不同载荷下瞬态放汽过程特性仿真

以美国某型弹射器为研究对象,建立蓄热器非平衡热力过程数学模型和基于牛顿定律和气体动力学的飞机力学模型,基于美军标实际数据进行了仿真验证。对不同飞机质量弹射过程进行动力学与热力学综合仿真研究,结果表明：当飞机质量为8、20、35 t时,弹射末速度均大于72 m/s,弹射最大加速度均小于6g,弹射时间均小于3 s;飞机质量越大,蓄热器放汽质量越多,蓄热器最终压力越小,开槽汽缸压力下降越缓慢,开槽汽缸漏汽质量越多     

回汽保护控制下舰用蒸汽动力系统响应规律

回汽保护是缓解蒸汽动力舰船紧急减速时汽包压力骤升幅度、提高舰船机动性的有效措施。建立增压锅炉、主汽轮机、调节阀等设备模型,集成了回汽保护系统仿真模型,并应用试验数据对仿真模型进行了校验。对不同回汽保护控制条件下蒸汽动力系统响应规律进行仿真研究,研究结果表明:倒车调节阀开度越大、开阀时间越短,汽包压力骤升幅度越小,回汽保护效果越明显;倒车调节阀开度越大,冷凝器喉部最高温度越高,而开阀时间对于冷凝器喉部最高温度无明显影响。     

不同充汽方式下供汽系统动态特性仿真

以供汽系统为研究对象,采用集总参数法建立相应的数学模型,进行充汽阀自动控制充汽和旁通阀自动控制充汽两种充汽方式的动态仿真。结果表明：旁通阀自动控制充汽时完成3次充放汽时间为76.3 s,充汽阀自动控制充汽时完成3次充放汽时间为62.9 s,充汽阀自动控制充汽时平均每次充汽时间减少4.5 s;两种充汽方式关键参数在充汽阶段均维持较为稳定,在阀门切换阶段存在较大波动,但压力波动均小于0.2 MPa;相同充汽方式下,汽包压力波动< 过热蒸汽压力波动< 供汽母管压力波动。     

不同充汽方式下供汽系统动态特性仿真

以供汽系统为研究对象,采用集总参数法建立相应的数学模型,进行充汽阀自动控制充汽和旁通阀自动控制充汽两种充汽方式的动态仿真。结果表明:旁通阀自动控制充汽时完成3次充放汽时间为76.3s,充汽阀自动控制充汽时完成3次充放汽时间为62.9s,充汽阀自动控制充汽时平均每次充汽时间减少4.5s;两种充汽方式关键参数在充汽阶段均维持较为稳定,在阀门切换阶段存在较大波动,但压力波动均小于0.2 MPa;相同充汽方式下,汽包压力波动过热蒸汽压力波动供汽母管压力波动。     

舰船快速减速过程中主动回汽控制仿真

主动回汽控制是舰船蒸汽动力系统在快速减速过程中,避免蒸汽压力急剧上升影响系统正常运行的一种有效措施。建立增压锅炉、主汽轮机、调节阀、冷凝器等模型并集成了蒸汽动力系统仿真模型。研究不同主动回汽控制条件下动力系统的响应规律,研究结果表明：倒车阀的最大开度为30%～35%;倒车阀最大开度保持时间越短,回汽控制效果越好。     

船用蒸汽蓄热器非平衡热力过程

船用蒸汽蓄热器作为舰船上弹射装置的重要组成部分,具有充、放汽时间短,短时间内蒸汽消耗量大等特点,其运行特性直接关系到弹射装置能否安全、稳定运行。建立了船用蒸汽蓄热器实验系统,以过热蒸汽作为充汽汽源,进行不同工况下的充汽、放汽及连续充放汽实验。实验结果表明：蓄热器充汽(放汽)过程中,其压力呈现先急剧上升(下降)后随充汽(放汽)阀门关闭下降(上升),最终趋于稳定的强烈的非平衡热力过程;由非平衡热力过程导致的压降比随单位时间内充入蓄热器能量的提升而加大;蓄热器内温度变化滞后于压力变化,水温变化滞后于汽温变化。蓄热器非平衡热力过程研究可为蒸汽弹射系统的安全运行提供一定的技术支撑。     

船用蒸汽蓄热器连续工作过程数学模型及其性能仿真

根据船用蒸汽蓄热器的特点,建立了考虑蒸发（冷凝）相变弛豫时间的船用蒸汽蓄热器连续工作过程数学模型,并利用实验结果验证了模型的准确性,在此基础上利用仿真模型研究了关键参数对于连续充、放汽过程动态特性的影响。船用蒸汽蓄热器的充水系数决定蓄热器的蓄热能力,同时制约着系统的机动性,而充、放汽压力在影响蒸汽能量的储存与转化效率的同时,对于能否优化蓄热器的容积起到关键作用,因此应充分考虑弹射系统对弹射周期、弹射蒸汽压力、弹射所需蒸汽量等参数的要求匹配好两者的关系,使其既能满足弹射效率又能达到舰载机起飞所需的蒸汽参数。     

船用蒸汽蓄热器连续工作过程数学模型及其性能仿真

根据船用蒸汽蓄热器的特点,建立了考虑蒸发(冷凝)相变弛豫时间的船用蒸汽蓄热器连续工作过程数学模型,并利用实验结果验证了模型的准确性,在此基础上利用仿真模型研究了关键参数对于连续充、放汽过程动态特性的影响。船用蒸汽蓄热器的充水系数决定蓄热器的蓄热能力,同时制约着系统的机动性,而充、放汽压力在影响蒸汽能量的储存与转化效率的同时,对于能否优化蓄热器的容积起到关键作用,因此应充分考虑弹射系统对弹射周期、弹射蒸汽压力、弹射所需蒸汽量等参数的要求匹配好两者的关系,使其既能满足弹射效率又能达到舰载机起飞所需的蒸汽参数。     

锅炉与空分装置及蒸汽放空阀联锁逻辑优化浅析

荆门盈德气体有限公司2019年8月底投产的煤化工项目产能为300 kt/a合成氨、500 kt/a甲醇及60 000 m3/h氢气,配套3台150 t/h的9.8 MPa蒸汽锅炉(两开一备)、2套60 000 m3/h汽拖空分装置(两开无备),9.8 MPa蒸汽管网设有1台放空阀(HV1001),HV1001全开放空量...     

外表面蒸发式溶液除湿解析模型及影响因素

通过采用对数势差法对外表面蒸发式除湿装置建立传质传热数学模型,其中分别建立外表面蒸发冷却模型与溶液除湿模型并进行耦合。通过理论计算得到各种参数变化下模型的理论除湿量。分析了各参数变化对除湿量的影响趋势,得到当空气质量流量为0.02 kg/s时,入口空气含湿量每增加1 g/kg,除湿量增加0.008 1 g/s;当迎风面空气流速为2 kg/(m~2·s)时,高翅片型外表面蒸发式除湿装置的除湿量比非蒸发型的提高9.0%,这些结果为后续溶液除湿装置的结构设计和性能分析提供了一定的理论依据。     

微藻柱状式光生物反应器流动特性及结构的数值模拟优化

微藻作为最具潜力的可再生生物质能源,在生物固碳和生物燃料生产领域优势显著,有助于碳达峰、碳中和目标的实现。通过改善反应器曝气装置的性能可以大幅度提高微藻的培养效率,本工作采用数值模拟方法对柱式光生物反应器的球型曝气结构进行了优化。模拟采用欧拉模型,湍流模型选取k-ε模型,研究分析了不同曝气装置条件下气含率、平均液相速度、湍流动能几种参数的变化和光生物反应器内的流场情况。结果表明,曝气装置结构的变化对光生物反应器内的流动特性具有很大的影响,通过曝气装置向反应器内通气,气含率、平均液相速度、湍流动能随着曝气量的增大而增大,随着曝气装置孔径的增大而减小。综合各相关参数得到当总曝气量为1400 mL/min、曝气孔数为50、曝气孔径为30μm时,曝气装置性能最好,此时测得气含率为68.6%,平均液相速度为0.905 m/s,湍流动能为0.149 m²/s²。     

Drying Kinetics of Instant Asian Noodles Processed in Superheated Steam

The objective for this work was to develop a novel technique for creating instant noodles by determining the drying kinetics of noodles undergoing simultaneous drying and processing using superheated steam. The mathematical model of moisture ratio was differentiated to determine the drying rates of noodles during processing. There was a constant rate drying period for all temperatures at a steam velocity of 1.5 m/s but there was no constant rate drying period at a steam velocity of 0.5 m/s. The constant rate drying period suggested by measurement of internal noodle temperature is much longer and well defined for all processing conditions than from the drying curves. The constant drying rate period, was nearly 200 s at 110°C but decreased to 50 s at 150°C. Equilibrium moisture content isobars were determined from mass changes during superheated steam processing. It was determined that isotherm equations for equilibrium moisture content in hot air systems may be utilized to model isobars in superheated steam systems.     

油气工况下提升管出口旋流快分系统性能的数值研究

为促进旋流快分(SVQS)系统的工业应用、准确评估其性能,参照国家标准设计了一系列不同密度、黏度的油气模型,并采用商用软件FLUENT 2019 R3对一套Φ600 mm×3150 mm的SVQS系统进行了流动模拟和可行性验证。用单因素变量法分别研究了油气性质对系统无量纲切向速度和压降的影响;用标量输运方程分析了油气在系统内的停留时间分布规律。结果表明,无量纲切向速度随油气密度增加或黏度降低而变大;无量纲最大切向速度随油气密度增加或黏度减小而呈对数递增,最大为0.912;密度越大、黏度越小的油气在SVQS系统内的平均停留时间越短,最短可达6.279 s;压降、阻力系数不仅与系统的结构参数相关,也与油气黏度呈对数关系。拟合得到了与油气参数相关的无量纲切向速度、压降和阻力系数函数式,具有较好的普适性,可为SVQS系统的结构优化提供参考。     

Silicon Carbide Oxidation in Steam up to 2 MPa

Growth and microstructure of a protective or nonprotective SiO₂ scale and the subsequent volatilization of scale formed on high‐purity chemical vapor deposited (CVD) SiC and nuclear‐grade SiC/SiC composites have been studied during high‐temperature 100% steam exposure. The environmental parameters of interest were temperature from 1200°C to 1700°C, pressure of 0.1 to 2 MPa and flow velocities of 0.23 to 145 cm/s. Scale microstructure was characterized via electron microscopy and X‐ray diffractometry. The Arrhenius dependence of the parabolic oxidation and linear volatilization rate constants were determined. The linear volatilization rate exhibited a strong dependence on steam partial pressure with a weaker dependence on flow velocity. At high steam pressures, the oxide scale developed substantial porosity, which significantly accelerated material recession. The dominant oxide phase for the conditions studied was cristobalite. The oxidation behavior of SiC/SiC composite was strongly dependent on the state of the surface, specifically whether steam could find easy entry into the material via surface‐exposed interface layers. For the case where these as‐machined interfaces were surface coated with matrix CVD SiC, composite recession was found to be essentially that of high‐purity CVD SiC.     

Simulation and experimental validation studies on a new type umbrella plate scrubber

Scrubbers are being widely used to removal the dust, dioxide sulfur and other harmful gases, which emitted from coal-burning boilers. In this paper, the new type umbrella plate scrubber was developed and studied through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation and experimental methods. Initial work included gas phase simulation using standard k– turbulent model and Reynolds stress model (RSM). After gas phase was converged, particles were injected into the new device. Discrete phase model (DPM) was used for particle trajectories determination. The pressure drop and the collection efficiency of the device were predicted through simulation. The simulative results show that the pressure drop of the device is 230–250 Pa and the efficiency is about 84–86%, with the inlet velocity equal to 10.6 m/s and the dust concentration ranging from 2 to 22 g/m³. As the dust concentration was 61.81 g/m³, both the pressure drop and the efficiency increase with inlet velocity (less than 12 m/s) increase. However, the inlet velocity increases continuously, the pressure drop still increase, and the efficiency increase relaxed. In addition, the experiment was conducted to validate the simulative results, which show good agreements. The relative error of the pressure drop and the efficiency are approximately 4% and 10%, respectively. The results obtained both from the simulation and from the experiment have demonstrated that simulation is an effective method for study the new device. Furthermore, the study indicates that significant improvements on the new type of umbrella plates could be realized by maintaining comparable the efficiency at a lower pressure drop.     

开放式气力吸送系统设计方法

由于吸嘴周围风速的衰减特性,开放式气力吸送系统的运行参数有别于封闭式气力吸送系统。针对入口风速38 m/s、内径40 mm的立管吸嘴,采用圆柱状流域吸气模型对吸嘴周围的风速分布进行了模拟。结果显示,距入口断面10 mm至20 mm处,轴线上的风速由15.7 m/s衰减至6.5 m/s。基于模拟结果,提出了开放式气力吸送系统设计方法进而设计了气力吸送装置。研究表明:在相同的固气比下,开放式气力吸送系统的压力损失比封闭式系统高137%,设计风量比后者高186%。在实验装置上开展了玻璃球散料的开放式吸送实验,实验结果与模拟数值吻合较好。     

Silicon Carbide Oxidation in High‐Pressure Steam

Silicon carbide is a candidate cladding for fission power reactors that can potentially provide better accident tolerance than zirconium alloys. SiC has also been discussed as a host matrix for nuclear fuel. Chemical vapor–deposited silicon carbide specimens were exposed in 0.34–2.07 MPa steam at low gas velocity (~50 cm/min) and temperatures from 1000°C to 1300°C for 2–48 h. As previously observed at lower steam pressure of 0.15 MPa, a two‐layer SiO₂ scale was formed during exposure to these conditions, composed of a porous cristobalite layer above a thin, dense amorphous SiO₂ surface layer. Growth of both layers depends on temperature, time, and steam pressure. A quantitative kinetics model is presented to describe the SiO₂ scale growth, whereby the amorphous layer is formed through a diffusion process and linearly consumed by an amorphous to crystalline phase transition process. Paralinear kinetics of SiC recession were observed after exposure in 0.34 MPa steam at 1200°C within 48 h. High‐pressure steam environments are seen to form very thick (10–100 μm) cristobalite SiO₂ layers on CVD SiC even after relatively short‐term exposures (several hours). The crystalline SiO₂ layer and SiC recession rate significantly depend on steam pressure. Another model is presented to describe the SiC recession rate in terms of steam pressure when a linear phase transition k_l governing the recession kinetics, whereby the reciprocal of recession rate is found to follow a negative unity steam pressure power law.     

热工联产汽轮机主汽阀挂闸装置故障分析与处理

介绍了云南云天化红磷化工有限公司硫酸装置B0.7-1.0/0.5型热工联产汽轮发电机组的汽轮机调节系统,分析了汽轮机主汽阀挂闸装置自动脱扣的故障原因,提出了在楔形键与套筒的键槽之间增加铜皮的处理方法。经过检修,解决了汽轮机主汽阀挂闸装置存在的问题,保证了热工联产汽轮发电机长周期稳定运行。