites to metal particles but without large increase in mean particles size.Catalytic performances and Rh species balance were found to be dependent on the support material.     

Role of promoters on Rh/SiO2 in CO hydrogenation: A comparison using DRIFTS

La, V, Zn, Cu, Fe, Li and Ag promoted Rh/SiO₂ catalysts were investigated for the synthesis of ethanol during CO hydrogenation at 230 °C and 1.8 atm. As is well known, the activity and selectivity depend heavily on the choice of promoter. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) was used to probe the effects of La, V, Zn and Cu on CO adsorption and hydrogenation. From the IR study, it was found that the behavior of CO adsorbed on the differently promoted catalysts was very different. While La enhanced total CO adsorption, the addition of V, Zn and Cu suppressed CO adsorption to different extents. The doubly promoted Rh-La/V/SiO₂ showed only moderate CO adsorption. Results from DRIFTS suggest that the higher catalytic activity (compared to the non-promoted catalyst) observed for the La singly promoted Rh/SiO₂ catalyst may primarily be caused by an increase in the concentration of the adsorbed CO species in the presence of H₂, possibly due to the formation of new active sites at the LaO_x-Rh interface. The higher catalytic activity of the V singly promoted Rh/SiO₂ catalyst could be ascribed to an increased desorption rate/reactivity of the adsorbed CO species. The La and V doubly promoted catalyst showed both new adsorbed CO species and increased desorption rate/reactivity of the adsorbed species during CO hydrogenation due to a synergistic promoting effect of La and V. The addition of Zn or Cu promoters significantly reduced the desorption rate/reactivity of the adsorbed CO species on Rh/SiO₂, leading apparently to the much reduced activities for CO hydrogenation observed.     

ＣeＯ２对Cu-ＺnＯ催化剂性质和CO２加氢反应性能的影响

运用活性评价、ＸＲＤ、ＴＰＲ、ＣＯ_２-ＴＰＤ和积炭测定手段,探讨了CeＯ_２对Cu-ＺnＯ催化剂性质和CO_２加氢反应性能的影响。结果表明,催化剂经CeＯ_２改性后,CuＯ晶粒明显长大,致使催化剂还原难度增加;有利于CO歧化反应进行,使催化剂上积炭量增加;CO_２吸附量减少,CO_２加氢生成甲醇的活性增加。     

Deactivation of CeO2 catalyst in the hydrogenation of benzoic acid to benzaldehyde

The CeO₂ catalyst has been investigated for hydrogenation of benzoic acid to benzaldehyde and shows little deactivation in stability test. BET results indicate that no significant sinter was observed on the used catalyst. SEM images show few changes taking place in surface feature of the used catalyst. Element analysis confirms that some coke is formed which leads to catalyst deactivation. XRD analysis reveals that crystalline size of catalyst is not relevant to the catalytic behavior in the range from 14.3 nm to 18.4 nm.     

Oxygen storage capacity of promoted Rh/CeC2 catalysts. Exceptional behavior of RhCu/CeO2

The effect of various additives (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Pb) on the oxygen storage capacity (OSC) of CeO₂ and Rh/CeO₂ catalysts was investigated. Copper is an excellent promoter of OSC conferring to Rh a very high resistance to sintering (900°C, 2% O₂).     

Enhanced stability of Fe-modified CuO-ZnO-ZrO2-Al2O3/HZSM-5 bifunctional catalysts for dimethyl ether synthesis from CO2 hydrogenation

A series of iron (Fe) modified CuO-ZnO-ZrO2-Al2O3 (CZZA) catalysts,with various Fe loadings,were pre-pared using a co-precipitation method.A bifunctional catalyst,consisting of Fe-modified CZZA and HZSM-5,was studied for dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis via CO2 hydrogenation.The effects of Fe loading,reaction temperature,reaction pressure,space velocity,and concentrations of precursor for the synthesis of the Fe-modified CZZA catalyst on the catalytic activity of DME synthesis were investigated.Long-term stability tests showed that Fe modification of the CZZA catalyst improved the catalyst stability for DME synthesis via CO2 hydrogenation.The activity loss,in terms of DME yield,was significantly reduced from 4.2％ to 1.4％ in a 100 h run of reaction,when the Fe loading amount was 0.5 (molar ratio of Fe to Cu).An analysis of hydrogen temperature programmed reduction revealed that the introduction of Fe improved the reducibility of the catalysts,due to assisted adsorption of H2 on iron oxide.The good stability of Fe-modified CZZA catalysts in the DME formation was most likely attributed to oxygen spillover that was introduced by the addition of iron oxide.This could have inhibited the oxidation of the Cu surface and enhanced the thermal stability of copper during long-term reactions.     

CO2催化氢化制清洁能源的研究进展及趋势

CO₂的过量排放引发了严重的温室效应,采用CO₂氢化技术在实现CO₂减排的同时又可生成高价值的产物,因此受到研究人员的广泛关注。近年来,关于CO₂氢化的研究逐渐增多,但是综合探讨多种催化技术的相关综述较少。本文将较为新型的CO₂氢化技术大致分为光催化、电催化、生物催化以及等离子体催化4种。主要从催化剂的角度,对以上4种新型CO₂氢化技术的研究现状和最新进展进行了归纳,并简要介绍了其反应机理。同时,基于研究现状的分析,指出了4种氢化技术的进一步研究方向和需要解决的相关问题,并对CO₂氢化技术的发展作出了展望。     

Cu-Zn-Al-Zr催化剂在CO_2加氢制甲醇反应中的性能研究

采用共沉淀法制备了Cu-Zn-Al-Zr复合氧化物催化剂用于CO2加氢制甲醇反应。与工业用Cu-Zn-Al催化剂进行了比较,同时进行了Cu-Zn-Al-Zr催化剂稳定性试验和试验前后样品的物化表征。结果表明:在相同的反应条件下,用Cu-Zn-Al-Zr催化剂的甲醇收率较用Cu-Zn-Al催化剂得到显著提高;在200 h的稳定性试验中,Cu-Zn-Al-Zr催化剂显示较好的催化稳定性;催化剂诱导期性能的下降归因于金属Cu晶粒的长大和表面沉积物的形成,而催化剂中的微孔分布对反应影响不显著。     

分子筛在双功能催化剂中催化CO/CO2加氢研究进展

双功能催化剂可将CO/CO_2加氢直接合成低碳烯烃、芳烃和汽油等,具有工艺流程短、能耗低的优势。双功能催化剂由金属氧化物和分子筛两部分组成,分子筛特定的腔体结构、酸性质及与金属氧化物的结合方式等均可显著影响其催化性能。该文综述了近年来分子筛在双功能催化剂中用于CO/CO_2加氢反应的研究进展,简述了分子筛的类型、酸性质、形貌及颗粒尺寸、金属改性、分子筛与金属氧化物的结合方式等对双功能催化剂催化性能的影响规律,展望了双功能催化剂中分子筛的发展趋势。     

In-situ XAFS Analysis of Y Zeolite-Supported Rh Catalysts during High-Pressure Hydrogenation of CO2

In-situ XAFS (X-ray absorption fine structure) analysis under high-pressure, high-temperature reaction conditions was done to clarify the effect of Li doping on the structures of Rh species in Rh ion-exchanged NaY zeolite catalysts (RhY). The analysis showed that Rh species in RhY were reduced at a lower temperature than those in Li-doped RhY (Li/RhY). The reduction of Rh in RhY at a lower temperature was related to the formation of amorphous Rh oxide species during the initial stage of reduction, which was not observed in Li/RhY catalysts. The average particle size of metallic Rh species formed under the reaction conditions was 1.3 nm for RhY catalysts and 0.8 nm for Li/RhY catalysts. During exposure to either CO or air, the metallic Rh species in RhY were more easily subject to structural changes than the metallic Rh species in Li/RhY. These differences in the properties of Rh species between the RhY and Li/RhY catalysts resulted from the replacement of hydroxyl groups on the zeolite surface by O–Li compounds, and caused different catalytic activities during CO₂ hydrogenation.